The Lotsberg Salt Formation in Central Alberta (Canada)—Petrology, Geochemistry, and Fluid Inclusions

The Lotsberg Salt Formation (LSF) of the Lower Devonian age occupies a large area in Alberta (Canada). It has been used for brine production, disposal, and storage purposes since the 1950s. Its petrological and geochemical features remain poorly understood up to now. Previous studies showed that these salt rocks are large crystalline and distinguishable by a very low bromine content (2–5 ppm). Our studies reveal that the main impurity is dolomite with an addition of haematite. It showed, also, a lack of sulphate minerals (anhydrite). Manganite also occurs within the halite crystals. Microthermometric measurements of primary fluid inclusions in halite show a large range of homogenization temperatures from 32.4 °C to 357.0 °C with the highest temperature in the upper part of the salt profile. Geochemical analysis confirms the low bromine contents, which is between 0.67–12.74 ppm. Potassium contents (166–3651 ppm) seem to be in the normal range for salt rocks, but magnesium content (25–177 ppm) is much lower than potassium. Rubidium is, as well, within the normal range, with values between <0.01 ppm and 3.13 ppm, while caesium contents (5.07–211.22 ppm) are almost sixty times higher in comparison to those of rubidium. The high concentration of Cs, Mn, Rb, and the high homogenization temperatures of the host minerals suggest that the LSF underwent extensive ion exchange related to hydrothermal inflow. These hydrothermal solutions originated from the basement of the LSF.

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Ore Geology, Fluid Inclusions, and (H-O-S-Pb) Isotope Geochemistry of the Sediment-Hosted Antimony Mineralization, Lyhamyar Sb Deposit, Southern Shan Plateau, Eastern Myanmar: Implications for Ore Genesis

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min10040296 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 296

Author(s):

Aung Min Oo ◽

Lv Xinbiao ◽

Khin Zaw ◽

Than Htay ◽

Sun Binke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fluid Inclusions ◽

Meteoric Water ◽

Isotope Geochemistry ◽

Pb Isotope ◽

Primary Fluid ◽

Magmatic Fluids ◽

Homogenization Temperatures ◽

Deposit Model ◽

Fluid Homogenization ◽

Stage Stage

The Lyhamyar deposit is a large Sb deposit in the Southern Shan Plateau, Eastern Myanmar. The deposit is located in the Early Silurian Linwe Formation, occurring as syntectonic quartz-stibnite veins. The ore body forms an irregular staircase shape, probably related to steep faulting. Based on the mineral assemblages and cross-cutting relationships, the deposit shows two mineralization stages: (1) the pre-ore sedimentary and diagenetic stage, and (2) the main-ore hydrothermal ore-forming stage (including stages I, II, and III), i.e., (i) early-ore stage (stage I) Quartz-Stibnite, (ii) late-ore stage (stage II) Quartz-calcite-Stibnite ± Pyrite, and (iii) post-ore stage (stage III) carbonate. The ore-forming fluid homogenization temperatures from the study of primary fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite indicate that the ore-forming fluid was of a low temperature (143.8–260.4 °C) and moderate to high-salinity (2.9–20.9 wt. % NaCl equivalent). Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes suggest that the ore-forming fluids of the Lyhamyar deposit were derived from circulating meteoric water mixed with magmatic fluids that underwent isotopic exchange with the surrounding rocks. Sulfur in Lyhamyar was dominated by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) with dominant magmatic source sulfur. The lead isotope compositions of the stibnite indicate that the lead from the ore-forming metals was from the upper crustal lead reservoir and orogenic lead reservoir. On the basis of the integrated geological setting, ore geology, fluid inclusions, (H-O-S-Pb) isotope data, and previous literature, we propose a new ore-deposit model for the Lyhamyar Sb deposit: It was involved in an early deposition of pyrite in sedimentary and diagenetic stages and later Sb mineralization by mixing of circulating meteoric water with ascending magmatic fluids during the hydrothermal mineralization stage.

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PŮVOD A CHEMICKÉ SLOŽENÍ FLUID POVARISKÉ HYDROTERMÁLNÍ MINERALIZACE NA LOKALITĚ ZLATÝ DŮL U HLUBOČEK (SPODNÍ KARBON NÍZKÉHO JESENÍKU)

Geologické výzkumy na Moravě a ve Slezsku ◽

10.5817/gvms2016-1-2-74 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (1-2) ◽

Author(s):

Michaela Kotlánová ◽

Zdeněk Dolníček

Keyword(s):

Stable Isotopes ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Fluid Inclusions ◽

Meteoric Water ◽

Lower Carboniferous ◽

Primary Fluid ◽

Moderate Salinity ◽

Homogenization Temperatures ◽

Secondary Fluid

Origin and chemical composition of fluids of hydrothermal ore veins at historical deposit Zlatý důl near Hlubočky (Lower Carboniferous of the Nízký Jeseník Upland) were studied using petrography, microthermometry and crush-leach analysis of fluid inclusions and analysis of stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon in carbonates, oxygen in quartz and sulphur in sulphides. Studied mineralization has epithermal and partly mesothermal character (Th = < 50 to 293 °C). The H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 system is mostly enclosed in the primary fluid inclusions in minerals of post-Variscan ore veins. These fluids had low to medium homogenization temperatures (68 to 293 °C) and moderate to high salinities (19–27 wt. % NaCl eq.). In contrast, low to moderate salinity (0–10 wt. % NaCl eq.) fluids of the system H2O-NaCl-KCl-(MgCl2-FeCl2) with low homogenization temperatures (< 50 to 110 °C) were enclosed in secondary fluid inclusions. The main source of water was probably evaporated seawater for older fluids. The source of carbon was in carbon of the homogenized Earth’s crust and partly in carbon of organic matter. Meteoric water is the main source for younger fluids. Origin of sulphur of sulphides is in the surrounding Lower Carboniferous sediments (shales). The high content of SO4 in fluids hosted by Fe-rich dolomite suggests the origin of the fluids in the evaporated Permian basins. Studied older quartz-galena vein is probably Variscan in age. Genetically similar mineralization can be found also at other localities in the Moravo-Silesian Lower Carboniferous (Culm, siliciclastics of the Lower Carboniferous age).

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Fluid inclusions in thenardite from northern Mali: experimental stretching and microthermometric investigations

Mineralogical Magazine ◽

10.1180/minmag.1990.054.375.16 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 54 (375) ◽

pp. 305-309 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Canals-Sabate ◽

J. C. Touray ◽

J. Fabre

Keyword(s):

Fluid Inclusion ◽

Fluid Inclusions ◽

Eutectic Temperature ◽

List Type ◽

Formation Temperature ◽

Heating Rates ◽

Fluid Inclusion Data ◽

Primary Fluid ◽

Homogenization Temperatures ◽

Underground Brines

AbstractLarge thenardite crystals have been sampled at New Agorgott, in the Taoudenni area of northern Mali. They are still in equilibrium with a pressurized NaCl saturated brine capped by a halite layer. Clays located about 1 m above the thenardite occurrence have been dated at 6760 y.BP. The crystals contain numerous, large, brine and solid inclusions. Microcryscopic studies show that the fluids can be explained by the addition of MgCl2 to the Na2SO4-NaCl-H2O system (eutectic temperature: −31 to −35°C; possible bloedite Na2Mg(SO4)2.4H2O formed after freezing). The homogenization temperatures of primary fluid inclusions are in the range 28 to 50°C. In order to understand the significance of the highest Th values, overheating experiments under 1 bar pressure were performed at different heating rates up to 170°C. The results are as follows:(i)When the temperature of stretching (TOh) is higher than about 10°C, overheating is recorded and fossilized (identical Th after some hours, several days or 8 months storage at 5°C).(ii)The lowest Th values (28°C) are probably near the formation temperature of thenardite; the highest ones reflect stretching under present desert conditions.(iii)With TOh lower than about 60°C, a fair correlation is observed between Th and TOh.Finally, taking into account recent natural overheating, the fluid inclusion data are compatible with the formation of thenardite from underground brines later than the beginning of desert conditions in the Taoudenni area (i.e. about 3000 y.BP).

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Morphologic and Engineering Characteristics of East Wasit Watersheds Feeding the Al-Shewicha Trough in Iraq

Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University ◽

10.35741/issn.0258-2724.55.1.38 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed S. Shamkhi ◽

Jasim Mohammed Ridha Azee ◽

Ali A. Abdul-Sahib

Keyword(s):

Peak Flow ◽

Flood Hazard ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Elongation Ratio ◽

High Concentration ◽

Large Area ◽

Coarse Texture ◽

Loam Soil ◽

High Runoff ◽

Group B

The Al-Shewicha Trough represents a serious flood hazard to Kut City (the capital of Wasit Province, Iraq) and to the other cities along the Tigris River downstream Kut Barrage, especially in heavy monsoon years. In this study, The Geographic Information System software ArcGIS was used in the morphologic analysis of six river basins that represent the main feeding sources for the Al-Shewicha Trough. The results revealed that the high values for the greatest length of Basins 1, 5, and 6 meant that these watersheds had high concentration time (tc) values, which delay peak flow. All basins consisted of very coarse and permeable subsurface strata that were of coarse texture. Circularity ratio form factor and elongation ratio suggested an elongated shape for all basins with lower peak flow and long duration. Analyses of soil data demonstrated that the soil type that covered a large area was loam soil (classified as hydrologic soil group B), which indicates that all basins had low permeability and high runoff. The predominant land use was bare soil, and all basins had a covering of poor vegetation, which highlighted the fact that basins were highly susceptible to erosion, thus resulting in the generation of higher sedimentation.

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The Temperature of Halite Crystallization in the Badenian Saline Basins, in the Context of Paleoclimate Reconstruction of the Carpathian Area

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11080831 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 831

Author(s):

Anatoliy R. Galamay ◽

Krzysztof Bukowski ◽

Igor M. Zinczuk ◽

Fanwei Meng

Keyword(s):

Temperature Distribution ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Fluid Inclusions ◽

Middle Miocene ◽

Single Phase ◽

Dead Sea ◽

Paleoclimate Reconstruction ◽

Near Surface ◽

Carpathian Region ◽

Primary Fluid

Currently, fluid inclusions in halite have been frequently studied for the purpose of paleoclimate reconstruction. For example, to determine the air temperature in the Middle Miocene (Badenian), we examine single-phase primary fluid inclusions of the bottom halites (chevron and full-faceted) and near-surface (cumulate) halites collected from the salt-bearing deposits of the Carpathian region. Our analyses showed that the temperatures of near-bottom brines varied in ranges from 19.5 to 22.0 °C and 24.0 to 26.0 °C, while the temperatures of the surface brines ranged from 34.0 to 36.0 °C. Based on these data, such as an earlier study of lithology and sedimentary structures of the Badenian rock salts, the crystallization of bottom halite developed in the basin from concentrated and cooled near-surface brines of about 30 m depth. Our results comply with the data on the temperature distribution in the modern Dead Sea.

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Tungsten Ores of the Dzhida W-Mo Ore Field (Southwestern Transbaikalia, Russia): Mineral Composition and Physical-Chemical Conditions of Formation

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11070725 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 725

Author(s):

Ludmila B. Damdinova ◽

Bulat B. Damdinov

Keyword(s):

Mineral Composition ◽

Fluid Inclusions ◽

Apical Part ◽

Hydrothermal Fluids ◽

True Temperature ◽

Gangue Mineral ◽

Mineral Formation ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Homogenization Temperatures ◽

Chemical Conditions

This article discusses the peculiarities of mineral composition and a fluid inclusions (FIs further in the text) study of the Kholtoson W and Inkur W deposits located within the Dzhida W-Mo ore field (Southwestern Transbaikalia, Russia). The Mo mineralization spatially coincides with the apical part of the Pervomaisky stock (Pervomaisky deposit), and the W mineralization forms numerous quartz veins in the western part of the ore field (Kholtoson vein deposit) and the stockwork in the central part (Inkur stockwork deposit). The ore mineral composition is similar at both deposits. Quartz is the main gangue mineral; there are also present muscovite, K-feldspar, and carbonates. The main ore mineral of both deposits is hubnerite. In addition to hubnerite, at both deposits, more than 20 mineral species were identified; they include sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, bornite, etc.), sulfosalts (tetrahedrite, aikinite, stannite, etc.), oxides (scheelite, cassiterite), and tellurides (hessite). The results of mineralogical and fluid inclusions studies allowed us to conclude that the Inkur W and the Kholtoson W deposits were formed by the same hydrothermal fluids, related to the same ore-forming system. For both deposits, the fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures varied within the range ~195–344 °C. The presence of cogenetic liquid- and vapor-dominated inclusions in the quartz from the ores of the Kholtoson deposit allowed us to estimate the true temperature range of mineral formation as 413–350 °C. Ore deposition occurred under similar physical-chemical conditions, differing only in pressures of mineral formation. The main factors of hubnerite deposition from hydrothermal fluids were decreases in temperature.

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Oxygen fugacity during tin ore deposition from primary fluid inclusions in cassiterite

Ore Geology Reviews ◽

10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104451 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104451

Author(s):

Christian Schmidt ◽

Matthias Gottschalk ◽

Rongqing Zhang ◽

Jianjun Lu

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Fugacity ◽

Fluid Inclusions ◽

Primary Fluid ◽

Ore Deposition

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Microanalysis of primary fluid inclusions in halite: constraints for an evaporitic sedimentation modeling. Application to the Mulhouse Basin (France)

Organic Geochemistry ◽

10.1016/0146-6380(93)90005-v ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

pp. 1139-1151 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A. Canals ◽

B. Carpenter ◽

A.Y. Huc ◽

N. Guilhaumou ◽

M.H. Ramsey

Keyword(s):

Fluid Inclusions ◽

Primary Fluid

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Telluride Mineralogy of the Deer Horn Au-Ag-Te-(Bi-Pb-W) Deposit, British Columbia: Implications for the Generation of Tellurides

The Canadian Mineralogist ◽

10.3749/canmin.1900103 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jordan A. Roberts ◽

Lee A. Groat ◽

Paul G. Spry ◽

Jan Cempírek

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Fluid Inclusions ◽

Hanging Wall ◽

Oscillatory Zoning ◽

Stage Iii ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Melting Temperatures ◽

Homogenization Temperatures ◽

Intrusive Suite ◽

Cathodoluminescence Imaging

ABSTRACT The Deer Horn deposit, located 150 km south of Smithers in west-central British Columbia, is an Eocene polymetallic system enriched in Au-Ag-Te with lesser amounts of Bi-Pb-W; the Au and Ag are hosted in Te-bearing minerals and Ag-rich gold (Au-Ag alloy). A quartz-sulfide vein system containing the main zones of Au-Ag-Te mineralization and attendant sericite alteration occurs in the hanging wall of a local, spatially related thrust fault and is genetically related to the nearby Eocene Nanika granodiorite intrusive suite. Tellurium-bearing minerals commonly form isolated euhedral to subhedral grains or composite grains (up to 525 μm in size) of Ag-, Bi-, Pb-, and Au-rich tellurium-bearing minerals (e.g., hessite, tellurobismuthite, volynskite, altaite, and petzite). Panchromatic cathodoluminescence imaging revealed four generations of quartz. Within remnant cores of quartz I, local oscillatory zoning occurs in quartz II. Fine-grained veinlets of quartz III and IV crosscut quartz I and II, showing evidence of at least two deformation events; late-forming veinlets of calcite crosscut all generations of quartz. The tellurides and Ag-rich gold occur in stage III quartz. Three types of fluid inclusions were observed in stage III and IV quartz: (1) aqueous liquid and vapor inclusions (L-V); (2) aqueous carbonic inclusions (L-L-V); and (3) carbonic inclusions (vapor-rich). Primary fluid inclusions related to the telluride mineralization within quartz III were tested with microthermometry, along with a few primary inclusions from quartz IV. Homogenization temperatures are 130.0–240.5 °C for L-V inclusions and 268.0–336.4 °C for L-L-V inclusions. Aqueous carbonic inclusions had solid CO2 melting temperatures from –62.1 to –56.8 °C, indicating the presence of ≈1 to 30 mol.% dissolved methane in these inclusions. The Deer Horn Au-Ag-Te-(Bi-Pb-W) deposit is a reduced intrusion-related gold system characterized by sheeted veins, metal zoning, low salinity aqueous-carbonic fluids, and a genetic relationship to an Eocene granodiorite. Values of δ34S of pyrite vary from –1.6 to 1.6 per mil and are compatible with a magmatic source of sulfur.

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Genesis of the Longmendian Ag–Pb–Zn Deposit in Henan (Central China): Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and H–C–O–S–Pb Isotopes

Geofluids ◽

10.1155/2020/7352821 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Xinglin Chen ◽

Yongjun Shao ◽

Chunkit Lai ◽

Cheng Wang

Keyword(s):

Fluid Inclusions ◽

Central China ◽

Granitic Magma ◽

Two Phase ◽

Quartz Veins ◽

The North ◽

Granitic Magmatism ◽

Polymetallic Sulfides ◽

Homogenization Temperatures ◽

Stage 1

The Longmendian Ag–Pb–Zn deposit is located in the southern margin of the North China Craton, and the mineralization occurs mainly in quartz veins, altered gneissic wallrocks, and minor fault breccias in the Taihua Group. Based on vein crosscutting relations, mineral assemblages, and paragenesis, the mineralization can be divided into three stages: (1) quartz–pyrite, (2) quartz–polymetallic sulfides, and (3) quartz–carbonate–polymetallic sulfides. Wallrock alteration can be divided into three zones, i.e., chlorite–sericite, quartz–carbonate–sericite, and silicate. Fluid inclusions in all Stage 1 to 3 quartz are dominated by vapor-liquid two-phase aqueous type (W-type). Petrographic and microthermometric analyses of the fluid inclusions indicate that the homogenization temperatures of Stages 1, 2, and 3 are 198–332°C, 132–260°C, and 97–166°C, with salinities of 4.0–13.3, 1.1–13.1, and 1.9–7.6 wt% NaCleqv, respectively. The vapor comprises primarily H2O, with some CO2, H2, CO, N2, and CH4. The liquid phase contains Ca2+, Na+, K+, SO42−, Cl−, and F−. The sulfides have δ34S=–1.42 to +2.35‰ and 208Pb/204Pb=37.771 to 38.795, 207Pb/204Pb=15.388 to 15.686, and 206Pb/204Pb=17.660 to 18.101. The H–C–O–S–Pb isotope compositions indicate that the ore-forming materials may have been derived from the Taihua Group and the granitic magma. The fluid boiling and cooling and mixing with meteoric water may have been critical for the Ag–Pb–Zn ore precipitation. Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Longmendian deposit indicate that the deposit is best classified as medium- to low-temperature intermediate-sulfidation (LS/IS) epithermal-type, related to Cretaceous crustal-extension-related granitic magmatism.

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