scholarly journals The Intestinal Bacterial Community and Functional Potential of Litopenaeus vannamei in the Coastal Areas of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1793
Author(s):  
Yimeng Cheng ◽  
Chaorong Ge ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Huaiying Yao
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Intestinal Bacterial Community ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Genetic Information Processing ◽  
Dominant Bacteria

Intestinal bacteria are crucial for the healthy aquaculture of Litopenaeus vannamei, and the coastal areas of China are important areas for concentrated L. vannamei cultivation. In this study, we evaluated different compositions and structures, key roles, and functional potentials of the intestinal bacterial community of L. vannamei shrimp collected in 12 Chinese coastal cities and investigated the correlation between the intestinal bacteria and functional potentials. The dominant bacteria in the shrimp intestines included Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, and the main potential functions were metabolism, genetic information processing, and environmental information processing. Although the composition and structure of the intestinal bacterial community, potential pathogenic bacteria, and spoilage organisms varied from region to region, the functional potentials were homeostatic and significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with intestinal bacteria (at the family level) to different degrees. The correlation between intestinal bacteria and functional potentials further suggested that L. vannamei had sufficient functional redundancy to maintain its own health. These findings help us understand differences among the intestinal bacterial communities of L. vannamei cultivated in different regions and provide a basis for the disease management and healthy aquaculture of L. vannamei.

Analysis of the effects of nanosilver on bacterial community in the intestinal fluid of silkworms using high-throughput sequencing

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-320
Author(s):  
Chen Lin ◽  
Zhou Wei ◽  
Zhou Yi ◽  
Tan Tingting ◽  
Du Huamao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Silkworm Larvae ◽  
Intestinal Bacterial Community

AbstractNanosilver is an environment-friendly, harmless alternative of traditional disinfectants which can be potentially applied in the sericulture industry. However, the effects of nanosilver on the intestinal bacterial community of the silkworms (Bombyx mori L.) are unclear. In this study, Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to assess the intestinal bacterial community in both male and female silkworms while treated with different concentrations of nanosilver. We found that nanosilver significantly influenced the composition of silkworm intestinal bacterial community on the different taxonomic levels. Most conspicuously, the abundance of Firmicutes was increased by the treatment of 20 mg L−1 nanosilver but decreased by that of 100 mg L−1 nanosilver at the phylum level. The same trend was observed in Bacilli at the class level and in Enterococcus at the genus level. In some extreme cases, application of nanosilver eliminated the bacterium, e.g., Brevibacillus, but increased the population of several other bacteria in the host intestine, such as Blautia, Terrisporobacter, Faecalibacterium, and some bacteria could only be found in nanosilver treatment groups, e.g., Dialister. In addition, although nanosilver generally showed negative effects on the cocooning rate in a dose-dependent manner, we found that 20 mg L−1 nanosilver treatment significantly increased the body weight of silkworms and did not show negative effects on the survival rate. These results indicated that the intestinal bacteria community of silkworm larvae was significantly changed after nanosilver treatment which might consequently influence host growth and development.

Changes in the intestinal bacterial community during the growth of white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1737-1746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaobin Huang ◽  
Xiaoyi Li ◽  
Liping Wang ◽  
Zongze Shao
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
White Shrimp ◽  
Intestinal Bacterial Community

Does a Ribosome Really Read? On the Cognitive Roots and Heuristic Value of Linguistic Metaphors in Molecular Genetics. Part 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-62
Author(s):  
Suren T. Zolyan
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Formal Organization ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
The Core ◽  
Genetic Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Frame ◽  
Effective Instrument

We discuss the role of linguistic metaphors as a cognitive frame for the understanding of genetic information processing. The essential similarity between language and genetic information processing has been recognized since the very beginning, and many prominent scholars have noted the possibility of considering genes and genomes as texts or languages. Most of the core terms in molecular biology are based on linguistic metaphors. The processing of genetic information is understood as some operations on text – writing, reading and editing and their specification (encoding/decoding, proofreading, transcription, translation, reading frame). The concept of gene reading can be traced from the archaic idea of the equation of Life and Nature with the Book. Thus, the genetics itself can be metaphorically represented as some operations on text (deciphering, understanding, code-breaking, transcribing, editing, etc.), which are performed by scientists. At the same time linguistic metaphors portrayed gene entities also as having the ability of reading. In the case of such “bio-reading” some essential features similar to the processes of human reading can be revealed: this is an ability to identify the biochemical sequences based on their function in an abstract system and distinguish between type and its contextual tokens of the same type. Metaphors seem to be an effective instrument for representation, as they make possible a two-dimensional description: biochemical by its experimental empirical results and textual based on the cognitive models of comprehension. In addition to their heuristic value, linguistic metaphors are based on the essential characteristics of genetic information derived from its dual nature: biochemical by its substance, textual (or quasi-textual) by its formal organization. It can be concluded that linguistic metaphors denoting biochemical objects and processes seem to be a method of description and explanation of these heterogeneous properties.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Biochemical Parameters and GHG Emissions in Bioaugmented Manure Composting

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cevat Yaman
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Bottom Width ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Dominant Bacteria ◽  
Windrow Composting

Composting is a sustainable alternative for the management of manure. In this study, the effects of bioaugmentation on cattle manure composting was investigated. In this study, two windrow piles were placed at 1.7 m in height, 2.1 m in bottom width, 0.6 m in top width, and 54 m in length. Microbial inoculum was added to pile 1, whereas the second pile was used as the control. After 17 days, the C:N ratio was reduced from 25.6 to 13.6 and the total nitrogen was increased from 1.89% to 3.36% in pile 1. The dominant bacteria identified in the compost samples belonged to the genera Clostridium, Bacillus, and Flavobacterium. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that the most commonly known pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Salmonella, were not detected in the finished material, indicating that the pathogenic microorganisms were inactivated by the composting process. Agronomic testing for cured compost indicated a C:N ratio of less than 15 and NH+4-N:NO3−-N ratio of less than 1. The whole process of windrow composting resulted in net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 157.94 tCO2-e and a global warming factor (GWF) of 1.04 tCO2-e·t−1 manure composted. This study showed that although bioaugmentation is a feasible treatment method for manure, GHG emissions need to be monitored.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Rimpang Kunyit (Curcuma domestica, Val.) terhadap Bakteri Usus secara in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Didiek Hardiyanto Soegiantoro ◽  
Gregory Hope Soegiantoro ◽  
Intan Selvyanti Waruwu ◽  
Yanti Octavia Theressia
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Turmeric Extract ◽  
Diarrhea Disease

The use of turmeric rhizome to treat diarrhea is written in the original Indonesian medicinal manuscript. Diarrhea disease is still a public health problem in Indonesia, because of its high morbidity and mortality. The morbidity survey conducted by Indonesian Ministry of Health shows an increasing incidence trend. One of the causes of diarrhea is an uncontrolled increase in the number of intestinal bacteria and infection by intestinal pathogenic bacteria. This study aims to determine the effect of the turmeric rhizome preparation process, both traditionally and by extraction method by maceration and soxhletation on antibacterial activity, especially intestinal bacteria, so that it can be applied by the traditional medicine industry as well as traditional herbal medicine sellers (“jamu gendong”). The research method used was to test the antibacterial activity of fresh turmeric juice, pre-dried turmeric juice, turmeric extract by maceration using 95% ethanol, and turmeric extract by soxhletation at 100°C using 95% ethanol. The intestinal bacteria used in this study were Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterolitica, Vibrio nonagglutinable, and Shigella flexneri. The results of this study indicate that the treatment process using the traditional method, both fresh turmeric juice and pre-dried turmeric juice, does not show any antibacterial activity. Turmeric extract by maceration showed antibacterial activity against all bacterias and the greatest against Vibrio nonagglutinable bacteria. Turmeric extract by soxhletation showed antibacterial activity against all bacterias and the greatest against Vibrio nonagglutinable bacteria. The conclusion of this study is that the most appropriate method used to process turmeric rhizome as a medicine for diarrhea caused by bacteria is the extraction method by maceration or soxhletation. The greatest antibacterial effect is against the Vibrio nonagglutinable bacteria.

scholarly journals Diversity Analysis of Endophytic Bacterial Community in Two Citrus Cultivars With Different Resistance to Citrus Canker

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Liu ◽  
Jiahao Lai ◽  
Simeng Wu ◽  
Junxi Jiang ◽  
Weigang Kuang
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Navel Orange ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Satsuma Mandarin ◽  
Endophytic Bacterial Community ◽  
Dominant Bacteria ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The selective infection of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri to citrus cultivars is universally known, but it is not clarified whether there is a relationship between endophytic bacteria and the resistance of host variety to canker disease. In order to explore the relationship, Satsuma mandarin and Newhall navel orange were collected respectively as samples of resistant or susceptible cultivars to citrus canker disease, and endophytic bacterial community of two citrus cultivars were analyzed by using a next-generation, Illumina-based sequencing approach. Simultaneously, the seasonal dynamics of endophytic bacterial community and dominant genera were analyzed. The results showed that there were four dominant groups including Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes in all samples at phylum level. Endophytic bacteria were the most abundant in spring samples, then in summer and autumn samples. There were some differences between endophytic bacterial community of resistant citrus and that of susceptible citrus to canker disease, and the endophytic bacteria of Satsuma mandarin are more abundant than that of Newhall navel orange. According to the analysis of dominant bacteria in two citrus cultivars, it was found that some endophytic bacteria with antagonistic characteristics existed universally in all samples, although the dominant bacteria in different seasonal sample were different. However, in Newhall navel orange of susceptible citrus to canker disease, there were not only some bacteria against Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, but also some cooperative bacteria of canker occurrence like Stenotrophomonas.

The New Synthesis

2018 ◽  
pp. 235-245
Author(s):  
Erika Lorraine Milam
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
Genetic Information Processing ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Natural And Sexual Selection

This chapter discusses new understandings of humanity from the 1960s onward. It shows how a particular group of scientists struggled with the question of human nature by conceiving of natural and sexual selection as acting at the level of individuals, who in turn served as genetic-information processing units. A trait could not spread in a population unless it conferred some advantage to the individuals who possessed it, allowing them to contribute more copies of their genes to the next generation of that population than other individuals. These struggles are furthermore framed within a period when sociobiology was just starting to get a foothold in academics.

scholarly journals Gut–Liver Immune Response and Gut Microbiota Profiling Reveal the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Vibrio harveyi in Pearl Gentian Grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × E. fuscoguttatus♀)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqin Deng ◽  
Yaqiu Zhang ◽  
Haoxiang Chen ◽  
Liwen Xu ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Interspecies Interactions ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Genetic Information Processing ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Highly Virulent

Vibrio harveyi causes vibriosis in nearly 70% of grouper (Epinephelus sp.), seriously limiting grouper culture. As well as directly inhibiting pathogens, the gut microbiota plays critical roles in immune homeostasis and provides essential health benefits to its host. However, there is still little information about the variations in the immune response to V. harveyi infection and the gut microbiota of grouper. To understand the virulence mechanism of V. harveyi in the pearl gentian grouper, we investigated the variations in the pathological changes, immune responses, and gut bacterial communities of pearl gentian grouper after exposure to differently virulent V. harveyi strains. Obvious histopathological changes were detected in heart, kidney, and liver. In particular, nodules appeared and huge numbers of V. harveyi cells colonized the liver at 12 h postinfection (hpi) with highly virulent V. harveyi. Although no V. harveyi was detected in the gut, the infection simultaneously induced a gut-liver immune response. In particular, the expression of 8 genes associated with cellular immune processes, including genes encoding inflammatory cytokines and receptors, and pattern recognition proteins, was markedly induced by V. harveyi infection, especially with the highly virulent V. harveyi strain. V. harveyi infection also induced significant changes in gut bacterial community, in which Vibrio and Photobacterium increased but Bradyrhizobium, Lactobacillus, Blautia, and Faecalibaculum decreased in the group infected with the highly virulent strain, with accounting for 82.01% dissimilarity. Correspondingly, four bacterial functions related to bacterial pathogenesis were increased by infection with highly virulent V. harveyi, whereas functions involving metabolism and genetic information processing were reduced. These findings indicate that V. harveyi colonizes the liver and induces a gut-liver immune response that substantially disrupts the composition of and interspecies interactions in the bacterial community in fish gut, thereby altering the gut-microbiota-mediated functions and inducing fish death.

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