scholarly journals Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases: Humankind’s Companions and Competitors

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Spernovasilis ◽  
Sotirios Tsiodras ◽  
Garyphallia Poulakou
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Human History ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks

Infectious disease outbreaks had a significant impact on shaping the societies and cultures throughout human history [...]

Preventing Zoonotic Emerging Disease Outbreaks: The Need to Complement One Health with Ethical Considerations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Angela K. Martin ◽  
Salome Dürr
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
One Health ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Human Animal

Abstract Human encroachment on the habitats of wild animals and the dense living conditions of farmed animals increase spill-over risk of emerging infectious diseases from animals to humans (such as COVID-19). In this article, we defend two claims: First, we argue that in order to limit the risk of emerging infectious disease outbreaks in the future, a One Health approach is needed, which focuses on human, animal, and environmental health. Second, we claim that One Health should not solely be grounded in collaborations between veterinary, medical, and environmental scientists, but should also involve more dialogue with animal and environmental ethicists. Such an interdisciplinary approach would result in epidemiology-driven measures that are ethically legitimate.

scholarly journals Surveillance of emerging infectious diseases in wild non-human primates in Kenya: Successes and challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercy Y. Akinyi ◽  
Stanislaus Kivai ◽  
Peris Mbuthia ◽  
David Kiragu ◽  
Tim Wango ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) originating from wildlife present a significant threat to global health, security, and economic growth, thus combatting their emergence is a public health priority. Humans and non-human primates (NHPs) exhibit a high degree of overlap in their genetic and physiological similarities, hence making them susceptible to majority of pathogens that can cross the primate species boundaries. However, efforts to understand the potential infectious disease-causing pathogens harbored by wild primate populations has lagged and is yet to be fully explored. Disease surveillance in wildlife to identify probable infectious disease outbreaks has remained a challenge especially in developing countries due to logistical and financial constrains associated with both periodic and longitudinal sample collection. Such loopholes have hampered the preparedness to handle the emerging infectious diseases whenever they arise. In this review we focus on successes, challenges, and proposed solutions for EID surveillance in non-human primate populations in Kenya. We discuss,1) mechanisms of cross species transmission of EIDs, 2) the role of NHPS in EID transmission, 3) results from past NHP pathogen surveillance projects in Kenya and 4) challenges and proposed solutions for NHP-EID surveillance. Finally, we propose that more studies need to include investigations into understanding how cross species transmission occurs in diverse NHP populations and how this impacts one health.

scholarly journals Qualitative Research: Institutional Preparedness During Threats of Infectious Disease Outbreaks

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doret de Rooij ◽  
Evelien Belfroid ◽  
Renske Eilers ◽  
Dorothee Roßkamp ◽  
Corien Swaan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Care Staff ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
High Resource ◽  
The World ◽  
Centralized Care

Background. As demonstrated during the global Ebola crisis of 2014–2016, healthcare institutions in high resource settings need support concerning preparedness during threats of infectious disease outbreaks. This study aimed to exploratively develop a standardized preparedness system to use during unfolding threats of severe infectious diseases. Methods. A qualitative three-step study among infectious disease prevention and control experts was performed. First, interviews (n=5) were conducted to identify which factors trigger preparedness activities during an unfolding threat. Second, these triggers informed the design of a phased preparedness system which was tested in a focus group discussion (n=11). Here preparedness activities per phase and per healthcare institution were identified. Third, the preparedness system was completed and verified in individual interviews (n=3). Interviews and the focus group were recorded, transcribed, and coded for emerging themes by two researchers independently. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Results. Four preparedness phases were identified: preparedness phase green is a situation without the presence of the infectious disease threat that requires centralized care, anywhere in the world. Phase yellow is an outbreak in the world with some likelihood of imported cases. Phase orange is a realistic chance of an unexpected case within the country, or unrest developing among population or staff; phase red is cases admitted to hospitals in the country, potentially causing a shortage of resources. Specific preparedness activities included infection prevention, diagnostics, patient care, staff, and communication. Consensus was reached on the need for the development of a preparedness system and national coordination during threats. Conclusions. In this study, we developed a standardized system to support institutional preparedness during an increasing threat. Use of this system by both curative healthcare institutions and the (municipal) public health service, could help to effectively communicate and align preparedness activities during future threats of severe infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Global mapping of infectious disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1614) ◽  
pp. 20120250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon I. Hay ◽  
Katherine E. Battle ◽  
David M. Pigott ◽  
David L. Smith ◽  
Catherine L. Moyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Rapid Improvement ◽  
Disease Evolution ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Global Mapping

The primary aim of this review was to evaluate the state of knowledge of the geographical distribution of all infectious diseases of clinical significance to humans. A systematic review was conducted to enumerate cartographic progress, with respect to the data available for mapping and the methods currently applied. The results helped define the minimum information requirements for mapping infectious disease occurrence, and a quantitative framework for assessing the mapping opportunities for all infectious diseases. This revealed that of 355 infectious diseases identified, 174 (49%) have a strong rationale for mapping and of these only 7 (4%) had been comprehensively mapped. A variety of ambitions, such as the quantification of the global burden of infectious disease, international biosurveillance, assessing the likelihood of infectious disease outbreaks and exploring the propensity for infectious disease evolution and emergence, are limited by these omissions. An overview of the factors hindering progress in disease cartography is provided. It is argued that rapid improvement in the landscape of infectious diseases mapping can be made by embracing non-conventional data sources, automation of geo-positioning and mapping procedures enabled by machine learning and information technology, respectively, in addition to harnessing labour of the volunteer ‘cognitive surplus’ through crowdsourcing.

scholarly journals Emerging viral infectious disease threat: Why Tanzania is not in a safe zone

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chacha D. Mangu ◽  
Christina K. Manyama ◽  
Henry Msila ◽  
Lwitiho Sudi ◽  
Godlove Chaula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Viral Infectious Disease ◽  
The Government

Emerging diseases are global threat towards human existence. Every country is exposed to potentially emergence of infectious diseases. Several factor such as changes in ecology, climate and human demographics play different roles in a complex mechanism contributing to the occurrence of infectious diseases. Important aspects towards control in case of outbreaks are surveillance, preparedness and early response. Tanzania should therefore take opportunity of the calm situation currently present, to prepare. Except for HIV/AIDS, Tanzania has not experienced a major public health threat. However, the question is, is the country safe from emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases? In this article we try to explore the danger of emerging infectious disease (EID) epidemics in Tanzania and the risks attached if an outbreak is to occur. The aim is to formulate recommendations to the government, responsible authorities and general population of what can be done to improve the level of EID preparedness in the country. In conclusion, it is important to strengthen the capacity of community and healthcare staffs on how to respond to potential infectious disease outbreaks. Community-based surveillance systems should be incorporated into the national systems for early detection of public health events. It is also critical to enhance one health approach to increase cross-sectoral information sharing, surveillance and interventional strategies as regards to preparedness and response to disease outbreaks.

Infectious Diseases, Stock Market Volatility, and Public Opinion on Home Buying in the United States: Implications from COVID-19 and Beyond

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 859-871
Author(s):  
Christopher Olds
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Equity Markets ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Volatility ◽  
Stock Market Volatility ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Buying In

The study evaluates whether there are limits to an excess in consumptive behaviors during periods where infectious disease outbreaks produce unpredictable changes in equity markets. While there is evidence of panic buying in these periods such that people increasingly acquire goods that they do not actually need, this does not mean that people will acquire items if their purchase has significant risk tied to them. Using time series information across 35 years, the empirical analyses show that people are less likely to think buying a home is a good idea due to change in the level of equity market volatility brought about by infectious diseases. Even though panic buying occurs during epidemics and pandemics, this is not an indication that decision-making about purchases is wholly irrational. In uncertain times when infectious disease outbreaks make equity markets unpredictable, people rationally seek to minimize the level of personal losses they experience as much as possible.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Early Warning Methods of Infectious Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 03084
Author(s):  
Song-nian Hu ◽  
Xiao Cheng ◽  
Dan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks

Major epidemics of infectious diseases will not only endanger people’s lives and property, but also cause panic and social unrest. Therefore, it is particularly important to establish an infectious disease early warning system and take effective measures in time to prevent infectious disease outbreaks. The article summarizes the relevant definitions of infectious disease early warning system, domestic and foreign development status, infectious disease early warning models and methods, and aims to provide references for the establishment of infectious disease early warning systems.

Mitigation of Infectious Disease Outbreaks: Considerations for the Marine and Offshore Industries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Petricic ◽  
Gareth Burton ◽  
Libin Miao
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Pressure Independent ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

Similar to land-based facilities, marine and offshore assets can be exposed to outbreaks of infectious diseases. This is exemplified by the recent COVID-19 outbreak which has had a significant impact on both personnel health and normal operations of the assets. The occurrence and transmission of infectious diseases on marine and offshore assets can, however, be mitigated by appropriate physical arrangements on board and having operational procedures in place. This paper addresses the former. The effectiveness of operational measures can be significantly increased if infectious diseases are considered at the asset’s design stage. ABS has identified a lack of available technical guidance regarding physical arrangements that can help make marine and offshore assets safer for crews and reduce the spread of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. This paper presents the best practices and recommendations for physical arrangements drawn mainly from the recognized standards for land-based medical facilities and applied to marine and offshore assets. The recommendations focus on specific spaces inside the accommodation block, their number, location, layout, ventilation, and interior surfaces. Isolation cabins with their associated anterooms are proposed as the most reliable way of isolating suspected or confirmed cases of an infectious disease from the rest of the personnel on board. Negative pressure, independent exhaust system, and easy to clean surfaces that are accessible and resistant to deterioration from frequent cleaning and disinfection are effective measures in containing the transmission of infectious diseases that are spread through the air or direct and indirect contact. The paper also emphasizes the need to promote segregation of the visitors from crew and passengers by providing designated spaces for the visitors and gives recommendations on the communication equipment needed for receiving medical advice from land-based medical specialists. If properly implemented and if augmented with robust operational measures, physical arrangement measures have the potential to significantly improve the safety of the crew, passengers, and visitors, as well as minimize the negative consequences of disruptions to normal asset operations.

MODELING INFECTIOUS OUTBREAKS IN NON-HOMOGENEOUS POPULATIONS

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 591-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
JORGE REYES-SILVEYRA ◽  
ARMIN R. MIKLER ◽  
JUSTIN ZHAO ◽  
ANGEL BRAVO-SALGADO
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Realistic Approach

Emerging diseases, novel strains of reemerging diseases, and bioterrorism threats necessitate the development of computational models that can supply health care providers with tools to facilitate analysis and simulation of the progression of infectious diseases in a population. Most computational models assume homogeneous mixing within populations. However, a more realistic approach to the simulation of infectious disease outbreaks includes the stratification of populations in which the interactions between individuals are affinity-based. To examine the effects of heterogeneous populations on the outbreak dynamics, we developed a hybrid model that includes clustered individuals which represent differentiated populations. This facilitates the study of the effects of distinct behavioral properties on the dynamics of an infectious disease epidemic. Our results indicate that non-uniform interactions and affinity-driven behavior can drastically change the outbreak dynamics in the population.

scholarly journals Outbreak news production as a site of tension: Journalists’ news-making of global infectious disease

Journalism ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 146488492094014
Author(s):  
Youngrim Kim
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
News Media ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Risk Society ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
News Production ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Cultural Proximity ◽  
External Forces

News media play a crucial role during infectious disease outbreaks because they shape people’s understanding of not only the disease itself but also the meaning of living in a ‘risk society’, which is imagined as newly and inherently insecure due to the transnational nature of global crises. As a result, studies on media narratives of infectious diseases have explored the issues of territoriality and national security by examining the discursive themes that undergird outbreak news. However, less is known about how these narratives are constructed through professional practice and the experience of those who create news. How journalists balance the interests of their local audience with the interconnected, interdependent aspects of these global events is the central question of this article. Interviewing journalists from the US, the UK, and South Korea who have reported on recent infectious disease outbreaks, I analyzed the news production of global outbreaks by examining the inner struggles, negotiations, and external forces that shape outbreak news. The findings suggest that journalistic practice in the context of global health crises is structured by tensions and contradictions: journalists conceptualize infectious diseases both as ‘foreign’ threats and ‘shared’ problems, try to find a balance between different value systems of newsworthiness such as cultural proximity and global outlook, and simultaneously internalize and resist the existing conventions of the ‘outbreak narrative’.

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