Persistent Southern Tomato Virus (STV) Interacts with Cucumber Mosaic and/or Pepino Mosaic Virus in Mixed-Infections Modifying Plant Symptoms, Viral Titer and Small RNA Accumulation

Southern tomato virus (STV) is a persistent virus that was, at the beginning, associated with some tomato fruit disorders. Subsequent studies showed that the virus did not induce apparent symptoms in single infections. Accordingly, the reported symptoms could be induced by the interaction of STV with other viruses, which frequently infect tomato. Here, we studied the effect of STV in co- and triple-infections with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV). Our results showed complex interactions among these viruses. Co-infections leaded to a synergism between STV and CMV or PepMV: STV increased CMV titer and plant symptoms at early infection stages, whereas PepMV only exacerbated the plant symptoms. CMV and PepMV co-infection showed an antagonistic interaction with a strong decrease of CMV titer and a modification of the plant symptoms with respect to the single infections. However, the presence of STV in a triple-infection abolished this antagonism, restoring the CMV titer and plant symptoms. The siRNAs analysis showed a total of 78 miRNAs, with 47 corresponding to novel miRNAs in tomato, which were expressed differentially in the plants that were infected with these viruses with respect to the control mock-inoculated plants. These miRNAs were involved in the regulation of important functions and their number and expression level varied, depending on the virus combination. The number of vsiRNAs in STV single-infected tomato plants was very small, but STV vsiRNAs increased with the presence of CMV and PepMV. Additionally, the rates of CMV and PepMV vsiRNAs varied depending on the virus combination. The frequencies of vsiRNAs in the viral genomes were not uniform, but they were not influenced by other viruses.

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Short communication: Pepino mosaic virus, a new threat for Serbia’s tomatoes

Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5424/sjar/2020184-16244 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. e10SC05

Author(s):

Ivana Stankovic ◽

Ana Vucurovic ◽

Katarina Zecevic ◽

Branka Petrovic ◽

Danijela Ristic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Rapid Spread ◽

Infected Tomato ◽

Dark Green ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Das Elisa

Aim of study: To report the occurrence of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) on tomato in Serbia and to genetically characterize Serbian PepMV isolates.Area of study: Tomato samples showing virus-like symptoms were collected in the Bogojevce locality (Jablanica District, Serbia).Material and methods: Collected tomato samples were assayed by DAS-ELISA using antisera against eight economically important or quarantine tomato viruses. Three selected isolates of naturally infected tomato plants were mechanically transmitted to tomato ‘Novosadski jabučar’ seedlings. For confirmation of PepMV infection, RT-PCR was performed using specific primers PepMV TGB F/PepMV UTR R. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed with 47 complete CP gene sequences of PepMV to determine the genetic relationship of Serbian PepMV isolates with those from other parts of the world.Main results: The results of DAS-ELISA indicated the presence of PepMV in all tested samples. Mechanically inoculated ‘Novosadski jabučar’ seedlings expressed yellow spots and light and dark green patches, bubbling, and curled leaves. All tested tomato plants were RT-PCR positive for the presence of PepMV. The CP sequence analysis revealed that the Serbian PepMV isolates were completely identical among themselves and shared the highest nucleotide identity of 95.1% (99.2% aa identity) with isolate from Spain (FJ263341). Phylogenetic analysis showed clustering of the Serbian PepMV isolates into CH2 strain, but they formed separate subgroup within CH2 strain.Research highlights: This is the first data of the presence of PepMV in protected tomato production in Serbia. Considering increased incidence and rapid spread in Europe, the presence of PepMV on tomato could therefore represent serious threat to this valuable crop in Serbia.

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Complete Genome Sequence of an American Isolate of Pepino Mosaic Virus

Microbiology Resource Announcements ◽

10.1128/mra.01124-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Peter Abrahamian ◽

John Hammond ◽

Rosemarie W. Hammond

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Genome Sequence ◽

Complete Genome Sequence ◽

Complete Genome ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽

Infected Tomato ◽

European Genotype

Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is a widely distributed tomato virus. The complete genome sequence of the PepMV isolate US3 from infected tomato fruit was determined. The genome is 6,410 nucleotides long and has a poly(A) tail. US3 shares the highest similarity with strains belonging to the European genotype.

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High population densities of Macrolophus pygmaeus on tomato plants can cause economic fruit damage: interaction with Pepino mosaic virus ?

Pest Management Science ◽

10.1002/ps.4159 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 72 (7) ◽

pp. 1350-1358 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Rob Moerkens ◽

Els Berckmoes ◽

Veerle Van Damme ◽

Nelia Ortega-Parra ◽

Inge Hanssen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

High Population ◽

Population Densities ◽

Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Macrolophus Pygmaeus ◽

Fruit Damage

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Characterization of Two Distinct Pepino Mosaic Virus Isolates from Tomato in Lithuania

Botanica Lithuanica ◽

10.2478/botlit-2013-0003 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 22-27

Author(s):

Marija Žižytė ◽

Donatas Šneideris ◽

Irena Zitikaitė ◽

Laima Urbanavičienė ◽

Juozas Staniulis

Keyword(s):

Sequence Analysis ◽

Coat Protein ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Gene Sequence ◽

Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Cp Gene ◽

Gene Sequence Analysis ◽

Virus Isolates

Abstract Two isolates of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) from tomato plants grown in different commercial greenhouses in Lithuania were characterized by coat protein (CP) gene sequence analysis. Comparison with other PepMV isolates from the GenBank database showed that both Lithuanian PepMV isolates share 78.3% nucleotide identity and belong to two distinct EU and CH2 genotypes of PepMV. This is the first report on characterization of two PepMV genotypes detected in Lithuania.

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(257) Pepino Mosaic Virus: Variability in U.S. Isolates

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1089b ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1089B-1089

Author(s):

Clarissa J. Maroon-Lango ◽

Mary Ann Guaragna ◽

Ramon Jordan ◽

John Hammond ◽

Murali Bandla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Amino Acid Level ◽

The United States ◽

Full Length ◽

Nucleotide Level ◽

Tomato Fruits ◽

Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽

Infected Tomato ◽

Germplasm Accessions

Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) was first found in pepino (Solanum muricatum) growing in coastal Peru in 1974 and described in 1980; it reappeared in protected tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum) in the Netherlands in 1999. Since then, it has been reported to occur in tomato in several countries including Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Peru, Spain and the Canary Islands, the United Kingdom, and in 11 states within the United States. Three strains of PepMV found in the United States have been cloned and sequenced. Full-length genomic sequences were obtained for two strains, PepMV-US1 and PepMV-US2, from co-infected tomato plant samples from Arizona. The 3'-end sequence of PepMV-US3 came from infected tomato fruits from Maryland. The genome organization, motifs and domains typical of the genus Potexvirus, and of other PepMV isolates, were found in full-length sequences of both US1 and US2 isolates. Direct comparison of US1 and US2 at the nucleotide level revealed an 86.3% identity; whereas, when individually compared to the French and Spanish isolates, which share ∼99% identity at the nucleotide level, US1 and US2 had 82% and 79% identities to each, respectively. Pair-wise gene-for-gene comparisons between United States and European isolates revealed a similar trend. While unique, US1 is more closely related to the previously reported European isolates than is US2. The CP of US3 is nearly identical to the European isolates at the amino acid level. None of 18 tomato germplasm accessions or 10 cultivars were resistant to mechanical inoculation with US3; in contrast, no infection was detected in nine pepper cultivars or four germplasm accessions. Plants grown from seeds of infected tomato fruits did not test positive for PepMV.

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First Report of Pepino mosaic virus on Tomato in Spain

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.12.1292c ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (12) ◽

pp. 1292-1292 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. Jordá ◽

A. Lázaro Pérez ◽

P. Martínez-Culebras ◽

P. Abad ◽

A. Lacasa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Canary Islands ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Polyclonal Antibodies ◽

Datura Stramonium ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Chenopodium Amaranticolor ◽

Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

First Report

At the beginning of 2000, a damaging disease developed on protected tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) crops grown in polyethylene greenhouses in different regions of Spain. Production losses were estimated at 15 to 80%. The tomato plants showed a variety of symptoms. The most common symptoms were leaf distortion, chlorosis, and mosaic. Some plants showed a dark green mosaic and bubbling of the leaf surface. Green striations were also observed on the stem and sepals. Most of the diseased plants had discolored fruits. Symptoms decreased as environmental temperature increased. The involvement of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) was suspected. To identify the etiological agent, ≈500 symptomatic tomato plants were collected from several locations in Alicante, Murcia, Almeria and the Canary Islands. Flexuous viral particles 510 nm long were observed by transmission electron microscopy, suggesting the presence of a potexvirus in the tissue extracts analyzed. All samples were tested by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), using polyclonal antibodies to Narcissus mosaic virus (Adgen, Auchincriuve, Scotland), a virus serologically related to PepMV, and two antisera specific to PepMV (Adgen, Scotland and DMSZ, Braunschweig, Germany). PepMV was detected in 35% of the samples. Like PepMV, the virus infected (as confirmed by ELISA) greenhouse-grown Datura stramonium, Nicandra physalodes, Nicotiana benthamiana, N. clevelandii, Solanum tuberosum, and Vigna sinensis and did not infect Capsicum anuum, Cucumis sativus, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Petunia × hybrida, Phaseolus vulgaris, Physalis floridana, N. glutinosa, N. rustica, or N. tabacum. The virus did infect Gomphrena globosa, which normally is not infected by PepMV. The first report of PepMV was on pepino (Solanum muricatum) in Peru in 1974 (1), but this virus has been recently reported in the Netherlands, England, Germany, and France on protected tomato crops (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of PepMV in Spain, including the Canary Islands. References: (1) R. A. C. Jones et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 94:61, 1980. (2) European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO). Alert List Viruses. On-line publication/2000/003.

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Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Contributes to Enhanced Pepino Mosaic Virus Titers in Tomato Plants

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12080879 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 879 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chen Klap ◽

Neta Luria ◽

Elisheva Smith ◽

Lior Hadad ◽

Elena Bakelman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Amino Acid Position ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Mixed Infections ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

Tomato Plants

The tobamovirus tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), a major threat to tomato production worldwide, has recently been documented in mixed infections with the potexvirus pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) CH2 strain in traded tomatoes in Israel. A study of greenhouse tomato plants in Israel revealed severe new viral disease symptoms including open unripe fruits and yellow patched leaves. PepMV was only detected in mixed infections with ToBRFV in all 104 tested sites, using serological and molecular analyses. Six PepMV isolates were identified, all had predicted amino acids characteristic of CH2 mild strains excluding an isoleucine at amino acid position 995 of the replicase. High-throughput sequencing of viral RNA extracted from four selected symptomatic plants showed solely the ToBRFV and PepMV, with total aligned read ratios of 40.61% and 11.73%, respectively, indicating prevalence of the viruses. Analyses of interactions between the co-infecting viruses by sequential and mixed viral inoculations of tomato plants, at various temperatures, showed a prominent increase in PepMV titers in ToBRFV pre-inoculated plants and in mixed-infected plants at 18–25 °C, compared to PepMV-single inoculations, as analyzed by Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR tests. These results suggest that Israeli mild PepMV isolate infections, preceded by ToBRFV, could induce symptoms characteristic of PepMV aggressive strains.

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Influence of temperature upon levels of virus and an induced antiviral principle in tomato plants systemically infected with tobacco mosaic virus

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m69-263 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 1469-1471 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. C. Chadha ◽

B. H. MacNeill

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Critical Level ◽

Diseased Plant ◽

Nicotiana Glutinosa ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Infected Tomato ◽

High Level ◽

Incubation Temperatures

The levels of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and an associated antiviral principle (AVP) in infected tomato plants incubated at temperatures ranging from 15.5 C to 32 C were determined. Yield of TMV, as measured spectrophotometrically, reached a maximum at 26.5 C, but fell off markedly at 32 C. Infectivity, as indicated by local-lesion counts on Nicotiana glutinosa, reached its maximum at 23 C then declined substantially at the higher incubation temperatures. Production of AVP in the diseased plants reached a maximum at 26 C and was maintained at a high level at 32 C. Temperatures most favorable for the induction of AVP had an influence both on the quantity and the quality of the virus produced. It is suggested that the presence of a critical level of AVP in the diseased plant not only lowers the yield of TMV, but profoundly reduces the infectivity of the virus which is present.

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A New Geminivirus Associated with Tomato in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1997.81.4.423b ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 81 (4) ◽

pp. 423-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

J. C. Faria ◽

J. A. C. Souza-Dias ◽

S. A. Slack ◽

D. P. Maxwell

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Mosaic Disease ◽

Homologous Sequence ◽

São Paulo ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Potato Plants ◽

Cp Gene ◽

Infected Tomato ◽

Leaf Curl

The apical growth of about 20% of young tomato plants in observed fields near Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil, had yellow streaking of veins. Leaf symptoms developed into patches of yellow mosaic and the leaves became wavy. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. transmitted a pathogen from the infected tomato plants to healthy tomato and potato plants, reproducing the original symptoms in tomato. The apical leaves of infected potatoes showed yellow or green mottle that developed into leaf distortion with yellow blotches, symptoms indistinguishable from potato-deforming mosaic disease (2). DNA was extracted from these tomato and potato plants (1). Using DNA from the infected tomato plant, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the degenerate primer pair PAC1v1978/ PAV1c715 (1), which amplifies part of the rep gene (AC1 ORF), the common region (CR), and part of the cp gene (AV1 ORF), and with the primer pair PBC1v2039/PBV1c800, which amplifies part of BC1 ORF, CR, and part of BV1 ORF, gave virus-specific DNA fragments of the sizes expected from a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus. These were cloned and the complete nucleotide (sequences for DNA-A (pToYA, GenBank accession no. U79998) and DNA-B (pToYB, GenBank accession no. U80042) fragments obtained. Nucleotide identity between the CRs (184 nucleotides) was 90%, strongly indicating that those fragments correspond to a bipartite subgroup III geminivirus. PCR with the DNA from infected potato gave the expected size fragment for DNA-A. The partial sequence of the rep gene was 100% identical to the homologous sequence from the PCR fragment from the infected tomato. A search in the GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ, and PDB databases, using the BLAST program, found no identical geminivirus. The highest identity for the CR was 75% to tomato mottle geminivirus-Florida (ToMoV) and 74% to bean golden mosaic virus-Brazil. For the rep gene, the highest identity was 73% to tomato yellow leaf curl virus-Israel, an Old World geminivi-rus, followed by 71% to tomato golden mosaic virus-Brazil (TGMV) and ToMoV. For the cp gene, the highest identity was 86% to TGMV, followed by 83% to squash leaf curl geminivirus. Therefore, we propose the name tomato yellow vein streak geminivirus (ToYVSV) for this distinct virus (2). References: (1) M. R. Rojas et al. Plant Dis. 77:340, 1993. (2) J. A. C. Souza-Dias et al. Summa Phytopathol. 22:57, 1996.

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