scholarly journals Quadratic Mathematical Modeling of Sustainable Dry Beneficiation of Kaolin

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 429
Author(s):  
Muhammad Badar Hayat ◽  
Muhammad Danishwar ◽  
Amna Hamid ◽  
Mirza Muhammad Zaid ◽  
Muhammad Zaka Emad
Keyword(s):  
Size Difference ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Grinding Media ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
Wet Processing ◽  
In Series ◽  
Air Classifier ◽  
Fan Speed ◽  
Steel Balls ◽  
Dry Beneficiation

Clay minerals are one of the most utilized minerals among non-metals. These are hydrous aluminum silicates with a layer (sheet-like) structure. Kaolin is a hydrous aluminosilicate mineral with a thin platelet structure. Kaolin is extensively used in paper, paint, and many other industries. Wet processing of kaolin will not be sustainable over the long term because global freshwater resources are becoming scarce. Hence, a process is necessary that does not consume water during the beneficiation of kaolin. This study developed a dry beneficiation process for low-grade kaolin of 59.6%, with 12% quartz and about 6% titaniferous impurities from Nagar Parkar, Sindh province, Pakistan. To develop a size difference between kaolinite and impurities, steel balls clad with rubber were used as the grinding media in a selective grinding unit. Screens of 60 and 400 mesh were employed to classify the feed of air classifier. Oversize +60 mesh was reground, 400 to 60 mesh fractions were sent to an air classifier, and −400 mesh was considered to be a product with the grade and recovery of 90.6% and 20.5%, respectively. Air classifier experiments were designed using central composite design. An experiment using a fan speed of 1200 rpm and a shutter opening of 4.0 showed optimum results, with maximum kaolinite grade and recovery of 91.5% and 35.9%, respectively. The statistical models developed for grade and recovery predicted the optimum results at a fan speed of 1251 rpm and shutter opening of 3.3 with the maximum kaolinite grade recovery of 91.1% and 24.7%, respectively. The differences between experimental and predicted grade and recovery were 0.1% and 2.4%, respectively. The characterization results showed the total upgrade of kaolin from 59.6% to 91.2%, with 27.1% recovery. The designed methodology has the potential to improve the yield of the product by focusing on its recovery. Furthermore, the designed process can be improved by using different sized balls in the selective grinding unit. This beneficiation process can utilize more than one air classifier in series to achieve the targeted results.

Beneficiation of Low-grade Iron Ore Fines by Using a Circulating-type Air Classifier

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 356-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkata Nunna ◽  
Sarath Hapugoda ◽  
Sreedhar Gaekwad Eswarappa ◽  
Shiva Kumar Raparla ◽  
Rajan Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Air Classifier ◽  
Iron Ore Fines

Study on the Influence of Precise Ball Size for Mineral Indexes

2011 ◽  
Vol 402 ◽  
pp. 523-525
Author(s):  
Gui Ming Shi ◽  
Zheng Fei Li
Keyword(s):  
Economic Effects ◽  
Theoretical Formula ◽  
Ball Size ◽  
Experimental Part ◽  
Grinding Media ◽  
Experiment Method ◽  
Ball Diameter ◽  
Concentrate Grade ◽  
Steel Balls

This paper describes the experimental part of how to decide the optimizing size and ratio of grinding media with semi-theoretical formula of ball diameter and experiment method. The method can significantly increase the recovery and concentrate grade of tin, significantly decrease the steel balls consumption and attain better economic effects.

The Study of Grinding Phosphate Rock by the Contrast of Steel Balls and Iron Segments

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 3050-3054
Author(s):  
Fu Kun Yan ◽  
Qing Fei Xiao ◽  
Xiong Tong ◽  
Chun Mei Luo ◽  
Bo Li
Keyword(s):  
Basic Principle ◽  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Mineral Processing ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Chrome Steel ◽  
Fine Grinding ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Steel Balls

The grinding process has been one of the most important part for mineral processing,combined with the basic principle of selective grinding and grinding medium application,a low grade phosphorite in Yunnan province which was grinded by the precise size and ratio of iron segments, and with the same specifications compared with low chrome steel balls under the same condition.The obtained results shown that iron segments could get a fine grinding with level(+0.10mm) 1.89 percentage points lower, pulverization level(-0.01mm) 0.07 percentage points lower,intermediate easy level(0.074～0.038mm) 9.29 percentage points higher,which further explains the iron segments has a better selective grinding effect,and could be used as a kind of ore fine grinding medium.

Biomass Externally Fired Gas Turbine Cogeneration

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 604-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Eidensten ◽  
J. Yan ◽  
G. Svedberg
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Steam Boiler ◽  
Steam Boilers ◽  
In Series ◽  
Gas Turbine Exhaust

This paper is a presentation of a systematic study on externally fired gas turbine cogeneration fueled by biomass. The gas turbine is coupled in series with a biomass combustion furnace in which the gas turbine exhaust is used to support combustion. Three cogeneration systems have been simulated. They are systems without a gas turbine, with a non-top-fired gas turbine, and a top-fired gas turbine. For all systems, three types of combustion equipment have been selected: circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, grate fired steam boiler, and grate fired hot water boiler. The sizes of biomass furnaces have been chosen as 20 MW and 100 MW fuel inputs. The total efficiencies based on electricity plus process heat, electrical efficiencies, and the power-to-heat ratios for various alternatives have been calculated. For each of the cogeneration systems, part-load performance with varying biomass fuel input is presented. Systems with CFB boilers have a higher total efficiency and electrical efficiency than other systems when a top-fired gas turbine is added. However, the systems with grate fired steam boilers allow higher combustion temperature in the furnace than CFB boilers do. Therefore, a top combustor may not be needed when high temperature is already available. Only one low-grade fuel system is then needed and the gas turbine can operate with a very clean working medium.

scholarly journals Economic and Socio-Environmental Benefits of Dry Beneficiation of Magnetite Ores

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 955
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Baawuah ◽  
Christopher Kelsey ◽  
Jonas Addai-Mensah ◽  
William Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Cost Savings ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Magnetic Separator ◽  
Wet Process ◽  
Dry Processing ◽  
Ore Processing ◽  
Process Flowsheet ◽  
Wet Processing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Dry Beneficiation

In our previous studies, we demonstrated the performance of novel superfine crusher and pneumatic planar magnetic separator as energy-efficient technologies for dry processing of magnetite ores. The present study investigates the economic and socio-environmental benefits of applying these technologies in conceptual dry magnetite ore processing flowsheet. The outcome of the study is compared with that of a conceptual wet processing flowsheet for the same ore. The cost estimations used are based on the Brook Hunt C1 methodology whilst revenue estimations are based on the Platts Iron Ore Index specification. The demonstrated economic and socio-environmental benefits show that dry processing flowsheet offers significant energy and cost savings and improved revenue generation compared with the wet process flowsheet. These findings are vital to the magnetite industry, particularly in water- and energy-scarce regions as a benchmark for future studies aimed at deepening and expanding the knowledge base of dry beneficiation of magnetite ores.

Dispenser Printed Microscale Thermoelectric Generators for Powering Wireless Sensor Networks

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alic Chen ◽  
Michael Koplow ◽  
Deepa Madan ◽  
Paul K. Wright ◽  
James W. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Form Factors ◽  
Ambient Vibration ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Active Monitoring ◽  
In Series

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are a promising technology for ubiquitous, active monitoring in residential, industrial and medical applications. These nodes combine a radio transceiver, microcontroller and sensors into a low power package. A current bottleneck for widespread adoption of WSN’s is the power supplies. While the power demands can be somewhat alleviated through novel electronics, any primary battery will have a finite lifetime. Energy harvesting, from ambient vibration, light, and heat sources, offers an opportunity to significantly extend the lifetime of the nodes and possibly provide perpetual power. Thermal energy is an ideal source for WSNs due to the availability of low-grade ambient waste heat sources. Thermoelectric devices convert temperature gradients into DC electric power in compact form factors. Efficient device designs require hundreds of high-aspect ratio semi-conductor microelements fabricated electrically in series and thermally in parallel. This design requirement presents problems for standard microfabrication techniques due to thickness limitations of standard semiconductor processes. We present a new method of contact dispenser printing, specifically developed to additively create microscale generators. Initial materials performance results show promising results and are further detailed in this work.

scholarly journals Biomass Externally Fired Gas Turbine Cogeneration

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Eidensten ◽  
Jinyue Yan ◽  
Gunnar Svedberg
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Steam Boiler ◽  
Steam Boilers ◽  
In Series ◽  
Gas Turbine Exhaust

This paper is a presentation of systematic study on externally fired gas turbine cogeneration fueled by biomass. The gas turbine is coupled in series with a biomass combustion furnace in which the gas turbine exhaust is used to support combustion. Three cogeneration systems have been simulated. They are systems without a gas turbine, with a non top-fired gas turbine, and a top-fired gas turbine. For all systems, three types of combustion equipment have been selected: circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, grate fired steam boiler and grate fired hot water boiler. The sizes of biomass furnaces have been chosen 20 MW and 100 MW fuel inputs. The total efficiencies based on electricity plus process heat, electrical efficiencies, and the power-to-heat ratios for various alternatives have been calculated. For each of the cogeneration systems, part load performance with varying biomass fuel input is presented. Systems with CFB boilers have a higher total efficiency and electrical efficiency than other systems when a top-fired gas turbine is added. However, the systems with grate fired steam boilers allow higher combustion temperature in the furnace than CFB boilers do. Therefore, a top combustor may not be needed when high temperature is already available. Only one low grade fuel system is then needed and the gas turbine can operate with very clean working medium.

scholarly journals Effects of Mechanical Activation on the Bioleaching of Sphalerite and Marmatite for Zn Extraction

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Shusheng Li ◽  
Yisheng Zhang ◽  
Luyuan Zhang ◽  
Anni Tang ◽  
Xin Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Mechanical Activation ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Grinding Media ◽  
Grinding Conditions ◽  
Efficient Extraction ◽  
Steel Balls ◽  
Pretreatment Technology

Even though mechanical activation is a significant pretreatment technology for the efficient extraction of metals from mineral resources, its effects on the bioleaching of sphalerite and marmatite are rarely discussed. In this study, mechanical activation pretreatment using various grinding media and grinding times was conducted, and particle size distribution, morphology, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analyses, as well as batch bioleaching experiments, were carried out. The results suggest that #C conditions (corundum jar with zirconia balls) were more efficient than #S conditions (stainless steel jar with stainless steel balls) for the grinding of both sphalerite and marmatite. Mechanical activation significantly improved the bioleaching of sphalerite; however, it inhibited that of marmatite, possibly due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The optimum grinding conditions for the bioleaching of sphalerite and marmatite are proposed.

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