scholarly journals Development of Salmonellosis as Affected by Bioactive Food Compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Kumar ◽  
Abimbola Allison ◽  
Monica Henry ◽  
Anita Scales ◽  
Aliyar Cyrus Fouladkhah
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Evidence Based Guideline

Infections caused by Salmonella serovars are the leading cause of foodborne hospitalizations and deaths in Americans, extensively prevalent worldwide, and pose a considerable financial burden on public health infrastructure and private manufacturing. While a comprehensive review is lacking for delineating the role of dietary components on prevention of Salmonellosis, evidence for the role of diet for preventing the infection and management of Salmonellosis symptoms is increasing. The current study is an evaluation of preclinical and clinical studies and their underlying mechanisms to elaborate the efficacy of bioactive dietary components for augmenting the prevention of Salmonella infection. Studies investigating dietary components such as fibers, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, and probiotics exhibited efficacy of dietary compounds against Salmonellosis through manipulation of host bile acids, mucin, epithelial barrier, innate and adaptive immunity and gut microbiota as well as impacting the cellular signaling cascades of the pathogen. Pre-clinical studies investigating synergism and/or antagonistic activities of various bioactive compounds, additional randomized clinical trials, if not curtailed by lack of equipoise and ethical concerns, and well-planned epidemiological studies could augment the development of a validated and evidence-based guideline for mitigating the public health burden of human Salmonellosis through dietary compounds.

scholarly journals Broccoli or Sulforaphane: Is It the Source or Dose That Matters?

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (19) ◽  
pp. 3593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Yagishita ◽  
Jed W. Fahey ◽  
Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova ◽  
Thomas W. Kensler
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Disease Models ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Current State ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Selection Of

There is robust epidemiological evidence for the beneficial effects of broccoli consumption on health, many of them clearly mediated by the isothiocyanate sulforaphane. Present in the plant as its precursor, glucoraphanin, sulforaphane is formed through the actions of myrosinase, a β-thioglucosidase present in either the plant tissue or the mammalian microbiome. Since first isolated from broccoli and demonstrated to have cancer chemoprotective properties in rats in the early 1990s, over 3000 publications have described its efficacy in rodent disease models, underlying mechanisms of action or, to date, over 50 clinical trials examining pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and disease mitigation. This review evaluates the current state of knowledge regarding the relationships between formulation (e.g., plants, sprouts, beverages, supplements), bioavailability and efficacy, and the doses of glucoraphanin and/or sulforaphane that have been used in pre-clinical and clinical studies. We pay special attention to the challenges for better integration of animal model and clinical studies, particularly with regard to selection of dose and route of administration. More effort is required to elucidate underlying mechanisms of action and to develop and validate biomarkers of pharmacodynamic action in humans. A sobering lesson is that changes in approach will be required to implement a public health paradigm for dispensing benefit across all spectrums of the global population.

Ruolo della medicina dello sport nella prescrizione dell’attività fisica come profilassi e terapia

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Therapeutic Protocols

There is incontrovertible evidence of the benefits of regular physical activity in the primary and secondary prevention of several chronic diseases, on contrary a sedentary lifestyle can progress into a Sedentary Death Syndrome (SeDS), which is a major Public Health burden due to its causing multiple chronic diseases and a large amount of premature deaths each year. In Italy, Sports Medicine represents a fundamental reference for those practicing physical activity at competitive or non-competitive level; its purposes include: health care of the athletes practicing all kind of sports, through the pre-participation screening for elegibility (such screening constitutes an established medical programme that has been implemented for more than 30 years), and the promotion of diagnostic and therapeutic protocols to guarantee the state of health of individual at high risk or carrying a specific diagnosed disease. Substantial evidence emphasizes the role of physical therapy in terms of an individualized sport-therapy, in the prevention of cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, respiratory, rheumathic and neoplastic diseases, improving the clinical condition or, when combined with lifestyle modifications, favouring concomitantly the control or the regression of the pathology. Regular physical exercise as a prophylactic and therapeutic tool, is strongly recommended to reduce morbidity and mortality, to improve quality of life and to limit Public Health medical expenses.

scholarly journals The Challenges of Designing and Implementing Clinical Trials With Broccoli Sprouts… and Turning Evidence Into Public Health Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jed W. Fahey ◽  
Thomas W. Kensler
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Public Health Action ◽  
Broccoli Sprouts ◽  
Health Action ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Broccoli Sprout ◽  
Selection Of

Broccoli sprouts are a convenient and rich source of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin, which can generate the chemopreventive agent sulforaphane through the catalytic actions of plant myrosinase or β-thioglucosidases in the gut microflora. Sulforaphane, in turn, is an inducer of cytoprotective enzymes through activation of Nrf2 signaling, and a potent inhibitor of carcinogenesis in multiple murine models. Sulforaphane is also protective in models of diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and other inflammatory processes, likely reflecting additional actions of Nrf2 and interactions with other signaling pathways. Translating this efficacy into the design and implementation of clinical chemoprevention trials, especially food-based trials, faces numerous challenges including the selection of the source, placebo, and dose as well as standardization of the formulation of the intervention material. Unlike in animals, purified sulforaphane has had very limited use in clinical studies. We have conducted a series of clinical studies and randomized clinical trials to evaluate the effects of composition (glucoraphanin-rich [± myrosinase] vs. sulforaphane-rich or mixture beverages), formulation (beverage vs. tablet) and dose, on the efficacy of these broccoli sprout-based preparations to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic action, and clinical benefit. While the challenges for the evaluation of broccoli sprouts in clinical trials are themselves formidable, further hurdles must be overcome to bring this science to public health action.

scholarly journals Role of Epidemiological Studies in Disease Prevention

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shoaib Akthar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Epidemiology Data ◽  
Different Populations

Today’s society is full of disease that are of different natures including genetic, infectious and metabolic etc. Every disease has its own mechanisms of affecting humans and different prevention mechanisms as per disease nature. These factors are included in epidemiology of disease. Other factors include prevalence and incidence of diseases in different populations. Exactly knowing about disease epidemiology helps governing authorities to prevent the disease. Unfortunately, under-developed and developing nations are not focusing on diseases epidemiology. On the other hand, all developing nations developed best public health practices based on diseases epidemiology data. These studies may vary from basic epidemiological surveys to identification of microorganism strains etc.

Ambient particulate matter induces relaxation of rat aortic rings in vitro

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Knaapen ◽  
G J den Hartog ◽  
A Bast ◽  
P JA Borm
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Suspended Particulate ◽  
Smooth Muscle Function ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Epidemiological studies have shown an association between ambient levels of particulate matter (PM) and increased mortality from cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not clear. We hypothesised that PM, when translocated after inhalation, could affect vascular smooth muscle function. Therefore, total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was sampled and investigated for its ability to affect aortic muscle contraction. Both TSP and TSP supernatant (TSP-sup) induced a concentration-dependent relaxation of phenylephrine (PE)-precontracted aortic rings. Relaxation induced by 100 jg/ml TSP was 51.5 t 3.1% of total contraction. At 60 and 100 Hg/ ml, relaxation induced by TSP was significantly higher compared to TSP-sup. Ultrafine TiO2, used as a model to investigate the role of ultrafine particles, did not show an effect. Soluble iron, present in TSP suspensions, seems not to be involved, as chelating with deferoxamine did not affect TSP-induced relaxation. However, TSP effects were inhibited by Trolox, suggesting a role of oxidants. Nudation of aortic rings showed that effects of TSP were only partly endothelium-dependent, while preincubation with LNAME increased TSP-induced relaxation. From these data, we conclude that both the particle core and soluble components of TSP can affect the smooth muscle function, leading to changes in the vascular contractile response.

scholarly journals Paediatric anxiety disorders confer a considerable public health burden

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Mental Health Condition ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Intense Research

Anxiety disorders usually begin in childhood or adolescence and are the most common mental health condition across the life span.1,2 Consequently, intense research efforts are focused on delineating the underlying mechanisms of paediatric anxiety so that we can better identify those at risk and intervene early.

Insomnia Disorder—Pathophysiology

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-102
Author(s):  
Fee Benz ◽  
Elisabeth Hertenstein ◽  
Anna Johann ◽  
Dieter Riemann
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Physiological Alterations ◽  
Insomnia Disorder ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
Daytime Impairment

Insomnia disorder is defined as persistent difficulty with initiating or maintaining sleep, or early morning awakening accompanied by daytime impairment. Although insomnia disorder is a highly prevalent disorder and a major public health burden, the pathophysiology of the disorder is still not fully understood. Neurobiological as well as psychological models have been suggested highlighting genetic, behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and neurobiological factors. While psychological perspectives emphasize the role of dysfunctional sleep-related cognitions and a selective attention toward sleep-related stimuli, neurobiological perspectives particularly look at physiological alterations such as brain circuits that may be involved in the pathophysiology of insomnia. Relevant models explaining how insomnia develops and how it becomes chronic are described, and the evidence is summarized. Thus, this chapter provides an overview of important etiological models and further approaches dealing with the pathophysiology of insomnia disorder.

Brain foods - the role of diet in brain performance and health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Ekstrand ◽  
Nathalie Scheers ◽  
Martin Krøyer Rasmussen ◽  
Jette Feveile Young ◽  
Alastair B Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The performance of the human brain is based on an interplay between the inherited genotype and external environmental factors, including diet. Food and nutrition, essential in maintenance of brain performance, also aid in prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Both the overall composition of the human diet and specific dietary components have been shown to have an impact on brain function in various experimental models and epidemiological studies. This narrative review provides an overview of the role of diet in 5 key areas of brain function related to mental health and performance, including: (1) brain development, (2) signaling networks and neurotransmitters in the brain, (3) cognition and memory, (4) the balance between protein formation and degradation, and (5) deteriorative effects due to chronic inflammatory processes. Finally, the role of diet in epigenetic regulation of brain physiology is discussed.

Global Burden of Sugar-Related Dental Diseases in 168 Countries and Corresponding Health Care Costs

2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 845-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Meier ◽  
P. Deumelandt ◽  
O. Christen ◽  
G.I. Stangl ◽  
K. Riedel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Dental Diseases

Oral diseases such as dental caries, edentulism (tooth loss), periodontal disease (PD), and oral cancer currently constitute an increased major public health burden across the globe, with significant differences between countries. One of the main drivers of caries, edentulism, and PD is the excessive intake of sugars. Here, we aimed to quantify the global sugar-related dental health and cost burden in the year 2010. This study used a health-econometrical model to calculate the disease burden as well as the direct and indirect costs attributable to the intake of free sugars (mono- and disaccharides [MDS]). To this end, several databases from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Bank were used. In total, the corresponding disease burden in 168 countries and economic burden in 31 OECD countries were quantified. In 2010, the consumption of MDS was associated with a global dental disease burden of 4.1 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs; 95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 2.1 to 7.4 million DALYs), with 2.7 million DALYs from MDS-related caries and 1.4 million DALYs from PD. In terms of economic costs, MDS-related dental diseases were associated with a global financial burden of 172 billion US dollars (USD; 95% UI: 91 to 295 billion USD), the largest share of which (151 billion USD) was incurred in OECD countries. Overall, 26.3% (95% UI: 13.3% to 47.5%) of the total global oral disease burden was attributed to the consumption of MDS. The present study emphasizes the need to further address the role of free sugars in oral health and nutrition policy. Although the largest share of the economic burden was accounted for by OECD countries, emerging economies should address this challenge early on in national public health policies if they are to avoid disease and the prospect of increased cost burdens.

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