scholarly journals Sintering Behavior and Technological Properties of Low-Temperature Porcelain Tiles Prepared Using a Lithium Ore and Silica Crucible Waste

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Peng ◽  
Shan Qin
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Ceramic Body ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Quantitative Phase Analysis ◽  
Sintering Behavior ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Porcelain Tiles

Porcelain tiles are a building material that has been widely used in recent years and that consumes substantial resources during the sintering process. This study reports on the production of low-temperature porcelain tiles by using low-grade lithium ore (LO) and silica crucible waste (SCW) in a new SiO2–Al2O3–Na2O–K2O–Li2O system. The firing temperature of the porcelain tiles was reduced from 1260 °C to 1070 °C by adding 30% LO instead of feldspar in a modified triaxial ceramic body, and SCW was recycled and used as a raw material. These actions help to reduce the carbon emissions produced during sintering and achieve sustainable development. The effect of phase transitions on the sintering and technological properties of the porcelain tiles was studied by quantitative phase analysis, using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Secondary mullite (0–19%) can be formed at 1040–1100 °C, where more quartz and cristobalite will be retained, which increases the rupture modulus of the porcelain tiles. While the vitreous phase increases rapidly at 1100–1160 °C, the closed pores (0.1–33.1%) will simultaneously expand, causing a decrease in compactness. The results show that low-grade LO (with a cost similar to that of feldspar) allows for the production of porcelain tiles with better process performance at lower temperatures (≤1100 °C).

scholarly journals Effect of TiO2 on the Sintering Behavior of Low-Grade Vanadiferous Titanomagnetite Ore

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4376
Author(s):  
Songtao Yang ◽  
Weidong Tang ◽  
Xiangxin Xue
Keyword(s):  
Perovskite Phase ◽  
Calcium Ferrite ◽  
Sintering Behavior ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Degradation Index ◽  
Tio2 Content ◽  
Iron Ore Fines

Low-grade vanadiferous titanomagnetite ore (LVTM) is as an important mineral resource for sintering ore manufacturing. Furthermore, TiO2 has a significant effect on the sintering process of iron ore fines. The effects of TiO2 on the metallurgical properties, microstructure, and mineral composition of LVTM sinter were investigated by sintering pot tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mineral phase microanalysis. The results were as follows: as the TiO2 content increased from 1.75% to 4.55%, the flame front speed and productivity decreased, while the reduction degradation index (RDI) and softening properties deteriorated. In addition, the tumbler index (TI) values reached a maximum at TiO2 = 1.75%. In addition, with increasing TiO2 content, an increase in the magnetite and perovskite phase, and a decrease in calcium ferrite and hematite were found with an increase in TiO2 content. Thus, the lower the TiO2 content, the better the quality of the sinter.

Performance of B-Doped SrTiO3/ Ni Sheet for Supercapacitor Material Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 851 ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Markus Diantoro ◽  
Ahmad Al Ittikhad ◽  
Thathit Suprayogi ◽  
Nasikhudin ◽  
Joko Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Solid State Reaction Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Storage Devices

The development of energy storage devices encourages the sustainability of research on basic materials of supercapacitor technology. SrTiO3 is one of metal oxide called as titanate alkali metal ATiO3 (A = Ba, Sr, Ca). This material shows an excellent dielectric constant, thus expected to be potential as raw material of supercapacitor. In this work, boron was used as a dopant on the SrTiO3 system to modify its local structure and enhance the electrical properties. Synthesis SrTi1-xBxO3 was carried out using a solid-state reaction method followed by the sintering process in various molar ratio. The microstructure of SrTi1-xBxO3 compound was identified by X-ray Diffraction with Cu-Kα. XRD pattern identified the presence of SrTi1-xBxO3 phase with a slight change in the lattice parameters. I-V measurement confirmed that the electrical conductivity increased gradually up to 16.04 Ω-1cm-1. For investigating their application for electrode materials, CV was employed and it presents that the specific capacitance and energy density of x = 0.08 were 5.488 Fg-1 and 0.110 Jg-1.

Effect of Control Technology on Properties of Quartz Porous Brick

2018 ◽  
Vol 777 ◽  
pp. 564-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long He ◽  
Jin Shi Li ◽  
Mei Hua Chen ◽  
Yan Yang ◽  
Xin Peng Lou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Holding Time ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
Foaming Agent

A high-performance quartz sand insulation brick was prepared by using low grade quartz sand under different sintering process conditions. The optimum sintering process conditions were obtained by analyzing the relationship between microstructure and sintering process. Through the compounding, pulping, forming, drying and sintering processes, and the performance test of the porous brick, the following conclusions can be drawn, the comprehensive performance in all aspects, the porosity is similar, the preferred high compressive strength conditions, in order to get a best The bonding point, brick body sintering temperature of 1150 °C, porosity of 74.56%, compressive strength of 2.1 MPa of porous brick, and the pores are smooth, more uniform distribution. With the prolonging of the holding time, the porosity of the porous brick is reduced, and the performance is 1h, the porosity is 77.22% and the compressive strength is 2.05 MPa. When the raw material ratio is 60% quartz sand, 30wt% kaolin, calcium carbonate 9.6wt%, foaming agent 0.4wt%, water ratio 0.9 holding time at 1h sintering at 1150°C can get better porosity and compressive strength of the insulation brick. The porous material was sintered at 1150 °C, the content of foaming agent was 0.2wt%, the ratio of water to material was 0.9, and the compressive pressure and porosity were the better.

Fabrication and Characterization of Alumina/Zirconia Ceramic Compound

2012 ◽  
Vol 724 ◽  
pp. 249-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bum Rae Cho ◽  
Ji Hoon Chae ◽  
Bo Lang Kim ◽  
Jong Bong Kang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Zirconia Ceramic ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
Sintering Aids ◽  
X Ray Diffraction

Sintered ZTA(zirconia toughened alumina) which has good mechanical properties at a low temperature was produced by milling and mixing with Al2O3 and ZrO2(3Y-TZP). In order to examine the effect of sintering aids on the mechanical properties of ZTA, fracture toughness and hardness of the produced ZTA were observed in accordance with change of the added quantity of ZrO2 Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction technique were applied to observe microstructural change and phase transformation during the process. Experimental results showed that the addition of sintering aids in ZTA at a low temperature induced densification and adding SiO2 and talc lowered sintering temperature and promoted crystallization process of the compound. The mechanical strength of ZTA added ZrO2 showed higher mechanical strength and SEM analysis revealed that Al2O3 and ZrO2 during the sintering process restrained the grain growth each other. Especially, the 92% Al2O3 added sintering aids showed more than 98% of the theoretical density and more than 1500 Hv of hardness value at a low temperature of 1400. It was also showed that the fracture toughness is gradually increasing first and decreasing later in accordance with the quantity of ZrO2.

scholarly journals Microstructure and Residual Stress Effect on the Flexural Strength of Porcelain Tiles Formulated from Locally Available Materials in Uganda

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Ochen ◽  
Florence Mutonyi D'ujanga ◽  
Bosco ORURU
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Quartz Particle ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Residual Stress Effect ◽  
Fine Quartz ◽  
Porcelain Tiles

Quartz is an inexpensive raw material used in the production of porcelain tiles. The presence of quartz prevents pyroplastic deformation during sintering. However, the use of quartz particle size exceeding 32 µm has a deleterious effect on the flexural strength of porcelain tiles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of microstructure and residual stress on the flexural strength of porcelain tiles formulated with different quartz particle sizes, within the range of 45 to 200 µm. The samples made of kaolin, feldspar and quartz were mixed in the ratio of 5:3:2 respectively, and die pressed at 40 MPa. Afterwards, the green body was sintered at 1300 0C for 2 hours at a rate of 60 0C/min. The microstructure of the sintered body was characterized by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to examine the nature and size of the pores. In addition, the residual stress was evaluated based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) method and corroborated with SEM. The flexural strength was determined using three points loading method. The samples formulated with quartz particle size of 45 µm exhibited smooth granules, and isolated pores within the range of 3-8 µm. But, those with 200 µm particles size exhibited rough granules, and interconnected pores between 10-34 µm. Initially, there was an increase in the residual stress, but above 90 µm particle size, it decreased due to evolution of cracks.  Also, an increase in quartz particle size resulted in a decline in flexural strength from  to  MPa. These results show that increasing quartz particle size affected the pore morphology and the residual stresses. Therefore, fine quartz particle milling should be taken into account for further improvement of flexural strength.

Preparation at Low-Temperature and Characterization of TiO2 Film Used for Solar Cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 537 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
Xiao Qiang Wang ◽  
Yue Liu Li ◽  
Jian Min Wang ◽  
Jing Guo ◽  
Ming Ya Li
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Fill Factor ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Tetrabutyl Titanate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Photoelectric Properties

In this work, nanocrystalline TiO2 powder was prepared by the sol-gel method via tetrabutyl titanate as raw material, non-ion surfactant TO8 as a template. Then the nanocrystalline TiO2 thin film electrodes which were coated on FTO glass substrates via the slurry consiting of TiO2 powder prepared by us and the trabutyl titanate precursor were successfully prepared by using a simple and convenient hydrothermal method at low temperature. The structure and morphology of powders and films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electric microscopy. The influence factors on the samples were discussed. The photoelectric properties of cells assembled by the films were measured. The results show that, at 25°C and under 1000W/m2 light intensity，open voltage is 708mV, Jsc is 14.648mA/cm2, fill factor is 53.788, the conversion efficiency is 5.5988%.

Analysis of Basic Properties and Comprehensive Utilization of the Hot Braised Slag

2013 ◽  
Vol 753-755 ◽  
pp. 623-627
Author(s):  
Fu Cai Zhao ◽  
Jian Tao Ju ◽  
Jie Long Liao ◽  
Wei Ming Kong ◽  
Yao Jun Dang
Keyword(s):  
Converter Slag ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
Engineering Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Road Engineering ◽  
Measurement And Analysis ◽  
Iron Phase

In order to utilize the converter slag that treated by the method of hot braised comprehensively. Using Jiugang hot braised slag as raw material, to determine the chemical composition of the slag with the semi-quantitative analysis and a number of chemical analytical methods. Using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer to analysis the hot braised slag phase and iron phase. Also doing the measurement and analysis to the particle size of the slag, compressive strength and the grinding fineness. It was obtained the conclusion by the comprehensive analysis of hot braised slag that the hot braised slag can be returned to sintering process as solvent and it can also used in the construction、buliding materials and road engineering industry. It is a good suggestion that grounding the slag into a fine powder due to the poor effect of abrasion.

Evaluation of Technological Properties of Ceramic Bodies Made of Kaolinite Clay and Steatite

2015 ◽  
Vol 820 ◽  
pp. 564-569
Author(s):  
Harlley Sander Silva Torres ◽  
Angélica Fortes Drummond Chicarino Varajão ◽  
Antônio Claret Soares Sabioni
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Ceramic Industry ◽  
Compact Surface ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
X Ray

Ceramic bodies composed of steatite residues from workshops from the region of Ouro Preto (MG-Brazil) and 15, 20 and 25% of kaolinite clay were fired at 1000 and 1200 °C for 2hrs in air to evaluate their technological properties. Essays of flexural strength and water absorption showed that ceramic bodies have a performance for their use as commercial bricks with values in accordance to those defined by the Brazilian standards. The mixture material, raw and fired, was analyzed using X-ray diffraction, ICP/OES and SEM. After fired, the samples showed a more compact surface and an advanced sintering process. Talc and kaolinite are the dominant minerals in raw ceramics. After being fired, talc changes to enstatite and at 1200°C, mullite, periclase and cordierite appear. These minerals affect the physical properties of the ceramic bodies such as reduction of the porosity, increase of the sintering process and consequently, increased flexural strength. The results show that mixtures kaolinite clay and steatite have potential for application in ceramic industry which can also contribute to reducing the environmental impact of industrial waste from steatite.

A Study on Nanometer-Sized BaTiO3-Based Dielectric for Ni-MLCC with Y5V Specification

2005 ◽  
Vol 475-479 ◽  
pp. 1129-1132
Author(s):  
Zhen Ji ◽  
Zhigang Xiao ◽  
Sen Wang ◽  
You Song Gu ◽  
Cheng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dielectric Material ◽  
Dissipation Factor ◽  
Dielectric Medium ◽  
Sintering Behavior ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Chemical Route ◽  
Transmission Electron

In order to meet the demand on the miniaturization and manufacturing cost reduction of the multilayer ceramic capacitors we have developed a nano-BaTiO3-based non-reducible dielectric material through a soft chemical route. The particle size has been decreased down to the level of 30nm and the dielectric medium could be co-fired with Ni-electrodes under a N2+H2 reducing atmosphere. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and volume shrinkage have been employed to detect the sintering behavior and microstructure evolution including grain growth, pore formation and body densification. Dielectric measurements showed, after a sintering process at 1200°C for 2h, the dielectric constant was 8800, the dissipation factor was less than 2%, the insulation resistance was about 12~13exp Ω.cm, and the temperature coefficients of capacitance were less than 22% and -82% at -30°C and 85°C respectively. On the basis of the results it is anticipated that the material could be used for the Ni-MLCC with thin dielectric layers with a Y5V specification in the Electron Industries Association standard.

Modification of Natural Anhydrite by Mixed Exciter

2015 ◽  
Vol 1100 ◽  
pp. 56-59
Author(s):  
Dominik Gazdič ◽  
Jana Stachová ◽  
Radek Magrla
Keyword(s):  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Anhydrous Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Grain Size And Shape

The objective of this experimental work was to monitor the influence of applied external exciter on anhydrite obtained properties. As a basic raw material anhydrite imported from Poland was used, as hydration exciter a mixture of anhydrous sodium sulphate and Portland cement CEM I 42.5 R in total dose of 5 % by anhydrite weight was applied. In the first step the anhydrite underwent the setting of mineralogical composition using the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and monitoring of grain size and shape by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the next step the influence of applied mixing exciter on obtained basic technological properties according to standard CSN EN 13454 was monitored. It was the setting of basic technological properties of anhydrite binder with and without addition of the mixing external exciter and also the setting of strengths of standard anhydrite mortar with addition of external mixing exciter. Upon the obtained values the comparison with technical requirements of the standard for calcium sulphate binders was carried out and this anhydrite mortar was classified as well.

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