scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Brucella Infection in Dairy Animals in Urban and Rural Areas of Bihar and Assam, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 783
Author(s):  
Ram Pratim Deka ◽  
Rajeswari Shome ◽  
Ian Dohoo ◽  
Ulf Magnusson ◽  
Delia Grace Randolph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brucella Infection ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Dairy Animals

This study assessed seropositivity of Brucella infection in dairy animals and risk factors associated with it. The cross-sectional study used multi-stage, random sampling in the states of Bihar and Assam in India. In total, 740 dairy animals belonging to 534 households of 52 villages were covered under this study. Serological testing was conducted by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Animal-level Brucella seropositivity was found to be 15.9% in Assam and 0.3% in Bihar. Seropositivity in urban areas (18.7%) of Assam was found to be higher than in rural areas (12.4%). Bihar was excluded from the risk factor analysis, as only one Brucella seropositive sample was detected in the state. A total of 30 variables were studied for assessing risk factors, of which 15 were selected for multivariable regression analyses following a systematic process. Finally, only three risk factors were identified as statistically significant. It was found that animals belonging to districts having smaller-sized herds were less likely (p < 0.001) to be Brucella seropositive than animals belonging to districts having larger-sized herds. Furthermore, the chance of being Brucella seropositive increased (p = 0.007) with the increase in age of dairy animals, but decreased (p = 0.072) with the adoption of artificial insemination (AI) for breeding. We speculated that the identified risk factors in Assam likely explained the reason behind lower Brucella seropositivity in Bihar, and therefore any future brucellosis control program should focus on addressing these risk factors.

scholarly journals Diabetes Burden in Urban and Rural Senegalese Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study in 2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Seck ◽  
D. G. Dia ◽  
D. Doupa ◽  
A. Diop-Dia ◽  
I. Thiam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
History Of

Diabetes represents a challenging global health issue in the 21st century. Data from sub-Saharan African populations are scarce and are usually restricted to urban settings. The objective of this study was to compare prevalence and risk factors of diabetes in rural and urban areas in Senegal.Methods.In a community-based survey between January and May 2012, we included 1027 adults aged≥18 years living in northern Senegal. Sociodemographic, clinical, and biological data were collected during household visits. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with diabetes.Results.Mean age of participants was48.0±16.9years and 65.7% were female. Participants from urban area represented 55.7%. The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes was 7.6% (6.0% in men versus 9.0% in women). Prevalence of diabetes was higher in urban areas (8.1%) compared to rural areas (4.6%). Disease awareness rate was 43%. After multivariate analysis, age (OR = 1.63,p=0.001), familial history of diabetes (OR = 1.42,p=0.001), and abdominal obesity (OR = 1.17,p=0.05) were associated with diabetes.Conclusion.Diabetes is frequent in urban and rural areas in Senegal. Awareness rate is very low among populations. Age, family history of diabetes, and abdominal obesity are the main risk factors identified.

Status and disparities of diabetes among urban and rural residents aged 40 years and older: insight from a population-based study in northeast China, 2017–2019

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-213755
Author(s):  
Liying Xing ◽  
Yuanmeng Tian ◽  
Li Jing ◽  
Min Lin ◽  
Zhi Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Haemoglobin A1c ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Prevalence

ObjectivesTo evaluate the up-to-date epidemiology of diabetes in northeast China.MethodsThe cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2017 and March 2019 using a multistage, stratified and cluster random sampling method. 18 796 participants (28.9% urban and 71.1% rural) aged ≥40 years were enrolled. Diabetes and pre-diabetes were diagnosed according to the history, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels.ResultsThe prevalence of diabetes was 17.1%, higher in urban than in rural residents (20.2% vs 15.8%, p<0.001). Meanwhile, the prevalence of pre-diabetes was 44.3%, higher in rural than in urban areas (49.4% vs 31.8%, p<0.001). The overall FPG and HbA1c were 6.10±1.94 mmol/L and 5.59%±1.08%. The FPG level was higher in rural area than in urban areas (6.15±1.83 mmol/L vs 5.97±2.18 mmol/L, p<0.001). Among participants with diabetes, 47.5% were aware of their diabetes condition; 39.5% were taking antidiabetic medications and 36.8% of people had their diabetes controlled. The awareness and treatment rates in rural areas were lower than those in urban areas (47.3% vs 57.5%, 34.4% vs 49.5%, p<0.001). Patients with diabetic, especially those in rural areas, tended to have multiple risk factors including hypertension (71.7%), overweight or obesity (69.6%) and dyslipidaemia (52.8%).ConclusionA considerable burden of diabetes was observed in northeast China, with high percentage of untreated diabetes, high prevalence of pre-diabetes, high overall FPG level and multiple uncontrolled risk factors in patients with diabetics. Therefore, region-specific strategies on prevention and management of diabetes should be emphasised.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated risk factor of hypertension among individuals of age 18-59 years in South-eastern Nepal: A cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prajjwal Pyakurel ◽  
Deepak Kumar Yadav ◽  
Jeevan Thapa ◽  
Nishant Thakur ◽  
Pramita Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for the rising burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in developing region. It has also been recognized as one of the major public health problems in the developing countries since the early seventies and the rate is increasing not only in urban areas but in rural areas with low socio-economic condition.  Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Jogidaha Village Development Comittee(VDC) and Triyuga Municipality of Udaypur district of South-Eastern Nepal. A total of 430 participants of age 18-59 years were selected. Semi-structured questionnaire (WHO NCD STEPS instrument) was used to collect information on demographic variables and associated risk factors with use of show cards. Clinical and anthropometric measurement were done. Primary outcome was prevalence of hypertension. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed to show strength of association among various risk factors with hypertension.  Results: The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 25.1%. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be 49.8%. Hypertension was significantly associated with age (AOR=1.09, CI=1.05-1.10) and gender (male >female; AOR= 2.12,CI =1.22-3.68). Similarly, increased waist-hip ratio(7.12; CI 2.87-17.67),alcohol consumption(OR=2.82,CI=1.77-4.52), and use of tobacco products (OR =1.8,CI=1.02-3.20) showed significant association with hypertension. Conclusion: There is high prevalence of hypertension in rural districts of South-Eastern Nepal. A community-based preventive approach with early detection and treatment and life-style modification is needed to reduce the burden of disease and make sustainable changes. 

scholarly journals Different Patterns in Ranking of Risk Factors for the Onset Age of Acute Myocardial Infarction between Urban and Rural Areas in Eastern Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5558
Author(s):  
Hsiu-Ju Huang ◽  
Chih-Wei Lee ◽  
Tse-Hsi Li ◽  
Tsung-Cheng Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Onset Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the difference in ranking of risk factors of onset age of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between urban and rural areas in Eastern Taiwan. Data from 2013 initial onset of AMI patients living in the urban areas (n = 1060) and rural areas (n = 953) from January 2000 to December 2015, including onset age, and conventional risk factors including sex, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and body mass index (BMI). The results of multiple linear regressions analysis showed smoking, obesity, and dyslipidemia were early-onset reversible risk factors of AMI in both areas. The ranking of impacts of them on the age from high to low was obesity (β = −6.7), smoking (β = −6.1), and dyslipidemia (β = −4.8) in the urban areas, while it was smoking (β = −8.5), obesity (β= −7.8), and dyslipidemia (β = −5.1) in the rural areas. Furthermore, the average onset ages for the patients who smoke, are obese, and have dyslipidemia simultaneously was significantly earlier than for patients with none of these comorbidities in both urban (13.6 years) and rural (14.9 years) areas. The findings of this study suggest that the different prevention strategies for AMI should be implemented in urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals Prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors among office employees working at BSNL and LIC offices of Bhopal city

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 2476
Author(s):  
Manju Dubey ◽  
Yachana Choudhary ◽  
Padma Bhatia ◽  
G. P. Naik
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Office Employees

Background: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of the global burden of disease. In India, the prevalence of hypertension is 33.8% in urban areas and 27.6% in rural areas. Hypertension is fairly common among white collar workers, owing to long working hours, sedentary lifestyle and due to lack of physical activity. This study was carried out among the office employees, who constitute one type of white collar workers. The aims and objectives of the study were to find out the prevalence of hypertension among office employees and to find out the various risk factors associated with hypertension among them.Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out amongst 240 employees of two offices of Bhopal city from September to November 2016. Information regarding socio-demographic characteristics and various risk factors was collected. Measurement of blood pressure, height and weight of all participants were taken.Results: The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 53.33%, out of which 25.7% cases were newly diagnosed. Hypertension was positively associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, adding extra salt to food.Conclusions: The prevalence of hypertension among office workers is alarmingly high (53.33% hypertensives and 25% prehypertensives) which calls for implementation of some interventional measures by the concerned authorities.

scholarly journals The urban-rural disparity in the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among the elderly in China—a cross-sectional study

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e8015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxun Song ◽  
Da Feng ◽  
Ruoxi Wang ◽  
Jian Yang ◽  
Yuanqing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stratified Sample ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Introduction This study aimed to assess the prevalence of hypertension and to explore the disparities of its risk factors among urban and rural elderly. Method Data of hypertensive patients were collected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2015. Stratified sample households were selected from 450 villages or communities of 150 counties from 28 provinces. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to analyze the factors correlated with hypertension. Results Prevalence of HBP was 47.6% (95% CI [45.2%–50.1%]) in total and it was close between urban and rural population (48.6% vs 47.2%). Factors associated with HBP were different between urban and rural areas. In urban areas, hypertension was significantly associated with literacy and diabetes in both genders, high BMI level and smoke quitters in males, and physical activity and dyslipidemia in females. In rural areas, hypertension was significantly associated with older age, higher BMI level in both males and females, and dyslipidemia in males. Conclusions The prevalence are about the same among urban and rural residents, but their risk factors vary from each other. Disparity in the risk factors between urban and rural population should be taken into consideration for further intervention.

scholarly journals Examining the Dietary Diversity of Children in Niger

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2961
Author(s):  
Nafissatou Cisse Egbuonye ◽  
Ariun Ishdorj ◽  
E.L.J. McKyer ◽  
Rahma Mkuu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Child Factors

Malnutrition is a major public health concern in Niger. The stunting rate in children in Niger is over 50%, one of the highest in the world. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine children’s dietary diversity (CDD) and the maternal factors that impact CDD. A total of 1265 mother–child pairs were analyzed. Descriptive analysis was conducted to present maternal and child characteristics. To compare the mean scores of CDD in relation to the region, an independent sample t-test was conducted. A one-way ANOVA test was conducted to evaluate the CDD score by different age groups. A linear regression model was estimated to identify household, maternal and child factors that affect the CDD score. Our results indicate that most of the participants of our survey resided in rural areas and the majority (80.7%) of the mothers had no education. Factors such as region, children’s age, woman’s empowerment, vitamin A intake and wealth index were significant predictors of CDD (p < 0.05). The children residing in rural areas were more likely to have lower CDD scores (p < 0.05) than the children in urban areas, therefore becoming more susceptible to malnutrition.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Correlates of Secondhand Smoking Exposure Among Pregnant and Postnatal Chinese Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUAN YANG ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Haixin Bo ◽  
Dongying Zhang ◽  
Liangkun Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Secondhand Smoking ◽  
Smoking Exposure ◽  
Postnatal Women

Abstract BackgroundInhalation of secondhand smoke during pregnancy and postnatal period is detrimental to developing infants and increases risk for health problems throughout the lifespan. This study examined the prevalence of exposure to secondhand smoke, its correlates, and its association with QOL among pregnant and postnatal Chinese women.MethodsThis multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted between February and October 2019 in China. Participants were pregnant and postnatal women. We assessed associations of frequency and location of secondhand smoking with sample characteristics as well as depression and quality of life based on EPDS and WHOQOL-BREF, respectively.ResultsA total of 992 women participated in the study, of whom, 211 (21.3%, 95%CI=18.7-23.8%) had been exposed to secondhand smoking. Secondhand smoking was most common in public areas (56.4%), and residential homes (20.5%), while workplaces had the lowest rate of secondhand smoking (13.7%). Women with physical comorbidities were more likely to report secondhand smoking exposure, while younger women, women living in urban areas, and those with college or higher education level were less likely to report exposure to secondhand smoking.ConclusionThe prevalence of exposure to secondhand smoking is becoming lower among pregnant and postnatal women in China compared to findings reported in previous studies. Due to the detrimental impact of secondhand smoking on physical health, legal legislation should be promptly enforced to establish smoke-free environments in both public and private urban/rural areas for protection of pregnant and postnatal women, especially those who are physically vulnerable and less educated.

scholarly journals The Quality of Life of Coronavirus Disease Survivors Living in Rural and Urban Area of Riau Province, Indonesia

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Suyanto Suyanto ◽  
Shashi Kandel ◽  
Rahmat Azhari Kemal ◽  
Arfianti Arfianti
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Status ◽  
Rural And Urban Area

This study assesses the status of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among coronavirus survivors living in rural and urban districts in Riau province, Indonesia. The cross-sectional study was conducted among 468 and 285 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) survivors living in rural and urban areas, respectively in August 2021. The St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) was used to measure the HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors. A higher total score domain corresponds to worse quality of life status. Quantile regression with the respect to 50th percentile found a significant association for the factors living in rural areas, being female, having comorbidities, and being hospitalized during treatment, with total score of 4.77, 2.43, 7.22, and 21.27 higher than in their contra parts, respectively. Moreover, having received full vaccination had the score 3.96 in total score. The HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors living in rural areas was significantly lower than in urban areas. Factors such as living in rural areas, female sex, having comorbidities, and history of symptomatic COVID-19 infection were identified as significant predictors for lower quality of life. Meanwhile, having full vaccination is a significant predictor for a better quality of life. The results of this study can provide the targeted recommendations for improvement of HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors.

scholarly journals Screening of Gestational Diabetes and Hypertension Among Antenatal Women in Rural West India

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viral R. Dave ◽  
Bhavik M. Rana ◽  
Kantibhai N. Sonaliya ◽  
Suraj J. Chandwani ◽  
Samkit V. Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Guidelines ◽  
History Of

Background: Hypertension and gestational diabetes are among the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality, especially in rural areas of developing countries with meager health facilities. With early diagnosis and timely treatment, these adverse events can be decreased. The primary aim of this study was to implement a screening program for gestational diabetes and hypertension, and to assess risk factors associated with these conditions among antenatal women in the rural area of the Gujarat province in India.Methods: A cross–sectional study was conducted at one of the rural areas of Gujarat province in India. Following a random  cluster sampling procedure, the village of Davas was selected. A multistage random sampling method was utilized, resulting in a sample of 346 antenatal women. Screening guidelines from the American Diabetes Association were followed for gestational diabetes screening.Results: The majority of antenatal mothers (55.50%) were between 21-25 years of age. 242 antenatal women were multigravida, and among them, 85.96% had institutional delivery at their last pregnancy. Of the total 346 women, 17.60% were prehypertensive. The prevalence of systolic hypertension was 1.40%, diastolic hypertension was 0.90%, and gestational diabetes was 1.73%.Conclusion: Socioeconomically upper class, a family history of hypertension, and BMI ≥ 25 were strong risk factors for hypertension during pregnancy and gestational diabetes. Health education should be made readily available to antenatal mothers by paramedical workers regarding symptoms of hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus for early self identification.

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