scholarly journals Autonomous and In Situ Ocean Environmental Monitoring on Optofluidic Platform

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Wang ◽  
Jiaomeng Zhu ◽  
Longfei Chen ◽  
Yunfeng Zuo ◽  
Xuejia Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycles ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Large Size ◽  
High Power Consumption ◽  
Marine Disasters ◽  
Ocean Monitoring

Determining the distributions and variations of chemical elements in oceans has significant meanings for understanding the biogeochemical cycles, evaluating seawater pollution, and forecasting the occurrence of marine disasters. The primary chemical parameters of ocean monitoring include nutrients, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and heavy metals. At present, ocean monitoring mainly relies on laboratory analysis, which is hindered in applications due to its large size, high power consumption, and low representative and time-sensitive detection results. By integrating photonics and microfluidics into one chip, optofluidics brings new opportunities to develop portable microsystems for ocean monitoring. Optofluidic platforms have advantages in respect of size, cost, timeliness, and parallel processing of samples compared with traditional instruments. This review describes the applications of optofluidic platforms on autonomous and in situ ocean environmental monitoring, with an emphasis on their principles, sensing properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Predictably, autonomous and in situ systems based on optofluidic platforms will have important applications in ocean environmental monitoring.

scholarly journals Some indicators of water quality of the Tamis river

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Babovic ◽  
Dejan Markovic ◽  
Vojkan Dimitrijevic ◽  
Dragan Markovic
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physico Chemical

This paper shows the results obtained in field analysis performed at the Tamis River, starting from the settlement Jasa Tomic - border between Serbia and Romania to Pancevo - confluence of Tamis into the Danube. The Tamis is a 359 km long river rising in the southern Carpathian Mountains. It flows through the Banat region and flows into the Danube near Pancevo. During the years the water quality of the river has severely deteriorated and badly affected the environment and the river ecosystem. In situ measurements enabled determination of physico-chemical parameters of water quality of the Tamis River on every 400 m of the watercourse, such as: water temperature, pH value, electrical conductivity, contents of dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation. The main reason of higher pollution of Tamis is seen in connection to DTD hydro system. Sampling was performed at 7 points with regard to color, turbidity, total hardness, alkalinity, concentration of ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, iron, chlorides and sulphates in samples. The aim of the present work was to evaluate water quality in the Tamis River taking into account significant pollution, which originates from settlements, industry and agriculture, and to suggest appropriate preventive measures to further pollution decreasing of the river's water.

scholarly journals Rapid and simple prenatal diagnosis of common chromosome disorders: advantages and disadvantages of the molecular methods FISH and QF-PCR

Reproduction ◽  
2003 ◽  
pp. 279-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Hulten ◽  
S Dhanjal ◽  
B Pertl
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Maternal Serum Screening ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Chromosome Disorder

Molecular techniques have been developed for prenatal diagnosis of the most common chromosome disorders (trisomies 21, 13, 18 and sex chromosome aneuploidies) where results are available within a day or two. This involves fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and microscopy analysis of fetal cells or quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) on fetal DNA. Guidance is provided on the technological pitfalls in setting up and running these methods. Both methods are reliable, and the risk for misdiagnosis is low, although slightly higher for FISH. FISH is also more labour intensive than QF-PCR, the latter lending itself more easily to automation. These tests have been used as a preamble to full chromosome analysis by microscopy. However, there is a trend to apply the tests as 'stand-alone' tests for women who are at relatively low risk of having a baby with a chromosome disorder, in particular that associated with advanced age or results of maternal serum screening programmes. These women comprise the majority of those currently offered prenatal diagnosis with respect to fetal chromosome disorders and if introduced on a larger scale, the use of FISH and QF-PCR would lead to substantial economical savings. The implication, on the other hand, is that around one in 500 to one in 1000 cases with a mentally and/or physically disabling chromosome disorder would remain undiagnosed.

In-Situ Characterization of Growth and Intermixing at a Heteroepitaxial Interface: Fe on Au(001)

1993 ◽  
Vol 318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Jiang ◽  
A. Chan ◽  
Y.-L. He ◽  
G.-C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Background Intensity ◽  
In Situ Characterization ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Monolayer Growth ◽  
Low Energy Electron ◽  
Energy Dependent

ABSTRACTThe growth and chemical intermixing of submonolayer and a few monolayer thick Fe films on a Au(001) surface was studied by High Resolution Low Energy Electron Diffraction (HRLEED) technique. Through the analysis of the energy dependent angular profiles as a function of time, we obtained the distribution of islands and distribution of spacings during submonolayer growth. The interference of electron waves from different chemical elements in terraces at different heights in the surface contributes to the background intensity and broadening in the angular profiles of diffraction beams. A subsurface Fe capped by Au islands as a result of atomic place exchange was observed at the initial stage of monolayer growth. From the energy dependent angular profiles as a function of temperature, we determine the quantitative change of inhomogeneity length (∼20 Å) at the interface of ultrathin films at elevated temperatures due to intermixing.

In-situ simulation

Trauma ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Schofield ◽  
Emma Welfare ◽  
Simon Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Medical Emergency ◽  
In Situ Simulation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Medical Emergency Teams ◽  
Clinical Workplace ◽  
Trauma Teams ◽  
New Guidelines

‘In-situ’ simulation or simulation ‘in the original place’ is gaining popularity as an educational modality. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of performing simulation in the clinical workplace drawing on the authors’ experience, particularly for trauma teams and medical emergency teams. ‘In-situ’ simulation is a valuable tool for testing new guidelines and assessing for latent errors in the workplace.

Versatile thin layer spectroelectrochemical cell employing specular reflectance

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 919-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Scott Hinman ◽  
Brad J. Pavelich
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Tetrabutylammonium Perchlorate ◽  
Specular Reflectance ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Ftir Characterization ◽  
Sandwich Type

A versatile thin layer spectroelectrochemical cell employing specular reflection of the incident light beam from the electrode surface is described. Its application to in-situ uv–vis and FTIR characterization of the products of electrochemical reactions and to thin layer voltammetry and coulometry as well as conventional cyclic voltammetry is demonstrated for the oxidation of tetraphenylporphinatozinc in dichloroethane/tetrabutylammonium perchlorate solution. The advantages and disadvantages of this type of cell as compared to more conventional sandwich type optically transparent thin layer electrodes are discussed.

Comparing Coding Viewing and Recording Methods to Quantify Embedded Instruction Learning Trials

2022 ◽  
pp. 105381512110695
Author(s):  
Mackenzie K. Martin ◽  
Patricia A. Snyder ◽  
Brian Reichow ◽  
Crystal D. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Systematic Observation ◽  
Embedded Instruction ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Observation Systems ◽  
Pencil And Paper ◽  
Dependent Samples ◽  
Learning Trials

The purpose of this study was to examine the comparability of counts of embedded instruction learning trials when different methods of viewing and recording direct behavioral observations were used. In 13 classrooms, while videotaping embedded instruction implementation for a larger randomized controlled efficacy trial was occurring, teachers’ implementation of trials was coded in situ using pencil-and-paper methods. Videos were later coded using computer-assisted methods. Dependent-samples t tests, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, and additional score agreement calculations were conducted. Statistically significant differences were found in the estimates of trial frequency. Correlational analyses showed positive and strong relationships between the coding methods. Coding agreement was higher across the entire observation versus during 10-min continuous event blocks. In situ coding took significantly less time than video coding. Results provide empirical evidence for the advantages and disadvantages of common viewing and recording methods for quantifying behavior as part of systematic observation systems.

Three Approaches for Managing Stiffness in Origami-Inspired Mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alden Yellowhorse ◽  
Larry L. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Selection For

Ensuring that deployable mechanisms are sufficiently rigid is a major challenge due to their large size relative to their mass. This paper examines three basic types of stiffener that can be applied to light, origami-inspired structures to manage their stiffness. These stiffeners are modeled analytically to enable prediction and optimization of their behavior. The results obtained from this analysis are compared to results from a finite-element analysis and experimental data. After verifying these models, the advantages and disadvantages of each stiffener type are considered. This comparison will facilitate stiffener selection for future engineering applications.

scholarly journals Determination of 137Cs in Sea Water Samples Using Gamma Spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
N. Evaggeliou ◽  
Ch. Lykomitrou ◽  
A. Zafiropoulou
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Spectrometry ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Germanium Detector ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
High Purity Germanium ◽  
Co Precipitation ◽  
Radioanalytical Procedures

In the present study a comparative evaluation of two methods for 137Cs determination (pretreatment for gamma spectrometry) is attempted. One of them is the conventional AMP (ammonium molybdophosphate, (ΝΗ4)3Ρ(Μo3O10)4) method (radiochemical treatment based on coprecipitation) and the other one is a method based on pre-concentration of cesium in situ by using the Mark III Centrifugal Pump. The pump, which is described analytically in the study, is composed of a mo­tor (pump), four cartridge housings (containing the scavengers), a flow meter and a pressure tube (containing the battery pack and the timer board). For justification, this method is compared with the AMP co-precipitation one. Following up the radioanalytical procedures, the gamma spectrometry system (relative efficiency of high purity germanium detector 90%) is also demonstrated, as conformed to mea­ suring obtained parameters. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of these two methods are recorded and the application of each one is suggested.

scholarly journals Collecting eco-evolutionary data in the dark: Impediments to subterranean research and how to overcome them

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Mammola ◽  
Enrico Lunghi ◽  
Helena Bilandžija ◽  
Pedro Cardoso ◽  
Volker Grimm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Systems ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Physiological Tolerance ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Experimental Model Systems ◽  
Scientific Questions ◽  
Subterranean Species

(1) Caves and other subterranean habitats fulfill the requirements of experimental model systems to address general questions in ecology and evolution. Yet, the harsh working conditions of these environments and the uniqueness of the subterranean organisms have challenged most attempts to pursuit standardized research(2) Two main obstacles have synergistically hampered previous attempts. First, there is a habitat impediment related to the objective difficulties of exploring subterranean habitats and our inability to access the network of fissures that represent the elective habitat for the so-called “cave species.” Second, there is a biological impediment illustrated by the rarity of most subterranean species and their low physiological tolerance, often limiting sample size and complicating lab experiments.(3) We explore the advantages and disadvantages of four general experimental setups (in-situ, quasi in-situ, ex-situ, and in-silico) in the light of habitat and biological impediments. We also discuss the potential of indirect approaches to research. Furthermore, using bibliometric data, we provide a quantitative overview of the model organisms that scientists have exploited in the study of subterranean life.(4) Our over-arching goal is to promote caves as model systems where one can perform standardised scientific research. This is important not only to achieve an in-depth understanding of the functioning of subterranean ecosystems but also to fully exploit their long-discussed potential in addressing general scientific questions with implications beyond the boundaries of this discipline.

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