scholarly journals Optimization of Pectin Enzymatic Extraction from Malus domestica ‘Fălticeni’ Apple Pomace with Celluclast 1.5L

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florina Dranca ◽  
Mircea Oroian
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Citrus Pectin ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Degree Of Esterification ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Optimum Extraction

Pectin was extracted from apple (Malus domestica ‘Fălticeni’) pomace with Celluclast 1.5L, at doses of 20, 40, and 60 µL/g of material. The temperature and time of extraction were varied on three levels—temperature—40, 50, and 60 °C; time—12, 18, and 24 h. For each experiment, the extraction yield (R2 = 0.8905), the galacturonic acid content (R2 = 0.9866), and the degree of esterification (R2 = 0.9520) of pectin was determined. Response surface methodology (RSM) was implemented via a Box–Behnken design, to optimize pectin extraction. In the optimum extraction conditions (temperature of 48.3 °C, extraction time of 18 h 14 min, and enzyme dose of 42.5 µL/g of pomace), the design predicted a 6.76% yield with a galacturonic acid content of 97.46 g/100 g of pectin and a degree of esterification of 96.02%. FT-IR analysis of the pectin sample obtained in these conditions showed a chemical structure similar to that of commercial apple and citrus pectin.

scholarly journals Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Pectin from Malus domestica ‘Fălticeni’ Apple Pomace

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florina Dranca ◽  
Mircea Oroian
Keyword(s):  
Acid Content ◽  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Apple Pomace ◽  
Apple Pectin ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽  
Degree Of Esterification ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted

The use of an ultrasonic treatment for the extraction of pectin from Malus domestica ‘Fălticeni’ apple pomace, its effects on extraction yield and galacturonic acid content, and degree of esterification of the extracted pectin were investigated. The optimization of the extraction process showed that the highest yield of 9.183% pectin, with a 98.127 g/100 g galacturonic acid content and 83.202% degree of esterification, was obtained at 100% amplitude, pH of 1.8, SLR of 1:10 g/mL, and 30 min. The pectin obtained in optimal extraction conditions was compared to commercial citrus and apple pectin in terms of chemical composition (determined by FT-IR), thermal behaviour (analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry), rheological properties, and morphological structure (analyzed by scanning electron microscopy). By comparison to commercial citrus and apple pectin samples, the FT-IR analysis of pectin extracted by ultrasound treatment confirmed the high degree of esterification and showed similarity to that of apple pectin (88.526%). It was found that the thermal behaviour of the pectin obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction was influenced by the narrower distribution of molecular weights and the orderly molecular arrangement, while the rheological properties (high viscosity, G0, and G1) of this sample were influenced by the morphological structure and the galacturonic acid content. The correlation coefficient showed a strong positive relationship between viscosity and galacturonic acid content (r = 0.992**).

scholarly journals Comparison of Analytical Methods for Determining Methylesterification and Acetylation of Pectin

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4461
Author(s):  
Yang Yu ◽  
Yuwen Wang ◽  
Xianbin Liu ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Li Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Citrus Pectin ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Comparison Of Analytical Methods

The esterification of galacturonic acid with methanol and/or acetic acid is important for the structural analysis of pectin. Although several methods have been reported for determining the degree of methylesterification (DM) and acetylation (DAc), the present study compares and optimizes three methods (titration, FT-IR and HPLC) using commercial citrus pectin (CP). Our results showed that the DM of CP was 47.0%, 47.6% and 48.0% as determined by titration, FT-IR and HPLC, respectively, suggesting that DM determination is nearly identical using any of these methods. However, the titration approach requires more sample than the other two. HPLC showed that the DAc of CP was 1.6%, an approach that can be used to determine the DM and DAc of pectin simultaneously. Here, we simplified and optimized sample treatment for HPLC analysis and compared it with the reported literature. Our results provide useful information for choosing appropriate methods for determining the DM and DAc of pectin based on various sample properties and experimental conditions.

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Panax japlcus Var

2013 ◽  
Vol 774-776 ◽  
pp. 919-922
Author(s):  
Xiao Song ◽  
Peng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Power ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Microwave Assisted Extraction ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Optimum Extraction

Polysaccharide fromPanax japlcus var(PJVPs) was extracted with microwave-assisted (MAE). The effects of operating conditions, such as extraction time, ratio of water to raw material , and microwave power, on the extraction yield of PJVPs were studied through a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time 9.14 min, power 728.5 W and ratio of water to raw material 27.57ml/g. The yield of polysaccharide was 14.02 % based on the above mentioned conditions.

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Acanthopanax Obouatus Hoo

2012 ◽  
Vol 549 ◽  
pp. 504-507
Author(s):  
Xiao Rong Li ◽  
Peng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Power ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Microwave Assisted Extraction ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Optimum Extraction

Polysaccharide from Acanthopanax obouatus Hoo(AHPs) was extracted with microwave-assisted(MAE). The effects of operating conditions, such as extraction time, ratio of water to raw material , and microwave power, on the extraction yield of AHPs were studied through a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time 13.5min, power 796 W and ratio of water to raw material 16.5ml/g. The yield of polysaccharide was 5.18% based on the above mentioned conditions.

scholarly journals Multi-objective optimization of extraction of Tunisian Washingtonia filifera fibers for technical textile applications

2020 ◽  
pp. 411-420
Author(s):  
MARWA BOUAZIZ ◽  
WALID CHAOUCH ◽  
SAOUSSEN ZANNEN ◽  
NATHALIE LEBLANC ◽  
MOHAMED RAGOUBI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Desirability Function ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Extraction Condition ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Washingtonia Filifera ◽  
Optimum Extraction ◽  
Extraction Treatment

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of extraction treatment method on the properties of WPF (Washingtonia palm fibres). The employed treatment is a combined mechanical and chemical sodium hydroxide. The treatment processes was described and evaluated. The physical properties (linear density, diameter and extraction yield), and the mechanical properties (tenacity) of WPF were measured. The optimum extraction condition has been determined by a statistical study using desirability function. Obtained fibres under optimal conditions were characterized with morphological test (SEM), chemical tests (FT-IR spectra, X ray diffraction) and thermal test (TGA). Fibre obtained can be employed on technical textile applications and in particular drylaid nonwoven.

scholarly journals Greyfurt Kabuklarından Mikrodalga Destekli Pektin Ekstraksiyonu ve Ekstraksiyon Koşullarının Optimizasyonu

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1528-1535
Author(s):  
Nedra Tektaş Taşan ◽  
Özlem Akpınar
Keyword(s):  
Yield Response ◽  
Microwave Assisted Extraction ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Surface Method ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Optimum Extraction

In this study, pectin was obtained from dried grapefruit peels by microwave assisted extraction and the extraction conditions were optimized for pectin yield. Response surface method was used for the optimization and optimum extraction conditions were determined as 30 ml/g solvent solid ratio, 90 s and pH 1. The yield of pectin extracted at these conditions was found to be 20.93% and the properties of the extracted pectin were compared to pectin obtained by conventional extraction. FT-IR analysis was performed for both pectins. Pectin obtained by microwave assisted extraction was compared with pectin obtained by the conventional method and their structures were found to be similar to each others. It was determined that the pectin obtained had high degree of esterification.

scholarly journals Multi-objective optimization of extraction of Tunisian Washingtonia filifera fibers for technical textile applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (05) ◽  
pp. 411-420
Author(s):  
MARWA BOUAZIZ ◽  
WALID CHAOUCH ◽  
SAOUSSEN ZANNEN ◽  
NATHALIE LEBLANC ◽  
MOHAMED RAGOUBI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Desirability Function ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Extraction Condition ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Washingtonia Filifera ◽  
Optimum Extraction ◽  
Extraction Treatment

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of extraction treatment method on the properties of WPF (Washingtonia palm fibres). The employed treatment is a combined mechanical and chemical sodium hydroxide. The treatment processes was described and evaluated. The physical properties (linear density, diameter and extraction yield), and the mechanical properties (tenacity) of WPF were measured. The optimum extraction condition has been determined by a statistical study using desirability function. Obtained fibres under optimal conditions were characterized with morphological test (SEM), chemical tests (FT-IR spectra, X ray diffraction) and thermal test (TGA). Fibre obtained can be employed on technical textile applications and in particular drylaid nonwoven.

Polarized microbeam FT-IR analysis of single fibers

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 206-207
Author(s):  
Liling Cho ◽  
David L. Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Orientation ◽  
Transition Point ◽  
Polymer Fibers ◽  
Single Fiber ◽  
Wire Grid ◽  
Polyester Fibers ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wire Grid Polarizer

Polarized infrared microscopy has been used for forensic purposes to differentiate among polymer fibers. Dichroism can be used to compare and discriminate between different polyester fibers, including those composed of polyethylene terephthalate that are frequently encountered during criminal casework. In the fiber manufacturering process, fibers are drawn to develop molecular orientation and crystallinity. Macromolecular chains are oriented with respect to the long axis of the fiber. It is desirable to determine the relationship between the molecular orientation and stretching properties. This is particularly useful on a single fiber basis. Polarized spectroscopic differences observed from a single fiber are proposed to reveal the extent of molecular orientation within that single fiber. In the work presented, we compared the dichroic ratio between unstretched and stretched polyester fibers, and the transition point between the two forms of the same fiber. These techniques were applied to different polyester fibers. A fiber stretching device was fabricated for use on the instrument (IRμs, Spectra-Tech) stage. Tension was applied with a micrometer screw until a “neck” was produced in the stretched fiber. Spectra were obtained from an area of 24×48 μm. A wire-grid polarizer was used between the source and the sample.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Levulinic Ester as Biodiesel Additives

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Elena-Emilia Oprescu ◽  
Cristina-Emanuela Enascuta ◽  
Elena Radu ◽  
Vasile Lavric
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Strength Distribution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ethyl Levulinate ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Biodiesel Blend ◽  
Acid Strength Distribution

In this study, the SO42-/TiO2-La2O3-Fe2O3 catalyst was prepared and tested in the conversion of fructose to ethyl levulinate . The catalyst was characterized from the point of view of the textural analysis, FT-IR analysis, acid strength distribution, X-ray powder diffraction and pyridine adsorption IR spectra. The influence of the reaction parameters on the ethyl levulinate yield was study. The maximum yield of 37.95% in levulinate esters was obtained at 180 �C, 2 g catalyst and 4 h reaction time. The effect of ethyl levulinate addition to diesel-biodiesel blend in different rates, i.e, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 (w.t %) on density, kinematic viscosity and flash point was evaluated and compared with the European specification.

Formulation, Optimization,and Ex-Vivo Evaluation of Novel Lipid Carriers for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Hydroquinone

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivani Verma ◽  
Sukhjinder Kaur ◽  
Lalit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Topical Delivery ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Prolonged Release ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Skin Retention

Background: HQ is used for hyper-pigmentation treatment using conventional creams and gels. These formulations show various disadvantages like poor skin permeation, allergic reactions, and repeated use decreasing patient compliance. Objectives: The present work involved formulation, statistical optimization, and characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for efficient topical delivery of hydroquinone (HQ) for hyperpigmentation treatment. Methods: The NLCs were optimized exploring Box–Behnken design (BBD) using three independent variables and two dependent variables. Formulation having the minimum size and maximum drug entrapment was considered as optimized formulation. Optimized formulation was evaluated for drug release followed by its freeze-drying. The freeze-dried formulation was subjected to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, X-raydiffraction (XRD) analysis, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Furthermore, NLCs based gel was prepared by using Carbopol 934 as a gelling agent. NLCs based gel was evaluated for skin permeation, skin retention, and skin distribution (through confocal microscopic analysis) using pig ear skin. Results: Optimized NLCs showed smaller particle size [(271.9 ± 9) nm], high drug entrapment [(66.4 ± 1.2) %], tolerable polydispersity index (PDI) (0.221 ± 0.012), and zeta potential [(-25.9± 1.2) mV]. The FT-IR analysis revealed excellent compatibility between HQ and other excipients. The Carbopol 934 gel containing NLCs showed high transdermal flux [(163 ± 16.2) μg/cm2/h], permeability coefficient (0.0326 ± 0.0016), and skin permeation enhancement ratio (3.7 ± 0.4) compared to marketed cream of HQ. The results of confocal microscopic (CLSM) analysis revealed the accumulation of optimized NLCs in the lower epidermal layers of skin. Conclusion: NLCs based gel was considered effective in the topical delivery of HQ to treat hyper-pigmentation due high skin permeation, skin retention, and prolonged release of HQ.

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