scholarly journals Exploring the Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 493
Author(s):  
Kiera Murphy ◽  
Aoife N. O’Donovan ◽  
Noel M. Caplice ◽  
R. Paul Ross ◽  
Catherine Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Increased Risk

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been classified as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. CVD risk factors include smoking, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, inflammation and diabetes. The gut microbiota can influence human health through multiple interactions and community changes are associated with the development and progression of numerous disease states, including CVD. The gut microbiota are involved in the production of several metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). These products of microbial metabolism are important modulatory factors and have been associated with an increased risk of CVD. Due to its association with CVD development, the gut microbiota has emerged as a target for therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the role of the gut microbiome in CVD development, and associated microbial communities, functions, and metabolic profiles. We also discuss CVD therapeutic interventions that target the gut microbiota such as probiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation.

scholarly journals Plasma Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED Trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ruiz-Canela ◽  
Estefania Toledo ◽  
Clary B Clish ◽  
Adela Hruby ◽  
Liming Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Death ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Branched Chain

Abstract BACKGROUND The role of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that baseline BCAA concentrations predict future risk of CVD and that a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) intervention may counteract this effect. METHODS We developed a case-cohort study within the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED), with 226 incident CVD cases and 744 noncases. We used LC-MS/MS to measure plasma BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, and valine), both at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up. The primary outcome was a composite of incident stroke, myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS After adjustment for potential confounders, baseline leucine and isoleucine concentrations were associated with higher CVD risk: the hazard ratios (HRs) for the highest vs lowest quartile were 1.70 (95% CI, 1.05–2.76) and 2.09 (1.27–3.44), respectively. Stronger associations were found for stroke. For both CVD and stroke, we found higher HRs across successive quartiles of BCAAs in the control group than in the MedDiet groups. With stroke as the outcome, a significant interaction (P = 0.009) between baseline BCAA score and intervention with MedDiet was observed. No significant effect of the intervention on 1-year changes in BCAAs or any association between 1-year changes in BCAAs and CVD were observed. CONCLUSIONS Higher concentrations of baseline BCAAs were associated with increased risk of CVD, especially stroke, in a high cardiovascular risk population. A Mediterranean-style diet had a negligible effect on 1-year changes in BCAAs, but it may counteract the harmful effects of BCAAs on stroke.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Function, Biology, and Role in Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. 1960-1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Murphy ◽  
Hossein Ardehali ◽  
Robert S. Balaban ◽  
Fabio DiLisa ◽  
Gerald W. Dorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
The United States ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Mitochondrial Defects ◽  
Exciting Time ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Cardiovascular disease is a major leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and elsewhere. Alterations in mitochondrial function are increasingly being recognized as a contributing factor in myocardial infarction and in patients presenting with cardiomyopathy. Recent understanding of the complex interaction of the mitochondria in regulating metabolism and cell death can provide novel insight and therapeutic targets. The purpose of this statement is to better define the potential role of mitochondria in the genesis of cardiovascular disease such as ischemia and heart failure. To accomplish this, we will define the key mitochondrial processes that play a role in cardiovascular disease that are potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions. This is an exciting time in mitochondrial research. The past decade has provided novel insight into the role of mitochondria function and their importance in complex diseases. This statement will define the key roles that mitochondria play in cardiovascular physiology and disease and provide insight into how mitochondrial defects can contribute to cardiovascular disease; it will also discuss potential biomarkers of mitochondrial disease and suggest potential novel therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals The Infant Gut Microbiota and Risk of Asthma: The Effect of Maternal Nutrition during Pregnancy and Lactation

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naser A. Alsharairi
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Dietary Nutrient ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Research has amply demonstrated that early life dysbiosis of the gut microbiota influences the propensity to develop asthma. The influence of maternal nutrition on infant gut microbiota is therefore of growing interest. However, a handful of prospective studies have examined the role of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy in influencing the infant gut microbiota but did not assess whether this resulted in an increased risk of asthma later in life. The mechanisms involved in the process are also, thus far, poorly documented. There have also been few studies examining the effect of maternal dietary nutrient intake during lactation on the milk microbiota, the effect on the infant gut microbiota and, furthermore, the consequences for asthma development remain largely unknown. Therefore, the specific aim of this mini review is summarizing the current knowledge regarding the effect of maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation on the infant gut microbiota composition, and whether it has implications for asthma development.

scholarly journals The gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease: current knowledge and clinical potential

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (5) ◽  
pp. H923-H938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilah F. Ahmad ◽  
Girish Dwivedi ◽  
Fergal O’Gara ◽  
Jose Caparros-Martin ◽  
Natalie C. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Diverse Community ◽  
Clinical Potential ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The human body is populated by a diverse community of microbes, dominated by bacteria, but also including viruses and fungi. The largest and most complex of these communities is located in the gastrointestinal system and, with its associated genome, is known as the gut microbiome. Gut microbiome perturbations and related dysbiosis have been implicated in the progression and pathogenesis of CVD, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure. Although there have been advances in the characterization and analysis of the gut microbiota and associated bacterial metabolites, the exact mechanisms through which they exert their action are not well understood. This review will focus on the role of the gut microbiome and associated functional components in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Potential treatments to alter the gut microbiome to prevent or treat atherosclerosis and CVD are also discussed.

Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Innocent Bystanders or Partners in Crime?

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Riis Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Shared Risk

Inflammation plays a significant role in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases are at increased risk of CVD, but it is debated whether this association is causal or dependent on shared risk factors, other exposures, genes, and/or inflammatory pathways. The current review summarizes epidemiological, clinical, and experimental data supporting the role of shared inflammatory mechanisms between atherosclerotic CVD and rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and periodontitis, respectively, and provides insights to future prospects in this area of research. Awareness of the role of inflammation in CVD in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and the potential for anti-inflammatory therapy, e.g., with tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors, to also reduce atherosclerotic CVD has evolved into guideline- based recommendations. These include regular CVD risk assessment, aggressive treatment of traditional CVD risk factors, and recognition of reduced CVD as an added benefit of strict inflammatory disease control. At present, chronic inflammatory diseases would appear to qualify as partners in crime and not merely innocent bystanders to CVD. However, definite incremental contributions of inflammation versus effects of the complex interplay with other CVD risk factors may never be fully elucidated and for the foreseeable future, inflammation is posed to maintain its current position as both a marker and a maker of CVD, with clinical utility both for identification of patient at risk of CVD and as target for therapy to reduce CVD.

scholarly journals Role of Testosterone in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn M Webb ◽  
Peter Collins ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Premature Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Increased Risk

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most prevalent non-communicable cause of death worldwide. Testosterone is a sex hormone that is predominant in males but also occurs in lower concentrations in females. It has effects directly on the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system and on the heart, as well as effects on risk factors for CVD. Serum testosterone concentrations are known to decrease with age and reduced testosterone levels are linked to premature coronary artery disease, unfavourable effects on CVD risk factors and increased risk of cardiovascular mortality independent of age. A significant number of men with heart failure demonstrate reduced serum testosterone concentrations and there is early evidence suggesting that low testosterone levels affect cardiac repolarisation. Any association between endogenous testosterone concentrations and CVD in women has yet to be established. Testosterone replacement is used to treat men with hypogonadism but also has cardiovascular effects. This review will present the current evidence, expert opinion and controversies around the role of testosterone in the pathophysiology of CVD and surrounding the use of testosterone treatment and its effects on the cardiovascular system and CVD.

scholarly journals The changes of gut microbiota associated with age and lifestyle

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Lilit Vanikovna Egshatyan ◽  
Olga Nikolaevna Tkacheva ◽  
Lyudmila Ivanovna Kafarskaya ◽  
Andrey Nikolaevich Shkoporov ◽  
Aleksandr Viktorovich Tyakht
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Bowel Function ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Normal Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Endotoxemia

In this review are discussed experimental and clinical data about the role of gut microbiota and its changes associated with age and lifestyle. The large intestinal microbiota plays an important role in normal bowel function and the maintenance of host health through the formation of short chain fatty acids, modulation of immune system reactivity, and development of colonization resistance. The intestinal microflora is a peculiar indicator of the condition of a microorganism reacting to age, physiological, dietary, and geographical factors from change of qualitative and quantitative structure. Studies have demonstrated that obesity and metabolic syndrome may be associated with profound microbiotal changes. Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia - induced chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorder which are connected with the increased risk of development of cardiovascular diseases and pathology associated with age, which leads to accelerated aging. It is obvious that maintenance of a homeostasis and a normal metabolism is impossible without restoration of a variety of normal associations of intestinal microorganisms.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Witkowski ◽  
Taylor L. Weeks ◽  
Stanley L. Hazen
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Fecal microbial community changes are associated with numerous disease states, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, such data are merely associative. A causal contribution for gut microbiota in CVD has been further supported by a multitude of more direct experimental evidence. Indeed, gut microbiota transplantation studies, specific gut microbiota–dependent pathways, and downstream metabolites have all been shown to influence host metabolism and CVD, sometimes through specific identified host receptors. Multiple metaorganismal pathways (involving both microbe and host) both impact CVD in animal models and show striking clinical associations in human studies. For example, trimethylamine N-oxide and, more recently, phenylacetylglutamine are gut microbiota–dependent metabolites whose blood levels are associated with incident CVD risks in large-scale clinical studies. Importantly, a causal link to CVD for these and other specific gut microbial metabolites/pathways has been shown through numerous mechanistic animal model studies. Phenylacetylglutamine, for example, was recently shown to promote adverse cardiovascular phenotypes in the host via interaction with multiple ARs (adrenergic receptors)—a class of key receptors that regulate cardiovascular homeostasis. In this review, we summarize recent advances of microbiome research in CVD and related cardiometabolic phenotypes that have helped to move the field forward from associative to causative results. We focus on microbiota and metaorganismal compounds/pathways, with specific attention paid to short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, and phenylacetylglutamine. We also discuss novel therapeutic strategies for directly targeting the gut microbiome to improve cardiovascular outcomes.

scholarly journals Dyslipidemia: Current Perspectives and Implications for Clinical Practice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Klobučar Majanović ◽  
Olga Cvijanović Peloza ◽  
Dijana Detel ◽  
Gordana Kenđel Jovanović ◽  
Miro Bakula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Statin Treatment ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Lipid Abnormalities ◽  
Current Guidelines

Dyslipidemia refers to a broad spectrum of various genetic and acquired disorders that affect blood lipid levels and largely contribute to global cardiovascular disease burden. Consistent evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies, supports the key role of the circulating LDL-cholesterol and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis. All ApoB-containing lipoproteins with size less than 70 nm can cross the endothelial barrier, particularly in the presence of endothelial dysfunction. Uptake and accumulation of apoB-containing lipoproteins in the arterial wall is a critical initiating event in the development of atherosclerosis. Statin treatment, targeting LDL cholesterol reduction, remains the cornerstone of dyslipidemia management. There are abundant data supporting the concept of ‘the lower LDL-C, the better’ in the primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention. This chapter provides an overview of the key insights into the lipid abnormalities associated with an increased risk of CV events particulary in the context of dyslipidemia management in everyday clinical practice. Understanding the important role that metabolic derangements play in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis pave the way for stronger implementation of current guidelines for CVD risk assessment and prevention.

Out of tune: Perceptions of, engagement with, and responses to mental health interventions by professional popular musicians—A scoping review

2021 ◽  
pp. 030573562110194
Author(s):  
Amy Visser ◽  
Megan Lee ◽  
Timothy Barringham ◽  
Nasim Salehi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Distinct Group ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Mental Health Interventions ◽  
Industry Peers

Professional popular musicians are at increased risk of psychological distress, substance use problems, and suicide, yet little evidence is available on effective psychotherapeutic practices to address these issues. This scoping review aims to understand how professional popular musicians perceive, engage with, and respond to mental health interventions. Four databases were searched, garnering a total of 310 articles. Of these, six met inclusion criteria. Four thematic categories were explored: (1) amenability of professional popular musicians to particular therapeutic approaches; (2) attribution of treatment outcomes to tailored approaches; (3) professional popular musicians’ perceived barriers to treatment; and (4) recommendations for treatment approaches. The scoping review supports the importance of considering the characteristics of professional popular musicians as a distinct group with unique well-being needs, challenges, and strengths. There is a clear preference for tailored, affordable, and accessible approaches that consider the uniquities of musicianship and the need to explore the role of nonclinical support, such as friends, family, and industry peers.

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