scholarly journals Preseismic Groundwater Ion Content Variations: Observational Data in Flowing Wells of the Kamchatka Peninsula and Conceptual Model

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 731
Author(s):  
Galina Kopylova ◽  
Svetlana Boldina
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Kamchatka Peninsula ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Ion Content ◽  
Strong Earthquakes ◽  
Hydrodynamic Parameters ◽  
Mixed Water

Repeated manifestations of hydrogeochemical anomalies in groundwater ion content variations before local strong earthquakes were recorded in three flowing wells of the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky test site. A model of changes in chemical composition of groundwater is considered using observational data and modeling of two waters mixing with contrasting composition in a zone of increased permeability in aquifer. Hydrodynamic parameters of the model—relaxation time of water pressure impulses and the time of mixed water movement in aquifer and wellbore—can vary from days to hundreds of days in individual wells. These parameters determine the duration and morphological features of anomaly in mixed water from a well. Using observational data from self-flowing well M-1, an assessment was made of chemical composition and mineralization of two mixing waters and their ratio in mixed water under background conditions and during the preparation of earthquake on 2 March 1992, Mw = 6.9.

scholarly journals HYDROGEOCHEMICAL EARTHQUAKE PRECURSORS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF AREAS OF THE KAMCHATKA PENINSULA, RUSSIA, AND THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4(48) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
G.N. Kopylova ◽  
◽  
Sh.S. Yusupov ◽  
Yu.K. Serafimova ◽  
L.Yu. Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
Kamchatka Peninsula ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Coseismic Deformation ◽  
Strong Earthquakes ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Underground Waters ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Hydrogeochemical Precursors

Hydrogeochemical precursors of the earthquakes (HGCP) in changes of ion-salt and gas composition of underground waters from self-discharging wells and springs on the territory of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky test site, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia and Tashkent test site, Republic of Uzbekistan are considered. There has been analyzed the connection of HGCP with parameters of earthquakes — with correlation between magnitudes and epicentral distances, as well as with values of specific density of seismic energy in the wave, intensity of ground shaking and other parameters of earthquake impact in the regions of observation. In Kamchatka wells HGCP were revealed before the earthquakes with Mw = 6.5 to 7.8 at epicentral distances de = 100 to 310 km at relatively narrow ranges of values of seismic energy density in the wave (0.1 to 0.3 J/m3), volumetric coseismic deformation of water-containing rocks (one to tens 10-9) and maximal velocities of seismic waves (3.5–7.7 cm/sec). HGCP took place in the zones with intensity of the earthquakes not less than 4 to 6 by MSK-64 scale and were confined to the intermediate zones of sources of future earthquakes. Duration of HGCP development and their appearance before the following earthquakes amount to 1 to 9 months, which allows using such precursors for prediction of time of strong earthquakes.

scholarly journals Analysis of Soil Water Response to Grass Transpiration

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 85-98
Author(s):  
Dohnal Michal ◽  
Dušek Jaromír ◽  
Vogel Tomáš ◽  
Herza Jiří
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Soil Water Dynamics

This paper focuses on numerical modelling of soil water movement in response to the root water uptake that is driven by transpiration. The flow of water in a lysimeter, installed at a grass covered hillslope site in a small headwater catchment, is analysed by means of numerical simulation. The lysimeter system provides a well defined control volume with boundary fluxes measured and soil water pressure continuously monitored. The evapotranspiration intensity is estimated by the Penman-Monteith method and compared with the measured lysimeter soil water loss and the simulated root water uptake. Variably saturated flow of water in the lysimeter is simulated using one-dimensional dual-permeability model based on the numerical solution of the Richards’ equation. The availability of water for the root water uptake is determined by the evaluation of the plant water stress function, integrated in the soil water flow model. Different lower boundary conditions are tested to compare the soil water dynamics inside and outside the lysimeter. Special attention is paid to the possible influence of the preferential flow effects on the lysimeter soil water balance. The adopted modelling approach provides a useful and flexible framework for numerical analysis of soil water dynamics in response to the plant transpiration.

Study of Mixed Water Compatibility in Shanbei Oil Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 868 ◽  
pp. 725-729
Author(s):  
Jin Li Xue ◽  
Cheng Tun Qu ◽  
Bo Yang ◽  
Fan Liu ◽  
Kun Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Loss Rate ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Ion Content ◽  
Scale Type ◽  
Damage Rate ◽  
Core Damage ◽  
Mixed Water ◽  
Calcium Loss

The properties of mixed waterwater from a certain river (RW) and Chang-6 layer output water (C-6W) -- in Shanbei Oil Production is studied in this paper, including ion content, analysis of scale, scale type and calcium loss rate, etc. It shows that the salinity of C-6W is more than 80000 mg/L, while RWs salinity is about 1200 mg/L; Under 30 °C, the calcium loss rate and amount of scale buildup of C-6W and RW when their volume ratio were 4:6 reached to 9.5% and 36mg/L; while reservoir calcium the loss rate and scale buildup amount reached to 0.59% and 21.5 mg/L when the volume ratio of C-6W and Mixed Water came to 3:7, which satisfies the reinjection water quality standard; and a low core damage rate (<20%) could be found when the reinjection volume is 1 ~ 15 PV.

scholarly journals Evidence of Preferential Flow Activation in the Vadose Zone via Geophysical Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1358
Author(s):  
Lorenzo De Carlo ◽  
Kimberlie Perkins ◽  
Maria Clementina Caputo
Keyword(s):  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Spatial Moments ◽  
Artificial Rainfall ◽  
Preferential Pathways

Preferential pathways allow rapid and non-uniform water movement in the subsurface due to strong heterogeneity of texture, composition, and hydraulic properties. Understanding the importance of preferential pathways is crucial, because they have strong impact on flow and transport hydrodynamics in the unsaturated zone. Particularly, improving knowledge of the water dynamics is essential for estimating travel time through soil to quantify hazards for groundwater, assess aquifer recharge rates, improve agricultural water management, and prevent surface stormflow and flooding hazards. Small scale field heterogeneities cannot be always captured by the limited number of point scale measurements collected. In order to overcome these limitations, noninvasive geophysical techniques have been widely used in the last decade to predict hydrodynamic processes, due to their capability to spatialize hydrogeophysical properties with high resolution. In the test site located in Bari, Southern Italy, the geophysical approach, based on electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) monitoring, has been implemented to detect preferential pathways triggered by an artificial rainfall event. ERT-derived soil moisture estimations were obtained in order to quantitatively predict the water storage (m3m−3), water velocity (ms−1), and spread (m2) through preferential pathways by using spatial moments analysis.

Dual permeability soil water dynamics and water uptake by roots in irrigated potato fields

Biologia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
František Doležal ◽  
David Zumr ◽  
Josef Vacek ◽  
Josef Zavadil ◽  
Adriano Battilani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Boundary Curve ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Permeability Model ◽  
Soil Matrix

AbstractWater movement and uptake by roots in a drip-irrigated potato field was studied by combining field experiments, outputs of numerical simulations and summary results of an EU project (www.fertorganic.org). Detailed measurements of soil suction and weather conditions in the Bohemo-Moravian highland made it possible to derive improved estimates of some parameters for the dual permeability model S1D_DUAL. A reasonably good agreement between the measured and the estimated soil hydraulic properties was obtained. The measured root zone depths were near to those obtained by inverse simulation with S1D _DUAL and to a boundary curve approximation. The measured and S1D _DUAL-simulated soil water pressure heads were comparable with those achieved by simulations with the Daisy model. During dry spells, the measured pressure heads tended to be higher than the simulated ones. In general, the former oscillated between the simulated values for soil matrix and those for the preferential flow (PF) domain. Irrigation facilitated deep seepage after rain events. We conclude that several parallel soil moisture sensors are needed for adequate irrigation control. The sensors cannot detect the time when the irrigation should be stopped.

Influences on Liquefaction-Induced Damage of Pore Water Seepage into an Unsaturated Surface Layer

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 754-764
Author(s):  
Yohsuke Kawamata ◽  
Hiroshi Nakazawa ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Pore Water Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Lateral Spreading ◽  
Soil Liquefaction ◽  
Water Seepage ◽  
Long Duration

Various studies have examined soil liquefaction and the resultant structure damage. The 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake, a near-field earthquake, caused significant damage when the ground was liquified due to the rapidly increased pore water pressure in several cycles of major motions. Therefore, the effect of pore water movement during earthquakes has been assumed to be limited, and liquefaction has mainly been evaluated in undrained conditions. Additionally, the ground and building settlement or inclination caused by liquefaction are deemed to result from pore water drainage after earthquakes. Meanwhile, in the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, off the Pacific Coast, a subduction-zone earthquake, long-duration motions were observed for over 300 s with frequent aftershocks. Long-duration motions with frequent aftershocks are also anticipated in a future Nankai Trough Earthquake. The effect of pore water movement not only after but during an earthquake should be considered in cases where pore water pressure gradually increases in long-duration motion. The movement of pore water during and after an earthquake typically results in simultaneous dissipation and buildup of water pressure, as well as volumetric changes associated with settlement and lateral spreading. Such effects must reasonably be considered in liquefaction evaluation and building damage prediction. This research focuses on pore water seepage into the unsaturated surface layer caused by the movement of pore water. Seepage experiments were performed based on parameters such as height of test ground, ground surface permeability, and liquefaction duration. In the tests, water pressure when the saturated ground below the groundwater level is fully liquified was applied to the bottom of the specimen representing an unsaturated surface layer. Seepage behaviors into the unsaturated surface layer were then evaluated based on the experiment data. The results show that the water level rises due to pore water seepage from the liquefied ground into the unsaturated surface layer right above the liquefied ground. For this reason, a ground shallower than the original groundwater level can be liquified.

Test Study of Water-Resisting Ability of Coal Seam Floor Rock Mass

2013 ◽  
Vol 734-737 ◽  
pp. 854-857
Author(s):  
Cheng Fan ◽  
Xue Qing Jing
Keyword(s):  
Coal Seam ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Test Site ◽  
High Water ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Floor Rock ◽  
Test Study ◽  
Water Blocking

According to Yang Zhuang coal mine engineering background and the actual situation, reasonable to determine the test site and experimental programs in this paper, and detailed description of the test method, and the final analysis of the coal seam floor water blocking capability, The results show that In low water pressure, the pressure of injection water in the hole with the water in the aperture of little contact, and in high water pressure will produce a good hydraulic connection. The study provides a theoretical foundation and scientific basis for the actual engineering improves safety.

Groundwater Ion Content Precursors of Strong Earthquakes in Kamchatka (Russia)

2000 ◽  
Vol 157 (9) ◽  
pp. 1359-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Biagi ◽  
A. Ermini ◽  
S. P. Kingsley ◽  
Y. M. Khatkevich ◽  
E. I. Gordeev
Keyword(s):  
Ion Content ◽  
Strong Earthquakes

scholarly journals Estimation of the thermo-hydrodynamic parameters of the coolant in the Koshelev geothermal system

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 01021
Author(s):  
Dmitry Mamaev
Keyword(s):  
Hydrodynamic Model ◽  
Kamchatka Peninsula ◽  
Geophysical Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Thermal Fields ◽  
Hydrodynamic Parameters ◽  
Thermal Resources ◽  
Exploratory Wells

The Koshelev geothermal system is located in the southern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula. On the surface, the system manifests itself by steam-hydrotherms at two thermal fields. Estimates of the predicted power from different data sources vary significantly, because the parameters of the coolant at great depths are not currently known and are presumable. Based on the available geological and geophysical data, a numerical threedimensional thermo-hydrodynamic model of the geothermal system has been developed. The model was calibrated according to thermometry data in exploratory wells. The calibrated model adequately describes the distribution of thermo-hydrodynamic parameters of the coolant in the system. It can be used to evaluate the coolant parameters during the development of the thermal resources of the Koshelev geothermal system. In the course of computational experiments, the developed model is used to obtain the distribution of the thermo-hydrodynamic parameters of the hydrothermal coolant in the geothermal system in the natural state and during the development of thermal resources.

scholarly journals 14. White Dwarf Atmospheres

1971 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 81-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Weidemann
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Effective Temperature ◽  
White Dwarf ◽  
General Information ◽  
Stellar Atmospheres ◽  
Surface Gravity ◽  
Atmospheric Parameters

We first consider the general information scheme for the interpretation of observational data (Figure 1). From the relations plotted it is evident that (in going from left to right) this scheme can only be solved if distances are known and if we are able to determine the atmospheric parameters: effective temperature, Teff, surface gravity, g, and chemical composition from observations of colors and spectra – which is the genuine task of the theory of stellar atmospheres.

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