Using Reservoir Geology and Petrographic Observations to Improve CO2 Mineralization Estimates: Examples from the Johansen Formation, North Sea, Norway

Reservoir characterization specific to CO2 storage is challenging due to the dynamic interplay of physical and chemical trapping mechanisms. The mineralization potential for CO2 in a given siliciclastic sandstone aquifer is controlled by the mineralogy, the total reactive surface areas, and the prevailing reservoir conditions. Grain size, morphologies and mineral assemblages vary according to sedimentary facies and diagenetic imprint. The proposed workflow highlights how the input values for reactive mineral surface areas used in geochemical modelling may be parameterized as part of geological reservoir characterization. The key issue is to separate minerals both with respect to phase chemistry and morphology (i.e., grain size, shape, and occurrence), and focus on main reactants for sensitivity studies and total storage potentials. The Johansen Formation is the main reservoir unit in the new full-value chain CO2 capture and storage (CCS) prospect in Norway, which was licenced for the storage of CO2 as of 2019. The simulations show how reaction potentials vary in different sedimentary facies and for different mineral occurrences. Mineralization potentials are higher in fine-grained facies, where plagioclase and chlorite are the main cation donors for carbonatization. Reactivity decreases with higher relative fractions of ooidal clay and lithic fragments.

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Mudrock Microstructure: A Technique for Distinguishing between Deep-Water Fine-Grained Sediments

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11060653 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 653

Author(s):

Shereef Bankole ◽

Dorrik Stow ◽

Zeinab Smillie ◽

Jim Buckman ◽

Helen Lever

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Deep Water ◽

Sedimentary Facies ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Weak Current ◽

Large Area ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Mean Size ◽

The Mean ◽

Water Facies

Distinguishing among deep-water sedimentary facies has been a difficult task. This is possibly due to the process continuum in deep water, in which sediments occur in complex associations. The lack of definite sedimentological features among the different facies between hemipelagites and contourites presented a great challenge. In this study, we present detailed mudrock characteristics of the three main deep-water facies based on sedimentological characteristics, laser diffraction granulometry, high-resolution, large area scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique. Our results show that the deep-water microstructure is mainly process controlled, and that the controlling factor on their grain size is much more complex than previously envisaged. Retarding current velocity, as well as the lower carrying capacity of the current, has an impact on the mean size and sorting for the contourite and turbidite facies, whereas hemipelagite grain size is impacted by the natural heterogeneity of the system caused by bioturbation. Based on the microfabric analysis, there is a disparate pattern observed among the sedimentary facies; turbidites are generally bedding parallel due to strong currents resulting in shear flow, contourites are random to semi-random as they are impacted by a weak current, while hemipelagites are random to oblique since they are impacted by bioturbation.

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Nano-Micron Exsolved Spinels in Titanomagnetite and Their Implications for the Formation of the Panzhihua Fe–Ti–V Oxide Deposit, Southwest China

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology ◽

10.1166/jnn.2021.18448 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 326-342

Author(s):

Zhibin Zhang ◽

Fei Huang ◽

Yongli Li ◽

Kaijun Liu ◽

Fude Zhao

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Thermal Evolution ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Ore Deposits ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Mafic Intrusions ◽

Oxide Deposit ◽

Mineralizing Process ◽

Chemical Conditions ◽

Physical And Chemical

The nano-micron exsolved spinels with various mineralogical characteristics in titanomagnetite from Fe–Ti oxide gabbros in the Panzhihua Fe–Ti–V oxide deposit, SW China, have been studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) based on comparisons of physical and chemical conditions at different stratigraphic heights to investigate the compositional inheritance between titanomagnetite and exsolved spinel and further explore the relationship between the morphology and growth of exsolved spinels. Restored chemical data for titanomagnetite combined with evidence from petrography and whole-rock geochemistry imply fractional crystallization of the Panzhihua Fe–Ti–V oxide deposit, where the titanomagnetite of thick massive oxides at the bottom of the No. VIII orebody represents the early crystallizing phase characterized by high temperature and oxygen fugacity. The chemical variation in the exsolved spinel, which has the same trend as the restored composition of titanomagnetite, represents inheritance from the parent rock within the Panzhihua deposit. Exsolved spinel continuously adjusts morphology and grain size to decrease the total energy of the manganate-spinel system from fine-grained spinels parallel to the {100} plane of titanomagnetite to spinels with complex stellate morphology to bulky granular spinels with high degrees of idiomorphism. The unusual multiple magma replenishment during the mineralizing process and at different stratigraphic heights in the Panzhihua intrusion had an important influence on the thermal evolution history of the orebody, resulting in the identifiable spatial distribution patterns of spinel morphology and grain size. Using spinel exsolution as a discriminator for the provenance of magmatic ore deposits may provide intuitive and easy mineralogical evidence to qualitatively discuss the evolution of the metallogenetic environment and the ore-forming conditions for similar large mafic intrusions.

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Petrographic Characteristics of Sandstones as a Basis to Evaluate Their Suitability in Construction and Energy Storage Applications. A Case Study from Klepa Nafpaktias (Central Western Greece)

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13051119 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1119 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Petros Petrounias ◽

Panagiota P. Giannakopoulou ◽

Aikaterini Rogkala ◽

Maria Kalpogiannaki ◽

Petros Koutsovitis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Energy Storage ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Concrete Strength ◽

Co2 Storage ◽

International Standards ◽

Concrete Aggregates ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Physicomechanical Characteristics ◽

Gis Software

This study investigates how the petrographic features of Klepa Nafpaktias sandstones affect their behavior in construction applications such as concrete, in environmental applications such as energy storage as well as whether they are suitable for the above uses. For achieving this goal, sandstones (ten samples) were collected in order to study their petrographic characteristics using petrographic microscope and GIS software, as well as their basic physical, mechanical and physicochemical properties were also examined. Concrete specimens (C25/30) were made according to international standards including the investigated aggregate rocks in various grain sizes. Various sandstones were tested and classified in three district groups according to their physicomechanical features as well as to their petrographic and microtopographic characteristics. Concrete strength’s results determined the samples into three groups which are in accordance with their initial classification which was relative to their grain size (coarse to fine-grained). As the grain size decreases their physicomechanical and physicochemical properties get better resulting in higher concrete strength values (25 to 32 MPa). Furthermore, the proposed ratio C/A (crystals/mm2) seems to influence the aggregate properties which constitute critical factors for the final concrete strength, presenting the more fine-grained sandstones as the most suitable for concrete aggregates. Concerning the use of Klepa Nafpaktias sandstones as potential energy reservoirs, the studied sandstones presented as suitable for CO2 storage according to their physicomechanical characteristics.

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CO2 Convective Dissolution in Oil-Saturated Unconsolidated Porous Media at Reservoir Conditions

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14010233 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 233

Author(s):

Widuramina Amarasinghe ◽

Ingebret Fjelde ◽

Nils Giske ◽

Ying Guo

Keyword(s):

Porous Media ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Water Solution ◽

Co2 Storage ◽

Bromothymol Blue ◽

Power Relationship ◽

Dimensionless Time ◽

3 Dimensional ◽

Reservoir Conditions ◽

Unconsolidated Porous Media

During CO2 storage, CO2 plume mixes with the water and oil present at the reservoir, initiated by diffusion followed by a density gradient that leads to a convective flow. Studies are available where CO2 convective mixing have been studied in water phase but limited in oil phase. This study was conducted to reach this gap, and experiments were conducted in a vertically packed 3-dimensional column with oil-saturated unconsolidated porous media at 100 bar and 50 °C (representative of reservoir pressure and temperature conditions). N-Decane and crude oil were used as oils, and glass beads as porous media. A bromothymol blue water solution-filled sapphire cell connected at the bottom of the column was used to monitor the CO2 breakthrough. With the increase of the Rayleigh number, the CO2 transport rate in n-decane was found to increase as a function of a second order polynomial. Ra number vs. dimensionless time τ had a power relationship in the form of Ra = c×τ−n. The overall pressure decay was faster in n-decane compared to crude oil for similar permeability (4 D), and the crude oil had a breakthrough time three times slower than in n-decane. The results were compared with similar experiments that have been carried out using water.

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Submarine lava deltas of the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea volcano

Bulletin of Volcanology ◽

10.1007/s00445-020-01424-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

Author(s):

S. Adam Soule ◽

Michael Zoeller ◽

Carolyn Parcheta

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Pore Pressure ◽

Mechanistic Model ◽

Large Fraction ◽

Volcanic Hazards ◽

Lava Flows ◽

Coarse Grained ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Fine Grain ◽

Delta Formation

AbstractHawaiian and other ocean island lava flows that reach the coastline can deposit significant volumes of lava in submarine deltas. The catastrophic collapse of these deltas represents one of the most significant, but least predictable, volcanic hazards at ocean islands. The volume of lava deposited below sea level in delta-forming eruptions and the mechanisms of delta construction and destruction are rarely documented. Here, we report on bathymetric surveys and ROV observations following the Kīlauea 2018 eruption that, along with a comparison to the deltas formed at Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō over the past decade, provide new insight into delta formation. Bathymetric differencing reveals that the 2018 deltas contain more than half of the total volume of lava erupted. In addition, we find that the 2018 deltas are comprised largely of coarse-grained volcanic breccias and intact lava flows, which contrast with those at Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō that contain a large fraction of fine-grained hyaloclastite. We attribute this difference to less efficient fragmentation of the 2018 ‘a‘ā flows leading to fragmentation by collapse rather than hydrovolcanic explosion. We suggest a mechanistic model where the characteristic grain size influences the form and stability of the delta with fine grain size deltas (Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō) experiencing larger landslides with greater run-out supported by increased pore pressure and with coarse grain size deltas (Kīlauea 2018) experiencing smaller landslides that quickly stop as the pore pressure rapidly dissipates. This difference, if validated for other lava deltas, would provide a means to assess potential delta stability in future eruptions.

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Strain-Rate and Grain‒Size Effects in Ice

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0022143000008844 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 33 (115) ◽

pp. 274-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

David M. Cole

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Strain Rate ◽

Transition Point ◽

Boundary Migration ◽

Peak Stress ◽

Strain Rates ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Lower Strain ◽

Polycrystalline Ice

AbstractThis paper presents and discusses the results of constant deformation-rate tests on laboratory-prepared polycrystalline ice. Strain-rates ranged from 10−7to 10−1s−1, grain–size ranged from 1.5 to 5.8 mm, and the test temperature was −5°C.At strain-rates between 10−7and 10−3s−1, the stress-strain-rate relationship followed a power law with an exponent ofn= 4.3 calculated without regard to grain-size. However, a reversal in the grain-size effect was observed: below a transition point near 4 × 10−6s−1the peak stress increased with increasing grain-size, while above the transition point the peak stress decreased with increasing grain-size. This latter trend persisted to the highest strain-rates observed. At strain-rates above 10−3s−1the peak stress became independent of strain-rate.The unusual trends exhibited at the lower strain-rates are attributed to the influence of the grain-size on the balance of the operative deformation mechanisms. Dynamic recrystallization appears to intervene in the case of the finer-grained material and serves to lower the peak stress. At comparable strain-rates, however, the large-grained material still experiences internal micro-fracturing, and thin sections reveal extensive deformation in the grain-boundary regions that is quite unlike the appearance of the strain-induced boundary migration characteristic of the fine-grained material.

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Russellite: a second occurrence

Mineralogical Magazine ◽

10.1180/minmag.1970.037.290.08 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 37 (290) ◽

pp. 705-707 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

L. C. Hodge

Keyword(s):

Powder Diffraction ◽

Western Australia ◽

Original Description ◽

Chemical Data ◽

Green Material ◽

X Ray ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Pale Green

SummaryRussellite Bi2O3. WO3 occurs in a small pegmatite near Poona, Western Australia. The fine-grained yellow to pale green material is an inseparable mixture of russellite, bismite, koechlinite, and bismutite. X-ray powder diffraction, physical, and chemical data agree in general with the original description of the mineral from Cornwall, England. The original analyses made on micro quantities are now supplemented by analyses on macro quantities.

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Value Chain Analysis of CO2 Storage by Using the ECCOTool: A Case Study of the Dutch Offshore

Energy Procedia ◽

10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.642 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

pp. 7056-7065

Author(s):

Daniël Loeve ◽

Filip Neele ◽

Chris Hendriks ◽

Joris Koornneef

Keyword(s):

Value Chain ◽

Co2 Storage ◽

Value Chain Analysis ◽

Chain Analysis

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New Brightener for Zn-Fe Alloy Plating from Sulphate Bath

International Journal of Electrochemistry ◽

10.4061/2011/132138 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

B. M. Praveen ◽

T. V. Venkatesha

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Metal Ion ◽

Condensation Product ◽

Spectroscopic Studies ◽

Sem Images ◽

Alloy Electrodeposition ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Polarization Studies ◽

Uv Visible ◽

Sulphate Bath

Zn-Fe alloy electrodeposition was carried out in the presence of condensation product 2-{[(1E)-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}-3-hydroxypropanoic acid formed between veratraldehyde and serine in acid sulphate bath. Hull cell was used for optimizing the operating parameters and bath constituents. During deposition, the potential was shifted towards cathodic direction in the presence of addition agents and brightener. The polarization studies show that deposition taking place in basic bath and optimum bath was 1.08 and 1.15 V, respectively. Current efficiency and throwing power were reached around 85% and 26%, respectively. The SEM images of bright deposit indicated its fine-grained nature and appreciable reduction in the grain size. XRD studies have showed that the grain size of the deposit generated from optimum bath was 16 nm. UV-visible spectroscopic studies confirm the formation of complex between metal ion and brightener.

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Fabrication of 239/238Pu-Zirconolite Ceramic Pellets by Natural Sintering

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-807-267 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 807 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. Advocat ◽

F. Jorion ◽

T. Marcillat ◽

G. Leturcq ◽

X. Deschanels ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Radioactive Waste ◽

Nuclear Waste ◽

Chemical Stability ◽

Minor Actinides ◽

Loading Capacity ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Inorganic Matrix

ABSTRACTZirconolite is a potential inorganic matrix that is currently investigated in France, in the framework of the 1991 radioactive waste management law, with a view to provide durable containment of the trivalent and tetravalent minor actinides like neptunium, curium, americium and small quantities of unrecyclable plutonium separated from other nuclear waste. To confirm the actinide loading capacity of the zirconolite calcium site and to study the physical and chemical stability of this type of ceramic when subjected to alpha self-irradiation, zirconolite ceramic pellets were fabricated with 10 wt% plutonium oxide (isotope 239 or 238). The 55 pellets are dense (> 93.3% of the theoretical density on average) and free of cracks. They are characterized by a grain size of between 10 and 20 micrometers. X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed the presence of the zirconolite 2M crystalline structure.

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