scholarly journals Soluble Sugar and Lipid Readjustments in the Yarrowia lipolytica Yeast at Various Temperatures and pH

Metabolites ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varvara Yu Sekova ◽  
Daria I. Dergacheva ◽  
Elena P. Isakova ◽  
Natalya N. Gessler ◽  
Vera M. Tereshina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Adaptation Mechanism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Trehalose Lipid

Microorganisms cope with a wide range of environmental challenges using different mechanisms. Their ability to prosper at extreme ambient pH and high temperatures has been well reported, but the adaptation mechanism often remains unrevealed. In this study, we addressed the dynamics of lipid and sugar profiles upon different cultivation conditions. The results showed that the cells grown at various pH and optimal temperature contained mannitol as the major cytosol sugar alcohol. The elevated temperature of 38 °C led to a two- to three-fold increase in total cytosol sugars with concurrent substitution of mannitol for trehalose. Lipid composition in the cells at optimal temperature changed insignificantly at any pH tested. The increase in the temperature caused some drop in the storage and membrane lipid levels, remarkable changes in their composition, and the degree of unsaturated fatty acids. It was shown that the fatty acid composition of some membrane phospholipids varied considerably at changing pH and temperature values. The data showed a pivotal role and flexibility of the sugar and lipid composition of Y. lipolytica W29 in adaptation to unfavorable environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Membrane Lipid Composition of the Moderately Thermophilic Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaeon “Candidatus Nitrosotenuis uzonensis” at Different Growth Temperatures

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole J. Bale ◽  
Marton Palatinszky ◽  
W. Irene C. Rijpstra ◽  
Craig W. Herbold ◽  
Michael Wagner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Thermal Spring ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Environmental Niche ◽  
Membrane Lipid Composition ◽  
Moderately Thermophilic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Membrane Spanning

ABSTRACT “Candidatus Nitrosotenuis uzonensis” is the only cultured moderately thermophilic member of the thaumarchaeotal order Nitrosopumilales (NP) that contains many mesophilic marine strains. We examined its membrane lipid composition at different growth temperatures (37°C, 46°C, and 50°C). Its lipids were all membrane-spanning glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), with 0 to 4 cyclopentane moieties. Crenarchaeol (cren), the characteristic thaumarchaeotal GDGT, and its isomer (crenʹ) were present in high abundance (30 to 70%). The GDGT polar headgroups were mono-, di-, and trihexoses and hexose/phosphohexose. The ratio of glycolipid to phospholipid GDGTs was highest in the cultures grown at 50°C. With increasing growth temperatures, the relative contributions of cren and crenʹ increased, while those of GDGT-0 to GDGT-4 (including isomers) decreased. TEX86 (tetraether index of tetraethers consisting of 86 carbons)-derived temperatures were much lower than the actual growth temperatures, further demonstrating that TEX86 does not accurately reflect the membrane lipid adaptation of thermophilic Thaumarchaeota. As the temperature increased, specific GDGTs changed relative to their isomers, possibly representing temperature adaption-induced changes in cyclopentane ring stereochemistry. Comparison of a wide range of thaumarchaeotal core lipid compositions revealed that the “Ca. Nitrosotenuis uzonensis” cultures clustered separately from other members of the NP order and the Nitrososphaerales (NS) order. While phylogeny generally seems to have a strong influence on GDGT distribution, our analysis of “Ca. Nitrosotenuis uzonensis” demonstrates that its terrestrial, higher-temperature niche has led to a lipid composition that clearly differentiates it from other NP members and that this difference is mostly driven by its high crenʹ content. IMPORTANCE For Thaumarchaeota, the ratio of their glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids depends on growth temperature, a premise that forms the basis of the widely applied TEX86 paleotemperature proxy. A thorough understanding of which GDGTs are produced by which Thaumarchaeota and what the effect of temperature is on their GDGT composition is essential for constraining the TEX86 proxy. “Ca. Nitrosotenuis uzonensis” is a moderately thermophilic thaumarchaeote enriched from a thermal spring, setting it apart in its environmental niche from the other marine mesophilic members of its order. Indeed, we found that the GDGT composition of “Ca. Nitrosotenuis uzonensis” cultures was distinct from those of other members of its order and was more similar to those of other thermophilic, terrestrial Thaumarchaeota. This suggests that while phylogeny has a strong influence on GDGT distribution, the environmental niche that a thaumarchaeote inhabits also shapes its GDGT composition.

scholarly journals Studies of the long-term regulation of hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

1998 ◽  
Vol 329 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Mary SUGDEN ◽  
G. D. Lee FRYER ◽  
A. Karen ORFALI ◽  
A. David PRIESTMAN ◽  
Elaine DONALD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration

The administration of a low-carbohydrate/high-saturated-fat (LC/HF) diet for 28 days or starvation for 48 h both increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) activity in extracts of rat hepatic mitochondria, by approx. 2.1-fold and 3.5-fold respectively. ELISAs of extracts of hepatic mitochondria, conducted over a range of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities, revealed that mitochondrial immunoreactive PDHKII (the major PDHK isoform in rat liver) was significantly increased by approx. 1.4-fold after 28 days of LC/HF feeding and by approx. 2-fold after 48 h of starvation. The effect of LC/HF feeding to increase hepatic PDHK activity was retained through hepatocyte preparation, but was decreased on 21 h culture with insulin (100μ-i.u./ml). A sustained (24 h) 2-4-fold elevation in plasma insulin concentration in vivo (achieved by insulin infusion via an osmotic pump) suppressed the effect of LC/HF feeding so that hepatic PDHK activities did not differ significantly from those of (insulin-infused) control rats. The increase in hepatic PDHK activity evoked by 28 days of LC/HF feeding was prevented and reversed (within 24 h) by the replacement of 7% of the dietary lipid with long-chain ω-3 fatty acids. Analysis of hepatic membrane lipid revealed a 1.9-fold increase in the ratio of total polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids to total mono-unsaturated fatty acids. The results indicate that the increased hepatic PDHK activities observed in livers of LC/HF-fed or 48 h-starved rats are associated with long-term actions to increase hepatic PDHKII concentrations. The long-term regulation of hepatic PDHK by LC/HF feeding might be achieved through an impaired action of insulin to suppress PDHK activity. In addition, the fatty acid composition of the diet, rather than the fat content, is a key influence.

PUFA and aging modulate cardiac mitochondrial membrane lipid composition and Ca2+ activation of PDH

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (1) ◽  
pp. H149-H158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Pepe ◽  
Naotaka Tsuchiya ◽  
Edward G. Lakatta ◽  
Richard G. Hansford
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Pufa Ratio ◽  
Membrane Lipid Composition ◽  
Isolated Hearts ◽  
Pufa Diet ◽  
The Difference

Aberrations in cell Ca2+ homeostasis have been known to parallel both changes in membrane lipid composition and aging. Previous work has shown that the lowered efficiency of work performance, which occurs in isolated hearts from rats fed a diet rich in n–6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), relative to those fed n–3 PUFA, could be raised by mitochondrial (Mito) Ca2+ transport inhibition. We tested whether, after Ca2+-dependent stress, the Ca2+-dependent activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHA/PDHTotal) and Mito Ca2+ cycling could be manipulated by varying the ratio of n–3 to n–6 PUFA in Mito membranes in young (6 mo) and aged (24 mo) isolated rat hearts treated to n–3 or n–6 PUFA-rich diet. Inotropic stimulation by 1 μM norepinephrine (NE) of 24-mo n–6 PUFA-rich hearts elevated total Mito Ca2+ content 38% more than in 6-mo hearts ( P < 0.05). However, both the NE-induced rise in Mito Ca2+ and the difference in response between 6- and 24-mo hearts were partially abolished by n–3 PUFA treatment. NE increased the fractional activation of PDH by 44% above control levels in the 6-mo group compared with 49% in the 24-mo group after n–6 PUFA diet. However, NE stimulation of PDHA was attenuated by n–3 PUFA diet, attaining values only 29 and 23% above control levels in 6- and 24-mo mitochondria, respectively ( P < 0.05). Global ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in n–6 PUFA hearts gave rise to higher levels of total Mito Ca2+concentration ( P < 0.0001) and PDHA( P < 0.0001) compared with n–3 PUFA. Ruthenium red (3.4 μM) abolished the effects of I/R in all groups. With aging, heart Mito membrane phosphatidylcholine was increased after n–6 PUFA-rich diet (by ∼15%, P < 0.05), whereas cardiolipin and n–3 PUFA content were diminished by 31% ( P < 0.05) and 73% ( P < 0.05), respectively. These effects were prevented by n–3 PUFA-rich diet. The present study, by directly manipulating the cardiac Mito membrane n–3-to-n–6 PUFA ratio, shows that the activation of Ca2+-dependent PDH can be augmented when the n–3-to-n–6 PUFA ratio is low (n–6 PUFA-rich diet; 24-mo hearts) or attenuated when this ratio is relatively high (n–3 PUFA-rich diet). We propose that one of the consequences of dietary-induced manipulation of membrane phospholipids and PUFAs may be the altered flux of Ca2+ across the Mito membrane and thus altered intramitochondrial Ca2+-dependent processes.

Relationship between body size, Na+-K+-ATPase activity, and membrane lipid composition in mammal and bird kidney

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (1) ◽  
pp. R301-R310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Turner ◽  
Kurt L. Haga ◽  
A. J. Hulbert ◽  
Paul L. Else
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Membrane Lipid Composition ◽  
Mass Scaling ◽  
Metabolic Intensity

We investigated the relationship between body size, Na+-K+-ATPase molecular activity, and membrane lipid composition in the kidney of five mammalian and eight avian species ranging from 30-g mice to 280-kg cattle and 13-g zebra finches to 35-kg emus, respectively. Na+-K+-ATPase activity was found to be higher in the smaller species of both groups. In small mammals, the higher Na+-K+-ATPase activity was primarily the result of an increase in the molecular activity (turnover rate) of individual enzymes, whereas in small birds the higher Na+-K+-ATPase activity was the result of an increased enzyme concentration. Phospholipids from both mammals and birds contained a relatively constant percentage of unsaturated fatty acids; however, phospholipids from the smaller species were generally more polyunsaturated, and a complementary significant allometric increase in monounsaturate content was observed in the larger species. In particular, the relative content of the highly polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid [22:6( n-3)] displayed the greatest variation with body mass, scaling with allometric exponents of −0.21 and −0.26 in the mammals and birds, respectively. This allometric variation in fatty acid composition was correlated with Na+-K+-ATPase molecular activity in mammals, whereas in birds molecular activity only correlated with membrane cholesterol content. These relationships are discussed with respect to the metabolic intensity of different-sized animals.

scholarly journals Effect of elevated temperature on membrane lipid saturation in Antarctic notothenioid fish

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanita C. Malekar ◽  
James D. Morton ◽  
Richard N. Hider ◽  
Robert H. Cruickshank ◽  
Simon Hodge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Antarctic Fish ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Thermal Acclimation ◽  
Homeoviscous Adaptation ◽  
Antarctic Species ◽  
Membrane Lipid Composition

Homeoviscous adaptation (HVA) is a key cellular response by which fish protect their membranes against thermal stress. We investigated evolutionary HVA (long time scale) in Antarctic and non-Antarctic fish. Membrane lipid composition was determined for four Perciformes fish: two closely related Antarctic notothenioid species (Trematomus bernacchiiandPagothenia borchgrevinki); a diversified related notothenioid Antarctic icefish (Chionodraco hamatus); and a New Zealand species (Notolabrus celidotus). The membrane lipid compositions were consistent across the three Antarctic species and these were significantly different from that of the New Zealand species. Furthermore, acclimatory HVA (short time periods with seasonal changes) was investigated to determine whether stenothermal Antarctic fish, which evolved in the cold, stable environment of the Southern Ocean, have lost the acclimatory capacity to modulate their membrane saturation states, making them vulnerable to anthropogenic global warming. We compared liver membrane lipid composition in two closely related Antarctic fish species acclimated at 0 °C (control temperature), 4 °C for a period of 14 days inT. bernacchiiand 28 days forP. borchgrevinki,and 6 °C for 7 days in both species. Thermal acclimation at 4 °C did not result in changed membrane saturation states in either Antarctic species. Despite this, membrane functions were not compromised, as indicated by declining serum osmolality, implying positive compensation by enhanced hypo-osmoregulation. Increasing the temperature to 6 °C did not change the membrane lipids ofP. borchgrevinki.However, inT. bernacchii,thermal acclimation at 6 °C resulted in an increase of membrane saturated fatty acids and a decline in unsaturated fatty acids. This is the first study to show a homeoviscous response to higher temperatures in an Antarctic fish, although for only one of the two species examined.

scholarly journals Impaired fetal erythrocytes' filterability: relationship with cell size, membrane fluidity, and membrane lipid composition

Blood ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 2148-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
FC Colin ◽  
Y Gallois ◽  
D Rapin ◽  
A Meskar ◽  
JJ Chabaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Fluidity ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Fluorescence Polarization ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Biophysical Parameters ◽  
Membrane Lipid Composition

Abstract The lipid composition of erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]) plays a significant role in determining certain membrane biophysical properties. We have found that fetal RBCs showed a dramatically low filterability compared with adult RBCs and questioned whether this could be a consequence of their membrane lipid composition. We therefore studied fetal RBCs at two different gestational ages, neonatal RBCs and adult RBCs. Biophysical parameters were studied using two different techniques, filterability and membrane fluidity. The latter was measured by fluorescence polarization using three different probes. The membrane lipid composition was examined by measuring cholesterol and phospholipids. After extraction of the phospholipids, followed by high performance thin-layer chromatography, the fatty acids in the phospholipid subfractions were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The fetal RBCs' filterability was found to be correlated with both the larger size and the higher hemoglobin content of the cells, but there was no correlation between RBC filterability and fluidity or membrane lipid composition. In adult RBCs, compared with neonatal RBCs, the slight increase of unsaturated fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine should have increased the membrane fluidity. However, in RBCs, no change was observed in the fluidity parameters measured by fluorescence polarization.

Study of lipids in Lipomyces and Waltomyces

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 724-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lomascolo ◽  
E. Dubreucq ◽  
V. Perrier ◽  
P. Galzy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Culture Temperature ◽  
Third Way ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acids

The lipid composition, particularly the fatty acid composition (6–25 carbon atoms), of one strain of each species of Lipomyces and Waltomyces was determined; the influence of the culture temperature on the lipid composition was also studied. The neutral lipid fraction, essentially composed of intracellular triacylglycerols, and the polar fraction, composed of membrane phospholipids, were analyzed separately. For all strains and in the two fractions, the major fatty acids were oleic, linoleic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, and α-linolenic acids, which formed 85% of the total fatty acids. Small amounts of γ-linolenic, dihomo-γ-linolenic, and arachidonic acids were present, which indicated the presence of Δ12, Δ15, Δ6, and Δ5 desaturases. Waltomyces lipofer and Lipomyces tetrasporus were the two species richest in lipids and fatty acids. In the genus Lipomyces and in Waltomyces, maintenance of membrane fluidity at low temperature required an increase in unsaturated fatty acids and the accumulation of short-chain fatty acids, especially in the polar lipid fraction; in the case of Lipomyces anomalus, the synthesis of branched fatty acids may be a third way to maintain membrane fluidity.Key words: Lipomyces, Waltomyces, lipid composition, fatty acids.

Regional differences in lipid composition and incorporation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids into microsomal membranes of rat small intestine

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 794-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Garg ◽  
M. Keelan ◽  
A. Wierzbicki ◽  
A. B. R. Thomson ◽  
M. T. Clandinin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Rat Small Intestine ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Microsomal Membranes

Incorporation of [1-14C]palmitic (16:0) and [1-14C]linoleic (18:2ω6) acids into microsomal membranes of proximal (jejunum) and distal (ileum) regions of rat small intestine was investigated, and the lipid composition, including fatty acid profiles of membrane phospholipids, was determined. Jejunal microsomes contained significantly higher amounts of total phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol, and lower amounts of cholesterol and sphingomyelin when compared with ileal microsomes. Jejunal microsomal phospholipids contained higher levels of stearic (18:0), 18:2ω6, and eicosapentaenoic (20:5ω3) acids followed by reduced levels of oleic (18:1ω9), arachidonic (20:4ω6), and docosahexaenoic (22:6ω3) acids when compared with those from the ileum, except for phosphatidylinositol where no significant difference between 20:4ω6 content of each site was observed. In both jejunal and ileal microsomes, incorporation of [1-14C]18:2ω6 was significantly higher than that of [1-14C]16:0. Incorporation of both [1-14C]16:0 and [1-14C]18:2ω6 was significantly higher in jejunal microsomal lipid fractions (phospholipids, diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols) when compared with the ileal microsomal fraction. These data suggest that (1) jejunal and ileal microsomal membranes differ from each other in terms of lipid composition and lipid synthesis, (2) site variations in the specificity of acyltransferases for different fatty acids exist, and (3) higher Δ9-, Δ6-, Δ5-, and Δ4-desaturase activities exist in ileal compared with jejunal enterocytes.

scholarly journals Impaired fetal erythrocytes' filterability: relationship with cell size, membrane fluidity, and membrane lipid composition

Blood ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 2148-2153
Author(s):  
FC Colin ◽  
Y Gallois ◽  
D Rapin ◽  
A Meskar ◽  
JJ Chabaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Fluidity ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Fluorescence Polarization ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Biophysical Parameters ◽  
Membrane Lipid Composition

The lipid composition of erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]) plays a significant role in determining certain membrane biophysical properties. We have found that fetal RBCs showed a dramatically low filterability compared with adult RBCs and questioned whether this could be a consequence of their membrane lipid composition. We therefore studied fetal RBCs at two different gestational ages, neonatal RBCs and adult RBCs. Biophysical parameters were studied using two different techniques, filterability and membrane fluidity. The latter was measured by fluorescence polarization using three different probes. The membrane lipid composition was examined by measuring cholesterol and phospholipids. After extraction of the phospholipids, followed by high performance thin-layer chromatography, the fatty acids in the phospholipid subfractions were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The fetal RBCs' filterability was found to be correlated with both the larger size and the higher hemoglobin content of the cells, but there was no correlation between RBC filterability and fluidity or membrane lipid composition. In adult RBCs, compared with neonatal RBCs, the slight increase of unsaturated fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine should have increased the membrane fluidity. However, in RBCs, no change was observed in the fluidity parameters measured by fluorescence polarization.

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