Staphylococcal Communities on Skin Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis and Disease Severity

The skin microbiota of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients is characterized by increased Staphylococcus aureus colonization, which exacerbates disease symptoms and has been linked to reduced bacterial diversity. Skin bacterial communities in AD patients have mostly been described at family and genus levels, while species-level characterization has been limited. In this study, we investigated the role of the bacteria belonging to the Staphylococcus genus using targeted sequencing of the tuf gene with genus-specific primers. We compared staphylococcal communities on lesional and non-lesional skin of AD patients, as well as AD patients with healthy controls, and determined the absolute abundance of bacteria present at each site. We observed that the staphylococcal community, bacterial alpha diversity, and bacterial densities were similar on lesional and non-lesional skin, whereas AD severity was associated with significant changes in staphylococcal composition. Increased S. aureus, Staphylococcus capitis, and Staphylococcus lugdunensis abundances were correlated with increased severity. Conversely, Staphylococcus hominis abundance was negatively correlated with severity. Furthermore, S. hominis relative abundance was reduced on AD skin compared to healthy skin. In conclusion, various staphylococcal species appear to be important for skin health.

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Colonization With Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Dermatitis Patients: Attempts to Reveal the Unknown

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2020.567090 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Patrycja Ogonowska ◽

Yolanda Gilaberte ◽

Wioletta Barańska-Rybak ◽

Joanna Nakonieczna

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Special Interest ◽

Genetic Background ◽

Skin Infection ◽

Healthy Population ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Lesional Skin

Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients are massively colonized with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in lesional and non-lesional skin. A skin infection may become systemic if left untreated. Of interest, the incidence of multi-drug resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in AD patients is higher as compared to a healthy population, which makes treatment even more challenging. Information on the specific genetic background of S. aureus accompanying and/or causing AD flares would be of great importance in terms of possible treatment option development. In this review, we summarized the data on the prevalence of S. aureus in general in AD skin, and the prevalence of specific clones that might be associated with flares of eczema. We put our special interest in the presence and role of staphylococcal enterotoxins as important virulence factors in the epidemiology of AD-derived S. aureus. Also, we summarize the present and potentially useful future anti-staphylococcal treatment.

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Inter- and Intra-patient Variability Over Time of Lesional Skin Microbiota in Adult Patients with Atopic Dermatitis

Acta Dermato Venereologica ◽

10.2340/00015555-3373 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 100 (1) ◽

pp. 1-2

Author(s):

E Munckhof ◽

T Kolk ◽

H Wall ◽

D Alewijk ◽

M Doorn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Adult Patients ◽

Skin Microbiota ◽

Lesional Skin ◽

Over Time

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Shifts in the Skin Microbiota after UVB Treatment in Adult Atopic Dermatitis

Dermatology ◽

10.1159/000515236 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Astrid Haaskjold Lossius ◽

Olav Sundnes ◽

Anna Cäcilia Ingham ◽

Sofie Marie Edslev ◽

Jørgen Vildershøj Bjørnholt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Skin Barrier ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Ultraviolet B ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Skin Microbiota ◽

Lesional Skin ◽

Before And After ◽

Nose And Throat

Background: The pathophysiology in atopic dermatitis (AD) is not fully understood, but immune dysfunction, skin barrier defects, and alterations of the skin microbiota are thought to play important roles. AD skin is frequently colonized with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and microbial diversity on lesional skin (LS) is reduced compared to on healthy skin. Treatment with narrow-band ultraviolet B (nb-UVB) leads to clinical improvement of the eczema and reduced abundance of S. aureus. However, in-depth knowledge of the temporal dynamics of the skin microbiota in AD in response to nb-UVB treatment is lacking and could provide important clues to decipher whether the microbial changes are primary drivers of the disease, or secondary to the inflammatory process. Objectives: To map the temporal shifts in the microbiota of the skin, nose, and throat in adult AD patients after nb-UVB treatment. Methods: Skin swabs were taken from lesional AD skin (n = 16) before and after 3 treatments of nb-UVB, and after 6–8 weeks of full-body treatment. We also obtained samples from non-lesional skin (NLS) and from the nose and throat. All samples were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: We observed shifts towards higher diversity in the microbiota of lesional AD skin after 6–8 weeks of treatment, while the microbiota of NLS and of the nose/throat remained unchanged. After only 3 treatments with nb-UVB, there were no significant changes in the microbiota. Conclusion: Nb-UVB induces changes in the skin microbiota towards higher diversity, but the microbiota of the nose and throat are not altered.

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Structural aspects of lesional and non-lesional skin microbiota reveal key community changes in leprosy patients from India

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80533-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nitin Bayal ◽

Sunil Nagpal ◽

Mohammed Monzoorul Haque ◽

Milind S. Patole ◽

Yogesh Shouche ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Therapeutic Option ◽

Normal Skin ◽

Skin Microbiome ◽

Skin Microbiota ◽

Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Lesional Skin ◽

Leprosy Patients ◽

Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

AbstractAlthough skin is the primary affected organ in Leprosy, the role of the skin microbiome in its pathogenesis is not well understood. Recent reports have shown that skin of leprosy patients (LP) harbours perturbed microbiota which grants inflammation and disease progression. Herein, we present the results of nested Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) which was initially performed for investigating the diversity of bacterial communities from lesional skin (LS) and non-lesional skin (NLS) sites of LP (n = 11). Further, we performed comprehensive analysis of 16S rRNA profiles corresponding to skin samples from participants (n = 90) located in two geographical locations i.e. Hyderabad and Miraj in India. The genus Staphylococcus was observed to be one of the representative bacteria characterizing healthy controls (HC; n = 30), which in contrast was underrepresented in skin microbiota of LP. Taxa affiliated to phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were found to be signatures of HC and LS, respectively. Observed diversity level changes, shifts in core microbiota, and community network structure support the evident dysbiosis in normal skin microbiota due to leprosy. Insights obtained indicate the need for exploring skin microbiota modulation as a potential therapeutic option for leprosy.

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Identification of Cutaneous Fungi and Mites in Adult Atopic Dermatitis: Analysis by Targeted 18S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing

10.21203/rs.3.rs-116456/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sofie Edslev ◽

Paal Andersen ◽

Anna Ingham ◽

Thor Johannesen ◽

Ditte Lindhardt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Microbial Community ◽

18S Rrna ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Skin Inflammation ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Geotrichum Candidum ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Lesional Skin ◽

Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Abstract Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients have a changed skin bacterial community, with high abundance of Staphylococcus aureus associated with flairs, highlighting that microbial organisms may be important for disease exacerbation. Despite strong evidence of association between bacterial skin colonization and AD, very limited knowledge regarding the eukaryotic microbial community, including fungi and ectoparasites, in AD exists. In this study, we compared the skin and nasal eukaryotic microbial community between adult AD patients (n=55) and non-AD healthy controls (n=45) using targeted 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Analysis was based on the presence or absence of eukaryotic microorganisms. Results: The cutaneous composition of the eukaryotic microbial community and the alpha-diversity differed significantly between AD patients and non-AD individuals, with increased species richness on AD skin. Alpha-diversity and beta-diversity were similar on lesional and non-lesional skin of patients. The ectoparasite Demodex folliculorum and the yeast Geotrichum candidum were significantly more prevalent on the skin of AD patients. The prevalence of D. folliculorum on lesional skin was greater among patients recently treated with topical corticosteroid. Malassezia was one of the most frequently detected genera at all sites, with M. globosa and M. restricta being the most prevalent. M. restricta was overrepresented in the anterior nares of AD patients as compared to the non-AD control population. Conclusion: Significant differences in the eukaryotic microbial communities were found between AD patients and non-AD individuals, with the most striking finding being the significantly overrepresentation of D. folliculorum on AD skin. Whether D. folliculorum can contribute to skin inflammation in AD needs further investigation.

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Identification of cutaneous fungi and mites in adult atopic dermatitis: analysis by targeted 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing

BMC Microbiology ◽

10.1186/s12866-021-02139-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sofie Marie Edslev ◽

Paal Skytt Andersen ◽

Tove Agner ◽

Ditte Marie Lindhardt Saunte ◽

Anna Cäcilia Ingham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Microbial Community ◽

18S Rrna ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Skin Inflammation ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Geotrichum Candidum ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Lesional Skin ◽

Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Abstract Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients have an altered skin bacterial community, with an abundance of Staphylococcus aureus associated with flares, highlighting that microbial organisms may be important for disease exacerbation. Despite strong evidence of association between bacterial skin colonisation and AD, very limited knowledge regarding the eukaryotic microbial community, including fungi and ectoparasites, in AD exists. In this study, we compared the skin and nasal eukaryotic microbial community between adult AD patients (n = 55) and non-AD healthy controls (n = 45) using targeted 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Analysis was based on the presence or absence of eukaryotic microorganisms. Results The cutaneous composition of the eukaryotic microbial community and the alpha-diversity differed significantly between AD patients and non-AD individuals, with increased species richness on AD skin. Alpha-diversity and beta-diversity were similar on lesional and non-lesional skin of patients. The ectoparasite Demodex folliculorum and the yeast Geotrichum candidum were significantly more prevalent on the skin of AD patients. The prevalence of D. folliculorum on lesional skin was greater among patients recently treated with topical corticosteroid. Malassezia was one of the most frequently detected genera at all sites, with M. globosa and M. restricta being the most prevalent. M. restricta was under represented in the anterior nares of AD patients as compared to the non-AD control population. Conclusion Significant differences in the eukaryotic microbial communities were found between AD patients and non-AD individuals, with the most striking finding being the significantly overrepresentation of D. folliculorum on AD skin. Whether D. folliculorum can contribute to skin inflammation in AD needs further investigation.

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Epidermal Hyaluronan in Barrier Alteration-Related Disease

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10113096 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 3096

Author(s):

Céline Evrard ◽

Catherine Lambert de Rouvroit ◽

Yves Poumay

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Normal Skin ◽

Intercellular Spaces ◽

Epidermal Barrier ◽

Keratinocyte Proliferation ◽

Lesional Skin ◽

Related Disease ◽

Sulfated Glycosaminoglycan ◽

Proliferation And Differentiation

In skin, although the extracellular matrix (ECM) is highly developed in dermis and hypodermis, discrete intercellular spaces between cells of the living epidermal layers are also filled with ECM components. Herein, we review knowledge about structure, localization and role of epidermal hyaluronan (HA), a key ECM molecule. HA is a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan non-covalently bound to proteins or lipids. Components of the basal lamina maintain some segregation between the epidermis and the underlying dermis, and all epidermal HA is locally synthesized and degraded. Functions of HA in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation are still controversial. However, through interactions with partners, such as the TSG-6 protein, HA is involved in the formation, organization and stabilization of the epidermal ECM. In addition, epidermal HA is involved in the formation of an efficient epidermal barrier made of cornified keratinocytes. In atopic dermatitis (AD) with profuse alterations of the epidermal barrier, HA is produced in larger amounts by keratinocytes than in normal skin. Epidermal HA inside AD lesional skin is located in enlarged intercellular spaces, likely as the result of disease-related modifications of HA metabolism.

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Skin Microbiota in Atopic Dermatitis

International Journal of PharmTech Research ◽

10.20902/ijptr.2019.130409 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 374-382

Author(s):

Jessica Herlianez Saiful ◽

Satya Wydya Yenny

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Microbial Community ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Skin Diseases ◽

Major Influence ◽

First Line ◽

Skin Microbiota ◽

Immune Mediators

In human body, the skin is the largest organ that has the function of mediating contact with the outside world and providing our body first line of defense against all kinds of pathogens, poisons and dangerous environments. The role of skin which are physical and immunological, supported by the microbial community that inhabits the skin. Skin microbiota contributes to barrier function by competing with pathogens and dealing with immune cells in the skin, to modulate local and systemic immune responses. Skin microbiota and immune mediators, for example complement system, have two-way interactions, and this shows that commensal microbes must be considered an important part of healthy skin. Many evidence shows that the composition of microbiota, especially in the intestines and also on the skin, can have a major influence on an individual's health. The influence of gut microbiota and its influence on the immune response has been widely studied, but the link of skin microbiota, immune response and certain skin diseases has not been widely discussed in the literature. Skin microbiota is expected to be affected in certain dermatological conditions, such as in psoriasis and in atopic dermatitis, which further shows the importance of the skin microbial community for human health. Understanding of skin microbiota role in pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis is still needed.

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On the phenology of protists: Recurrent patterns reveal seasonal variation of protistan (Rhizaria: Cercozoa, Endomyxa) communities in tree canopies

10.1101/2021.02.15.431229 ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Susanne Walden ◽

Robin-Tobias Jauss ◽

Kai Feng ◽

Anna Maria Fiore-Donno ◽

Kenneth Dumack ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Potential Role ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Microbial Colonization ◽

Specific Primers ◽

Phenological Changes ◽

Tree Canopies ◽

Microclimatic Conditions ◽

Recurrent Patterns

AbstractTree canopies are colonized by billions of highly specialized microorganisms that are well adapted to the extreme microclimatic conditions, caused by diurnal fluctuations and seasonal changes. In this study we investigated seasonality patterns of protists in tree canopies of a temperate floodplain forest via high-throughput sequencing with group-specific primers for the phyla Cercozoa and Endomyxa. We observed consistent seasonality and identified divergent spring and autumn taxa. Tree crowns were characterized by a dominance of bacterivores and omnivores, while eukaryvores gained a distinctly larger share in litter and soil communities on the ground. Seasonality was largest among communities detected on the foliar surface. Higher variance within alpha diversity of foliar communities in spring indicated greater heterogeneity during community assembly. However, communities underwent distinct changes during the aging of leaves in autumn, reflecting recurring phenological changes during microbial colonization of leaves. Surprisingly, endomyxan root pathogens appeared to be exceptionally abundant across tree canopies during autumn season, demonstrating a potential role of the canopy surface as an important reservoir for wind-dispersed propagules. Overall, about 80% of detected OTUs could not be assigned to known species – representing only a fraction of dozens of microeukaryotic taxa whose canopy inhabitants are waiting to be discovered.

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Microbiological picture of onychopathy in psoriatic patients

Medical alphabet ◽

10.33667/2078-5631-2020-6-63-65 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 63-65

Author(s):

I. S. Maximov ◽

N. G. Kochergin ◽

V. S. Novoselov ◽

Z. S. Ditmarova ◽

D. I. Ushakova

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Staphylococcus Lugdunensis ◽

Opportunistic Fungi ◽

Nail Psoriasis ◽

Staphylococcus Capitis ◽

Staphylococcus Hominis ◽

Staphylococcus Simulans ◽

Nail Infection

Objective. To evaluate the incidence of onychomycosis and bacterial contamination of onychopathy in patients with psoriasis.Material and methods. The study included 86 patients with skin psoriasis and abnormal nail plates or isolated nail psoriasis. Patients nail plates examined in laboratory using direct microscopy with 20 % KOH, mycological culture Sabourauds Dextrose Agar with chloramphenicol and сycloheximide, and bacteriological culture with indetification using the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer.Results. Out of 86 patients, 27 (31.4 %) had onychomycosis (KOH-positive or KOH-negative with a positive result for dermatophytes in a culture study). Of the 27 patients with onychomycosis, 9 caused by pathogenic fungi, and 18 caused by opportunistic fungi. Of the 54 patients with nail psoriasis, 9 (16.7 %) had onychomycosis, 3 had dermatophytes, and 6 had opportunistic micromycetes. A total of 97 microbiological studies were conducted in 86 patients, in which the following microorganisms were detected: Staphylococcus caprae – 28 strains, Staphylococcus lugdunensis – 26, Staphylococcus epidermidis – 26, Staphylococcus haemolyticus – 15, Staphylococcus pettenkoferi – 13, Staphylococcus simulans – 11, Staphylococcus warneri – 8, Staphylococcus aureus – 5, Staphylococcus piscifermentans – 4, corinebacteria spp. – 3, Staphylococcus hominis – 3, Staphylococcus capitis – 3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa – 3, Staphylococcus pasteuri – 1, Staphylococcus cohnii – 1, Kocuria spp. – 1, Klebsiella pneumonia – 1.Conclusion. In our study, onychomycosis was detected in 31.4 % of patients with psoriasis who have onychodystrophy. In psoriatic onychia, onychomycosis occurred in 16.7 % cases. Pseudomonas nail infection was observed in two patients, one in combination with nail psoriasis.

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