scholarly journals Microbial Degradation of Different Hydrocarbon Fuels with Mycoremediation of Volatiles

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agota Horel ◽  
Silke Schiewer
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Species ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Contaminant Removal ◽  
Total Hydrocarbon ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Surface Contaminants ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Hydrocarbon Substrates ◽  
Growth Of Fungi

Naturally occurring microorganisms in soil matrices play a significant role in overall hydrocarbon contaminant removal. Bacterial and fungal degradation processes are major contributors to aerobic remediation of surface contaminants. This study investigated degradation of conventional diesel, heating diesel fuel, synthetic diesel (Syntroleum), fish biodiesel and a 20% biodiesel/diesel blend by naturally present microbial communities in laboratory microcosms under favorable environmental conditions. Visible fungal remediation was observed with Syntroleum and fish biodiesel contaminated samples, which also showed the highest total hydrocarbon mineralization (>48%) during the first 28 days of the experiment. Heating diesel and conventional diesel fuels showed the lowest total hydrocarbon mineralization with 18–23% under favorable conditions. In concurrent experiments with growth of fungi suspended on a grid in the air space above a specific fuel with little or no soil, fungi were able to survive and grow solely on volatile hydrocarbon compounds as a carbon source. These setups involved negligible bacterial degradation for all five investigated fuel types. Fungal species able to grow on specific hydrocarbon substrates were identified as belonging to the genera of Giberella, Mortierella, Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Penicillium.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin contamination in food crops: causes, detection, and management: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
Hardik Pathak ◽  
Seema Bhadauria ◽  
Jebi Sudan
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
Post Harvesting ◽  
Favorable Conditions

AbstractMycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species and molds. Under favorable conditions like high temperature and moisture, they contaminate a large number of food commodities and regional crops during pre and post-harvesting. Aflatoxin is the main mycotoxin that harm animal and human health due to its carcinogenic nature. Aflatoxins are mainly released by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. AFB1 constitutes the most harmful type of aflatoxins and is a potent hepato-carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and it suppresses the immune system. To maintain food safety and to prevent aflatoxin contamination in food crops, combined approaches of using resistant varieties along with recommended farming practices should be followed. This review concentrates on various aspects of mycotoxin contamination in crops and recent methods to prevent or minimize the contamination.

Influence of African Multipurpose Trees on Activity of Rumen Protozoa and Bacteria in Vitro

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 136-136
Author(s):  
C. J. Newbold ◽  
S. M. El Hassan ◽  
R. J. Wallace ◽  
X-B. Chen ◽  
A. V. Goodchild ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Multipurpose Trees ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Selenomonas Ruminantium ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Protein Diets

The engulfment and digestion of bacteria by ciliate protozoa leads to elevated ruminal ammonia concentrations and reduced microbial protein flow from the rumen. Thus it has been suggested that the removal of protozoa from the rumen (defaunation) may be beneficial in animals fed low protein diets (Bird and Leng, 1978). However, existing laboratory methods for defaunation are unsuitable for practical usage. Here we investigated the effects of leaves from various African multipurpose trees (MPT) on the activities of rumen bacteria and protozoa in the hope of identifying naturally occurring defaunating agents.Protozoa are responsible for over 90% of the bacterial protein turnover in the rumen (Wallace and McPherson, 1987), thus the breakdown of bacterial protein was used as an assay of protozoal activity. [14CJ-Leucine-labelled Selenomonas ruminantium was incubated in vitro with rumen fluid taken from four rumen-fistulated sheep receiving a diet of hay, molasses, fishmeal and a mineral and vitamin mixture (500, 299.5,100,91 and 9.5 g/kg respectively). Wheat straw (40 mg/ml) or a 70:30 mixture of straw and MPT was added 2 h before the addition of labelled bacteria. Samples were removed hourly for up to 4 h to follow bacterial degradation. Unlabelled leucine (2.5 mM) was added to the rumen fluid to prevent reincorporation of [14C]-leucine.

scholarly journals Effect of common foods as supplements for the mycelium growth of Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus on solid substrates

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260170
Author(s):  
Eugene Soh ◽  
Nazanin Saeidi ◽  
Alireza Javadian ◽  
Dirk E. Hebel ◽  
Hortense Le Ferrand
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Ganoderma Lucidum ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Food Supplements ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Substrate Composition ◽  
Solid Substrates ◽  
The Many ◽  
Growth Of Fungi

The transition from a linear to a circular economy is urgently needed to mitigate environmental impacts and loss of biodiversity. Among the many potential solutions, the development of entirely natural-based materials derived from waste is promising. One such material is mycelium-bound composites obtained from the growth of fungi onto solid lignocellulosic substrates, which find applications such as insulating foams, textiles, packaging, etc. During growth, the fungus degrades and digests the substrate to create a web-like stiff network called mycelium. The development of the mycelium is influenced by several factors, including the substrate composition. As food waste accounts for nearly 44% of total municipal solid waste, incorporating food in the substrate composition could be a means to increase the nutrients absorbed by the fungus. In this paper, we study the effects of the addition of food supplements on the growth of two fungal species, Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus. The substrates, the food supplements, and the mycelia are characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy. Our results show that addition of barley as a supplement significantly boosts the growth of G. lucidum and P. ostreatus. Using a common food as a nutritious enrichment for the development of mycelium is a simple and straightforward strategy to create waste-based mycelium-bound biocomposites for a large range of applications, on-site, therefore promoting a circular economy.

scholarly journals The effect of particular active substances of hallucinogenic mushrooms

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
Marek Wieczorek
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ibotenic Acid ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Chemical Similarity ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Active Substances

Magic mushrooms have accompanied man for thousands of years. Formerly they were used for religious and culture purposes. Those fungi belong mainly to the genera Conocybe, Copelandia, Panaeolus, Psilocybe and Stropharia. A number of these fungal species produce substances, like psilocybin, psilocin, ibotenic acid or muscimol. Because of their chemical similarity to naturally occurring neurotransmitters like serotonin and GABA these substances, after ingestion, affect brain neurochemistry and by this induce hallucinations. This mini review presents the influence of psilocybin, psilocin, ibotenic acid and muscimol on the nervous system. Also the effects of the above mentioned substances on emotion and mental health of people are discussed.

scholarly journals Keratinases Produced by Aspergillus stelliformis, Aspergillus sydowii, and Fusarium brachygibbosum Isolated from Human Hair: Yield and Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Suaad S. Alwakeel ◽  
Fuad Ameen ◽  
Hussah Al Gwaiz ◽  
Hana Sonbol ◽  
Salma Alghamdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Human Hair ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Scalp Hair ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Chicken Feather ◽  
Aspergillus Sydowii ◽  
Keratinous Waste ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Twenty fungal strains belonging to 17 species and isolated from male scalp hair were tested for their capacity to hydrolyze keratinous material from chicken feather. The identification of the three most efficient species was confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA. Activities of fungal keratinases produced by Aspergillus stelliformis (strain AUMC 10920), A. sydowii (AUMC 10935), and Fusarium brachygibbosum (AUMC 10937) were 113, 120, and 130 IU mg−1 enzymes, respectively. The most favorable conditions were at pH 8.0 and 50 °C. Keratinase activity was markedly inhibited by EDTA and metal ions Ca+2, Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2, Fe+2, Mg+2, and Zn+2, with differences between the fungal species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the activity of keratinase produced by A. stelliformis, A. sydowii, and F. brachygibbosum. F. brachygibbosum keratinase was the most active, but the species is not recommended because of its known phytopathogenicty. Aspergillus sydowii has many known biotechnological solutions and here we add another application of the species, as producer of keratinases. We introduce A. stelliformis as new producer of active fungal keratinases for biotechnological solutions, such as in the management of keratinous waste in poultry industry.

scholarly journals Prevalence of mycotic agents isolated from skin lesions of trade horses in Obollor-Afor, Enugu State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
O.N. Okoroafor ◽  
E. Aneru ◽  
J.I. Eze ◽  
I.C. Chukwudi ◽  
T. Anagor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Microsporum Fulvum ◽  
Enugu State ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Growth Of Fungi

The study was aimed at identifying mycotic agents that colonize skin lesions in trade horses found in south eastern Nigeria. Skin scrapings were collected from seventy (70) horses with skin lesions in Obollo -Afor market, Enugu state, south eastern Nigeria. Portions of the skin specimen were treated with 10% KOH for microscopic identification of typical hyphae. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) slants, supplemented with cycloheximide were used as a standard substrate for the cultures. Cultures were incubated aerobically for 2 weeks at 37°C and were observed daily for growth of fungi isolates. Identification of fungal species was done based on their cultural and morphological characteristics. From the seventy (70) skin scraping samples studied, fifty-six (56) species of fungi belonging to 6 genera were recovered in different frequencies including Aspergillus sp (54%), Mucor spp (32%), Rhizopus oryzae (7%), Penicilium marneffi (2%), Microsporum fulvum (2%) and Tricophyton equinium (4%). More of the isolates were from the female horses than male horses. At p > 0.05 there was no significant difference in the distribution of fungal isolates between females and male horses. The season of the year had no notable impact on the occurrence or frequency of isolation of the fungi. The isolated dermatophytes may be possible aetiological agents of dermatomycoses in horses, while the Saprobes isolated may be contaminants associated with skin infections in horses. These mycotic agents isolated are not known to primarily, affect humans however there may be a possibility of transmission to human and other susceptible animals that cohabit with these horses. Keywords: Equine, Mycotic agent, Prevalence, Skin lesion

scholarly journals Application of clove and dill oils as an alternative of salphos for chickpea food seed storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Narendra Kumar ◽  
S. M. Paul Khurana ◽  
Vashist N. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Complete Inhibition ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Callosobruchus Chinensis ◽  
Fungicidal Action ◽  
Growth Of Fungi

AbstractMycological investigations of 25 samples of stored chickpea food seeds (Cicer arietinum L.) from grocery stores of Gurgaon and Gorakhpur revealed occurrence of seventeen fungal species belonging to genus viz., Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Rhizoctonia, and Sclerotium. In these Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Fusarium oxysporum had dominance in terms of per cent occurrence. Only one species of Bruchid (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) occurred in all the 25 samples. The biodeterioration of seeds inoculated with fungi: A. flavus, A. niger, F. oxysporum and the insect—C. chinensis, revealed their role in seed deterioration. For chickpea food seed protection essential oils were extracted from edible commodity(clove(Lavang and dill(sowa) leaf). Clove(Lavang) oil registered highest antifungal activity inhibiting (100%) mycelial growth of fungi, viz. species Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Fusarium oxysporum at 300 ppm but was fungicidal at 400 ppm. Dill (Sowa) oil showed complete inhibition at 400 ppm and was fungicidal at 500 ppm. While mixture of both the oils (clove and dill) showed complete inhibition (100%) and fungicidal action at 400 ppm against the dominant fungi. The oils showed 100% insect repellent activity and were found fungicidal at 0.02 ml dose and also insecticidal. The mixture of oils was cidal at 0.02 ml dose. The mixture of oils showed a broad antifungal spectrum at 500 ppm while only 70–93% inhibitory activity at 300 ppm. The oils' mixture's activity was not affected by temp, storage and autoclaving up to 150 days. Oils physico-chemical properties were studied. GC–MS analysis of clove(Lavang) oil depicted major components: 75.63%eugenol while dill(sowa) leaf oil had 25.14% apiole. Formulation of Mixture of oils was more effective showing complete seed protection i.e.no growth of fungi and insects upto 150 days storage than salphos (150 days). While salphos controlled only maximum three fungi (A. terreus, C. dematium, F. moniliforme). The formulated oils mixture did not have any adverse effect on the chickpea seeds and increased their shelf life.

Formation of C4–C7 hydrocarbons from bacterial degradation of naturally occurring terpenoids

Nature ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 288 (5791) ◽  
pp. 577-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Hunt ◽  
Robert J. Miller ◽  
Jean K. Whelan
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Naturally Occurring
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