External Connection versus Internal Connection in Dental Implantology. A Mechanical in vitro Study

(1) Background: In today's dentistry, implantology has become a therapeutic resource of choice in certain clinical situations. The design of implants has evolved in several aspects since their inception. Dental implants were initially designed with an external hex connection, although due to force transmission and security in the adjustment of the prosthesis, later implants featured an internal hex connection. This study aims to analyse the mechanical properties of two types of implants (an internal connection and an external connection) from the same manufacturer and their different prosthetic components (union screw between implant and prosthetic abutment, and the abutment itself) when subjected to different types of load. (2) Materials and methods: Intraosseous dental implants of similar shape, design and size, although different in type of connection (external vs. internal), were studied. The specifications of the UNI EN ISO 14801 test standard were used, with all determinations being carried out three times. Finally, the dimensional characterisation of the samples analysed after the dynamic load study was carried out, and the values of both study groups were compared by means of the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test to find statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). (3) Results: For the static characterisation test, we found between 610.9 N and 986.1 N for the external connection and between 1263.6 N and 1324 N for the internal connection (p = 0.011). All of the dynamic load tests were positive and there was no failure in any of the components studied. (4) Conclusions: After the analysis of the samples studied in vitro, satisfactory results were obtained, demonstrating that both connections can support considerable mechanical loads according to international standards (UNI EN ISO 14801).

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Influence of the Digital Mock-Up and Experience on the Ability to Determine the Prosthetically Correct Dental Implant Position during Digital Planning: An In Vitro Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9010048 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

Miriam O’Connor Esteban ◽

Elena Riad Deglow ◽

Álvaro Zubizarreta-Macho ◽

Sofía Hernández Montero

Keyword(s):

Dental Implants ◽

Dental Implant ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Study Groups ◽

T Test ◽

Dental Surgery ◽

Operator Experience ◽

Planning Software ◽

Before And After

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the digital mock-up and operator experience on the dental implant planning position. A total of 200 dental implants were planned, which were distributed into two study groups: A. dental implant planning by dental surgeons with 5–10 years of experience (n = 80); and B. dental implant planning by dental surgery students without experience (n = 120). Operators were required to plan eight dental implants in the same maxillary edentulous case uploaded in 3D implant-planning software, before and after using the digital mock-up. Deviations between the dental implant planning positions before and after using the digital mock-up were analyzed at platform, apical and angular levels, and were analyzed using a 3D implant-planning software using Student’s t test. The paired t-test revealed statistically significant differences between the deviation levels of participants with 5–10 years’ experience and no experience at the platform, apical and angular levels. Digital mock-ups allow for more accurate dental implant planning regardless of the experience of the operator. Nevertheless, they are more useful for operators without dental surgery experience.

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The Effect of Different Implant-Abutment Connections on Screw Joint Stability

Journal of Oral Implantology ◽

10.1563/aaid-joi-d-11-00032 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 146-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Konstantinos X. Michalakis ◽

Pasquale (Lino) Calvani ◽

Sinan Muftu ◽

Argiris Pissiotis ◽

Hiroshi Hirayama

Keyword(s):

Compressive Force ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

T Test ◽

Joint Stability ◽

Internal Connection ◽

The Mean ◽

External Connection ◽

External Forces ◽

Connection Design

Dental implants with an internal connection have been designed to establish a better stress distribution when lateral external forces act on the prosthesis and minimize the forces transmitted to the fastening screw. In the present study, 10 externally and 10 internally hexed implants were tested with a compressive force applied with an Instron Universal machine. Four cycles of loading-unloading were applied to each specimen to achieve displacements of 0.5, 1, 2, and 2.5 mm. The mean loads for the first cycle were 256.70 N for the external connection and 256 N for the internal connection implants. The independent t test did not reveal any significant differences among the 2 tested groups (P = .780). For the second cycle, the mean loads needed for a displacement of 1 mm were 818.19 N and 780.20 N for the external connection and the internal connection implants, respectively. The independent t test revealed significant differences among the 2 tested groups (P < .001). In the third cycle, the mean load values for a 2-mm displacement were 1394.10 N and 1225.00 N. The independent t test revealed significant differences among the 2 tested groups (P < .001). The mean loads for the fourth cycle were 1488.00 N for the external connection and 1029.00 N for the internal connection implants. These loads were required for a displacement of 2.5 mm. The independent t test revealed significant differences among the 2 tested groups (P < .001). The results of this in vitro study suggest that the internal connection design of the examined implant system could not prevent screw loosening during overloading. No implant or prosthesis failure was noticed in either group.

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Fracture Resistance of Zirconia Abutments with or without a Titanium Base: An In Vitro Study for Tapered Conical Connection Implants

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma15010364 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 364

Author(s):

Shota Watanabe ◽

Tamaki Nakano ◽

Shinji Ono ◽

Yasufumi Yamanishi ◽

Takashi Matsuoka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Dental Implants ◽

Fracture Resistance ◽

Static Load ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Load Testing ◽

Conical Connection ◽

Iso 14801 ◽

Static Load Testing

Dental implants with tapered conical connections are often combined with zirconia abutments for esthetics; however, the effect of the titanium base on the implant components remains unclear. This study evaluated the effects of a titanium base on the fracture resistance of zirconia abutments and damage to the tapered conical connection implants. Zirconia (Z) and titanium base zirconia (ZT) abutments were fastened to Nobel Biocare (NB) implants and Straumann (ST) implants and subjected to static load testing according to ISO 14801:2016. The experiments were performed with 3 mm of the platform exposed (P3) and no platform exposed (P0). The fracture loads were statistically greater in the titanium base abutments than the zirconia abutments for the NB and ST specimens in the P0 condition. In the P3 condition of the ST specimens, the deformation volume of the ZT group was significantly greater than the Z group. The titanium base increased the fracture resistance of the zirconia abutments. Additionally, the titanium base caused more deformation in the P3 condition. The implant joint design may also affect the amount of damage to the implants when under a load. The mechanical properties of the abutment should be considered when selecting a clinical design.

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Macrophagic Inflammatory Response Next to Dental Implants with Different Macro- and Micro-Structure: An In Vitro Study

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11125324 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 5324

Author(s):

Maria Menini ◽

Francesca Delucchi ◽

Domenico Baldi ◽

Francesco Pera ◽

Francesco Bagnasco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Response ◽

Dental Implants ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

Implant Surface ◽

Bone Implant ◽

Optimal Outcomes ◽

Negative Controls ◽

Inflammatory Effect

(1) Background: Intrinsic characteristics of the implant surface and the possible presence of endotoxins may affect the bone–implant interface and cause an inflammatory response. This study aims to evaluate the possible inflammatory response induced in vitro in macrophages in contact with five different commercially available dental implants. (2) Methods: one zirconia implant NobelPearl® (Nobel Biocare) and four titanium implants, Syra® (Sweden & Martina), Prama® (Sweden & Martina), 3iT3® (Biomet 3i) and Shard® (Mech & Human), were evaluated. After 4 h of contact of murine macrophage cells J774a.1 with the implants, the total RNA was extracted, transcribed to cDNA and the gene expression of the macrophages was evaluated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in relation to the following genes: GAPDH, YWHAZ, IL1β, IL6, TNFα, NOS2, MMP-9, MMP-8 and TIMP3. The results were statistically analyzed and compared with negative controls. (3) Results: No implant triggered a significant inflammatory response in macrophages, although 3iT3 exhibited a slight pro-inflammatory effect compared to other samples. (4) Conclusions: All the samples showed optimal outcomes without any inflammatory stimulus on the examined macrophagic cells.

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The Effect of Tissue Entrapment on Screw Loosening at the Implant/Abutment Interface of External- and Internal-Connection Implants: An In Vitro Study

Journal of Prosthodontics ◽

10.1111/jopr.12329 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 216-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Helios A. Zeno ◽

Renan L. Buitrago ◽

Sidney S. Sternberger ◽

Marisa E. Patt ◽

Nick Tovar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Screw Loosening ◽

Internal Connection ◽

Implant Abutment

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Adhesion of Two New Glass Fiber Post Systems Cemented with Self-Adhesive Resin Cements

Dentistry Journal ◽

10.3390/dj7030080 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 80 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Esin Özlek ◽

Prasanna Neelakantan ◽

Jukka Pekka Matinlinna ◽

Sema Belli ◽

Mehmet Ugur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Adhesion Strength ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Study Groups ◽

Fiber Post ◽

Resin Cements ◽

Adhesive Resin ◽

Root Canals ◽

Group 2

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the adhesion strength of two new fiber post systems (FiberSite™ Post and Cytec™ Blanco Post) cemented with two different adhesive resin cements (Panavia™ SA and Maxcem™ Elite). Root canals of sixty extracted human mandibular premolars were prepared using ProTaper Universal™ rotary files (Dentsply Sirona Endodontics, York, PA, USA). The root canals were irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) during instrumentation. After root canal preparation, the canals were irrigated with 2 mL of 17% EDTA (1 min), followed by 2 mL of 5.25% (5 min) NaOCI, and 2 mL saline. The root canals were dried with paper points and divided randomly into two study groups (n = 30) according to the type of post system: Group 1, FiberSite™ Post (MegaDental, Partanna, Italy); and group 2, Cytec™ Blanco Post (Hahnenkratt, Königsbach-Stein, Germany), with one of the two adhesive resin cements: Subgroup A, Panavia™ SA Cement Plus Automix (Kuraray, Osaka, Japan); subgroup B, Maxcem™ Elite (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA). Following thermocycling, the adhesion strength was evaluated using the push-out adhesion (bond) strength test. Fractographic analysis was performed using stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (p = 0.05). The adhesion strength values of both the posts were significantly higher when cemented with subgroup B (Maxcem™ Elite). The highest adhesion strength value was demonstrated by group 1B (FiberSite™ post cemented with Maxcem™ Elite cement). The type of post did not have a significant impact on the bond strength values for either cement material.

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Cemented Single Crown Retention on Dental Implants: An In Vitro Study

The International Journal of Prosthodontics ◽

10.11607/ijp.4994 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 133-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stefan Rues ◽

Melissa Fugina ◽

Peter Rammelsberg ◽

Stefanie Kappel

Keyword(s):

Dental Implants ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Single Crown

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PR683: Effect of erythritol-enriched powder in oral biofilm on dental implants: an “in vitro” study

Journal Of Clinical Periodontology ◽

10.1111/jcpe.688_12915 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 355-355

Keyword(s):

Dental Implants ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Oral Biofilm

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BactericidalActivity of Crevicular Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in Chronic Periodontitis Patients and Healthy Subjects under the Influence of Areca Nut Extract: An In Vitro Study

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10145008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (14) ◽

pp. 5008

Author(s):

Deepti Shrivastava ◽

Kumar Chandan Srivastava ◽

Jithendra Kajoor Dayakara ◽

Mohammed G. Sghaireen ◽

Ravi Kumar Gudipaneni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bactericidal Activity ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Study Groups ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽

H2o2 Production ◽

Areca Nut

Arecanutchewing is an established risk factor for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), but its role in periodontal disease has not yet been defined. Thisstudy aimed to assess the effect of areca nut extracts (ANE) on the bactericidal activity of crevicular polymorphonuclear neutrophils (cPMNs) in healthy subjects and chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. An in vitro study was designed with an equal number of (n = 30) gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples collected from CP patients and healthy subjects. Bactericidal activity and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assays were performed with the GCF samples pre-treated with extracts of two varieties of areca nut: ripe and tender. Simultaneously, controls were also carried out with Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) and catechin. Independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), along with post-hoc analysis, were employed for statistical analysis. In both study groups, a significant reduction (p < 0.01)in the bactericidal activity was noted when the samples treated with the ripe areca nut (rANE) were compared with the tender variant (tANE). Similarly, H2O2 levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.001) in the rANE in contrast to tANE for both study groups. The above results were significant within the group but were found to be non-significant between the study groups, except when it was treated with HBSS (p < 0.001). In the present study, it was found that there was a reduction in the bactericidal activity and H2O2 production of cPMNs in both healthy subjects and CP patients in the presence of areca nut extract. Moreover, the effect of rANE on cPMNs was more detrimental than tANE.

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