scholarly journals Salt Sensation and Regulation

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Sonali Puri ◽  
Youngseok Lee
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Complex Salt ◽  
Current View ◽  
Taste Sensation ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Differential Encoding ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
The Brain

Taste sensation and regulation are highly conserved in insects and mammals. Research conducted over recent decades has yielded major advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the taste sensors for a variety of taste sensations and the processes underlying regulation of ingestion depending on our internal state. Salt (NaCl) is an essential ingested nutrient. The regulation of internal sodium concentrations for physiological processes, including neuronal activity, fluid volume, acid–base balance, and muscle contraction, are extremely important issues in animal health. Both mammals and flies detect low and high NaCl concentrations as attractive and aversive tastants, respectively. These attractive or aversive behaviors can be modulated by the internal nutrient state. However, the differential encoding of the tastes underlying low and high salt concentrations in the brain remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the current view of taste sensation and modulation in the brain with an emphasis on recent advances in this field. This work presents new questions that include but are not limited to, “How do the fly’s neuronal circuits process this complex salt code?” and “Why do high concentrations of salt induce a negative valence only when the need for salt is low?” A better understanding of regulation of salt homeostasis could improve our understanding of why our brains enjoy salty food so much.

Changes in the tone of cerebral vessels in patients with bronchial asthma after glomectomy

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-56
Author(s):  
E. S. Karashurov ◽  
S. E. Karashurov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Cerebral Vessels ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
The Brain

Frequent complications of glomectomy are headaches and a mild, less-like state for several days or weeks after surgery, and sometimes hemi- and monoparesis. The reasons for these complications have not yet been revealed. In search of their explanation, we decided to study the volumetric blood flow of the brain and the acid-base state (ACS). Volumetric blood flow was studied by rheoencephalography (REG) in 43 patients, and acid base balance - in 100 patients (age from 22 to 67 years). The course of bronchial asthma before the operation in the examined patients was moderate and severe.

Anaesthesia for transplant surgery

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. E. Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Preoperative Assessment ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Transfusion Therapy ◽  
Ischaemia Reperfusion ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Small Team ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Immunosuppression Therapy

The provision of anaesthesia for organ transplantation requires a team of specialist anaesthetists who are available 24 hours a day. The cold and warm ischaemia times may have very deleterious effects on the graft. The team must have a basic understanding of the immune system and the strategies of immunosuppression therapy. The preoperative assessment of the patient requires an understanding of the cause and effects of the compromised organ that is to be replaced. The procedure in many instances will result in a reperfusion syndrome when the graft is revascularized and also an ischaemia–reperfusion injury. The understanding of these entities is essential as is the preparation and protocols to treat or ameliorate the effects of these syndromes if they occur. The preparation for many organ transplants includes invasive monitoring of haemodynamics, cardiac function, pulmonary function, and acid–base balance. Access for massive transfusion therapy and coagulation assessment is essential for many transplant procedures. The maintenance of body temperature and fluid balance may be challenging. The protection and monitoring of the function of major organs such as the brain, heart, lungs, and kidneys is essential but the homeostasis of endocrine function and electrolytes is also important. The provision of excellent anaesthesia is a key component of a successful transplant programme. A small team of highly trained professionals with extensive training and experience in transplant anaesthesia provide the best results.

Suprapontine mechanisms in regulation of respiration

1962 ◽  
Vol 202 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Fink ◽  
R. Katz ◽  
H. Reinhold ◽  
A. Schoolman
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Regulation Of Respiration ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Reticular Activating System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Frequency Of Respiration

The ventilation and blood acid-base balance of 19 cats were studied after supracollicular ablation of the forebrain and again after intercollicular transection of the brain stem. The first ablation caused a marked increase in the frequency of respiration, apparently unmasking a caudad facilitory influence through the removal of forebrain inhibition. Hypocapnic apnea could not be induced in this preparation. After intercollicular section there was a sudden fall in frequency, the ventilatory response to CO2 was diminished and hypocapnic apnea was easily induced. It is concluded that a tonic facilitory effect on respiration originates in the rostral midbrain and adjacent diencephalon, possibly in the reticular activating system.

Hydrostatically raised intracranial pressure

1972 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 695-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Kuurne ◽  
Henry Troupp
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Arrest ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Raised Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
The Brain

✓ Hydrostatic pressure with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was applied through a needle inserted into the cisterna magna of rabbits breathing spontaneously. Blood pressure, confluens sinuum pressure and oxygen tension, respiratory rate and volume, and acid-base balance were recorded until respiratory arrest. Blood pressure and confluens sinuum pressure and respiratory volume rose; confluens sinuum oxygen and arterial carbon dioxide tension dropped. The significant similarities and differences in changes in the same parameters following local cold injury to the brain are discussed. Comparisons between different experimental models for raised intracranial pressure must take into consideration the differing reactions of the brain.

Electrolyte Disorders

2014 ◽  
pp. 578-593
Author(s):  
David B. Mount
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Ph ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Disorders ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Acid Extrusion ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation

The regulation of acid–base balance in the body underlies the importance of pH in a variety of cellular and subcellular biological functions; for example, regulation of protein synthesis and intermediate carbohydrate metabolism are pH-sensitive processes. Clinically, this is apparent by the failure to grow normally in an acidemic environment and explains an increase in anaerobic glycolysis in alkalemia, due to an increase in a rate-limiting step of glycolysis phosphofructokinase-l. pH is important in numerous transport functions across membranes, such as increasing acid extrusion from cells when cellular pH drops. In general, cellular pH is lower than extracellular pH related to the electronegativity within cellular structures. The delivery of oxygen to tissues such as the brain and skeletal muscle is very much dependent on extracellular pH via the shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.

scholarly journals Deciphering the mechanisms of the Na+/H+ exchanger-3 regulation in organ dysfunction

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (11) ◽  
pp. C1569-C1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana C. C. Girardi ◽  
Francesca Di Sole
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Transport Function ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Clinical Conditions

The Na+/H+ exchanger-3 (NHE3) belongs to the mammalian NHE protein family and catalyzes the electro-neutral exchange of extracellular sodium for intracellular proton across cellular membranes. Its transport function is of essential importance for the maintenance of the body's salt and water homeostasis as well as acid-base balance. Indeed, NHE3 activity is finely regulated by a variety of stimuli, both acutely and chronically, and its transport function is fundamental for a multiplicity of severe and world-wide infection-pathological conditions. This review aims to provide a concise overview of NHE3 physiology and discusses the role of NHE3 in clinical conditions of prominent importance, specifically in hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, heart failure, acute kidney injury, and diarrhea. Study of NHE3 function in models of these diseases has contributed to the deciphering of mechanisms that control the delicate ion balance disrupted in these disorders. The majority of the findings indicate that NHE3 transport function is activated before the onset of hypertension and inhibited thereafter; NHE3 transport function is also upregulated in diabetic nephropathy and heart failure, while it is reported to be downregulated in acute kidney injury and in diarrhea. The molecular mechanisms activated during these pathological conditions to regulate NHE3 transport function are examined with the aim of linking NHE3 dysfunction to the analyzed clinical disorders.

scholarly journals Influence of cadmium contamination on brain glial cells: consequences and bioindication possibilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 67-83
Author(s):  
V. S. Nedzvetsky ◽  
V. Ya. Gasso ◽  
A. M. Hahut ◽  
I. A. Hasso
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
The Brain

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that currently presents in almost all components of the environment. Cd is a ubiquitous pollutant that is constantly entering the environment from industry and agriculture, mining, forest fires and many more sources. Some occupational diseases have aftereffects associated with Cd cytotoxicity. Despite long-term studies of the toxic effects of Cd, its cytotoxicity of low doses and the chronic effects on the nerve tissue cells remain undiscovered. The results of determining the Cd neurotoxicity indicate a disturbance of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, the accumulation of Cd in the brain and the deterioration of the functional activity of the central nervous system. One of the main cellular targets for Cd in the brain are astrocytes. Astrocytes provide nutrition and functional activity of neurons, as well as recovery of physical and metabolic damage. The cytoskeleton of astrocytes is built of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). GFAP participates in important functions of astrocytes and its condition reflects the astrocytes reactivity. The molecular mechanisms of the neurotoxic effects of Cd on the glial cytoskeleton remain unknown. Glioblastomas are widely used to study the cytotoxic mechanisms of various compounds, including heavy metals, as cellular models of astrocytes. Taking into account the role of oxidative stress in a cell damage, as well as the reactive response of glial cells, we study the influence of low doses of Cd on oxidative stress and expression of GFAP and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in U373GM cells. Doses of 2-10 μM Cd induced a dose-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation products. The same doses inhibited the expression of the cytoskeletal marker of astrocytes (GFAP) and metabolic marker of glucose utilization (G6PD). The obtained results indicate a pronounced cytotoxic effect of low doses of Cd in the astrocytic cell model U373GM. In addition, the astroglial cytotoxicity of Cd may be mediated by oxidative damage, inhibition of glial intermediate filament expression, and glucose utilization disorders. These parameters can be promising biomarkers of toxic effects both for the assessment of human and animal health and for determining the state of the environment as a whole.

Effect of experimental brain injury on blood pressure, cerebral sinus pressure, cerebral venous oxygen tension, respiration, and acid-base balance

1972 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 625-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markku Kaste ◽  
Henry Troupp
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Cerebral Sinus ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sinus Pressure

✓ Changes in the blood pressure, cerebral sinus pressure, cerebral venous oxygen tension, acid-base balance, respiratory frequency, and respiratory minute volume were studied in the rabbit after a lethal cold injury to the brain. About half of the animals responded to the injury with a quick rise in cerebral sinus pressure and in its relation to blood pressure (CSP/BP); in the other half, cerebral sinus pressure and the CSP/BP ratio rose more slowly. Changes in the CSP/BP ratio correlated well with criteria for changes in respiratory performance. The changes in cerebral venous oxygen tension were reasonably uniform: a dip during freezing, an overshoot to a mean of 1.6 times the original level (about 30 mm Hg) immediately after injury, a gradual return to the pretraumatic level, and then a drop to lower levels. The brain injury led to a respiratory alkalosis that became more pronounced the longer the animals lived. Considered with CSP/BP ratio, respiratory reaction to the brain injury may provide an early and accurate prognosis. The fact that at the time of death the cerebral perfusion pressure was still within a range believed safe for the brain shows that an actual brain injury, in addition to raised intracranial pressure, is important in such experiments and emphasizes the inappropriateness of comparing levels of intracranial pressure raised by a variety of methods.

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