scholarly journals From Fish Eggs to Fish Name: Caviar Species Discrimination by COIBar-RFLP, an Efficient Molecular Approach to Detect Fraud in the Caviar Trade

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Pappalardo ◽  
Agnese Petraccioli ◽  
Teresa Capriglione ◽  
Venera Ferrito
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Acipenser Transmontanus ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Molecular Approach ◽  
Huso Huso ◽  
Fish Eggs ◽  
Restriction Patterns ◽  
Cyclopterus Lumpus ◽  
Seafood Products ◽  
Species Specific

The demand for caviar is growing as is its price on the market. Due to the decline of true caviar production from sturgeons, eggs from other fish species and other animals have been used as substitutes for caviar. The labels on these products should indicate the species from which the eggs were derived, but the label can be misleading in some cases. In this context, species identification using DNA analysis is crucial for traceability and authentication of caviar products. In this work, we applied the COIBar-RFLP procedure to obtain species-specific endonuclease restriction patterns useful to discriminate “caviar” species. The tested caviar products were identified as originating from eight species: Acipenser transmontanus, A. gueldenstaedtii, A. stellatus, A. baerii, Mallotus villosus, Huso huso, Cyclopterus lumpus and Eumicrotremus orbis. The results demonstrated that 14% of the caviar products examined have a label that does not indicate the species from which the eggs were originated. The MboI restriction enzyme produced specific profiles discriminating the eight species, confirming that the COIBar-RFLP is a useful approach for routine screening of seafood products due to its ease and rapid execution, as the results of screening can be obtained within 7 h, by-passing the need for sequencing.

scholarly journals A comparative study of clinical and food isolates ofListeria monocytogenesand related species

1990 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Szabo ◽  
P. M. Desmarchelier
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Restriction Endonuclease ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Restriction Patterns

SUMMARYNinety-six isolates of presumptive or confirmedListeria monocytogeneswere obtained from local clinical (30 isolates) or food laboratories (66 isolates). Minimal biochemical analysis identified only 80% of these isolates asL. monocytogenesthe remaining includedL. seeligeri, 1%, or the non-haemolyticL. innocua, 19%. The 27 clinical and 50 food isolates, mainly from meat products, frozen confectionaries, and cheeses, confirmed asL. monocytogeneswere compared biochemically and serologically. Twenty-one isolates, including some strains ofL. innocuaandL. seeligeri, were examined for pathogenicity in immunocompromized mice and 44 typed using bacterial restriction endonuclease DNA analysis (BRENDA). Only isolates ofL. monocytogeneswere found to be pathogenic. Biovar-typing of the isolates was unreliable and provided poor discrimination. Serogroups 1/2 and 4 predominated among clinical and food isolates and BRENDA provided better discrimination among isolates. Ten stable and reproducible restriction patterns were observed among theListeriasp. isolates studied. Overall, a combination of techniques gave the best discrimination and indicated their potential for use as epidemiological tools.

Integrative description of five Pseudechiniscus species (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae: the suillus-facettalis complex)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4763 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
MILENA ROSZKOWSKA ◽  
DARIA GROBYS ◽  
TOMASZ BARTYLAK ◽  
MAGDALENA GAWLAK ◽  
HANNA KMITA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Integrative Taxonomy ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
Morphology And Morphometry ◽  
Species Specific

Pseudechiniscus is a morphologically homogeneous heterotardigrade genus with a relatively low number of morphological features useful for the species discrimination. The species of the Pseudechiniscus suillus-facettalis complex are some of the most challenging tardigrades to identify. Here, we examine several populations from Antarctica, Italy, Madagascar and Norway that would have most likely been attributed to Pse. suillus prior to the recent redescription of the species. Populations were analysed using integrative taxonomy—a combination of classical morphology and morphometry, as well as genetic data. Besides minute differences in dorsal sculpture and morphometry, we found clear, species-specific differences in ventral sculpture which are very useful in discrimination of Pseudechiniscus species. Based on morphology (mainly ventral sculpture) and significant genetic distances in COI and ITS-2 sequences, we describe five new species: Pse. angelusalas sp. nov. from Madagascar, Pse. dastychi sp. nov. from Antarctica, Pse. ehrenbergi sp. nov. from Italy as well as Pse. indistinctus sp. nov. and Pse. lacyformis sp. nov. from Norway. Finally, we provide an updated phylogenetic tree of the genus Pseudechiniscus based on COI sequences. 

High diversity in the Pseudechiniscus suillus–facettalis complex (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) with remarks on the morphology of the genus Pseudechiniscus

2020 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Grobys ◽  
Milena Roszkowska ◽  
Magdalena Gawlak ◽  
Hanna Kmita ◽  
Andrzej Kepel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Data ◽  
Integrative Taxonomy ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Extensive Discussion ◽  
Morphology And Morphometry ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
General Appearance

Abstract Pseudechiniscus is a morphologically homogeneous genus of tardigrades. The morphological features commonly used for species discrimination in this genus are the dorsal sculpture, the shape and number of dorsal plates and trunk appendages. Species of the Pseudechiniscus suillus–facettalis complex are one of the most challenging tardigrades to identify. All species are similar in their general appearance and all lack trunk appendages. Moreover, not only the nominal Pseudechiniscus suillus, but also other members of the suillus–facettalis complex have been insufficiently described. In our study, we examined several populations from the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres that could be traditionally attributed to Pse. suillus. These populations were analysed using integrative taxonomy – a combination of classical morphology and morphometry with molecular data. Besides the differences in the dorsal sculpture and morphometry, we also found species-specific differences in ventral sculpture, which were originally used for discrimination of Pseudechiniscus species. Moreover, we provide an extensive discussion on all morphological and morphometric differences used in Pseudechiniscus taxonomy and indicate main taxonomic problems with this genus. Finally, we redescribe the nominal Pse. suillus from Italy.

scholarly journals Molecular differentiation of four Reptalus species (Hemiptera: Cixiidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bertin ◽  
L. Picciau ◽  
Z. Ács ◽  
A. Alma ◽  
D. Bosco
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Gene Coi ◽  
Phytoplasma Infection ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Dna Pcr

AbstractThe cixiid species Reptalus quinquecostatus, R. cuspidatus, R. panzeri and R. melanochaetus are widely distributed in Europe and are receiving growing attention because of their potential role as phytoplasma vectors. Identifying the Reptalus species is restricted to a few specialist entomologists and relies on the morphology of the male genitalia, hampering the identification of juveniles and females. This study provides the tools for species discrimination by integrating the morphological description, which is primarily for the genus identification, with new molecular assays, based on both ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA. PCR-RFLP assays carried out on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) with AluI provided species-specific profiles for the four Reptalus species. Amplification of a ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region produced species-specific fragments of different sizes for R. quinquecostatus, R. melanochaetus, R. cuspidatus and R. panzeri. The digestion of the ITS2 PCR product with TaqI allowed the discrimination of these latter two species. This molecular identification key ensures reliable results and can be successfully applied not only to adults, but also to the nymphs feeding on the roots. The identification of the nymphs (i) extends the collection period of these monovoltine species to the whole year (adults are present for a short summer period) and (ii) allows the unambiguous identification of their actual host plants because nymphs are steady on the root system while adults tend to disperse onto other plants. Fast and reliable identification of the Reptalus species provides useful help in monitoring activities and, therefore, in designing rational control strategies to protect crops from phytoplasma infection.

Heat-shock protein 70 PCR-RFLP: a universal simple tool for Leishmania species discrimination in the New and Old World

Parasitology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 137 (8) ◽  
pp. 1159-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. MONTALVO ◽  
J. FRAGA ◽  
L. MONZOTE ◽  
I. MONTANO ◽  
S. DE DONCKER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Restriction Fragment ◽  
Heat Shock Protein 70 ◽  
New World ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Specific Restriction ◽  
Species Specific

SUMMARYIntroduction. Species typing in leishmaniasis gains importance in diagnostics, epidemiology, and clinical studies. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay of PCR amplicons from a partial heat-shock protein 70 gene (hsp70) had been described for the New World, allowing identification of some species. Methods. Based on an initial in silico analysis of 51 hsp70 sequences, most of which we recently determined in the frame of a phylogenetic study, species-specific restriction sites were identified. These were tested by PCR-RFLP on 139 strains from 14 species, thereby documenting both inter- and intra-species variability. Results. Our assay could identify Leishmania infantum, L. donovani, L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. major, L. lainsoni, L. naiffi, L. braziliensis, L. peruviana, L. guyanensis, and L. panamensis by applying 2 subsequent digests. L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, and L. garnhami did not generate species-specific restriction fragment patterns. Conclusion. Currently no assay is available for global Leishmania species discrimination. We present a universal PCR-RFLP method allowing identification of most medically relevant Old and New World Leishmania species on the basis of a single PCR, obviating the need to perform separate PCRs. The technique is simple to perform and can be implemented in all settings where PCR is available.

scholarly journals PFAAs in Fish and Other Seafood Products from Icelandic Waters

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hrönn Jörundsdóttir ◽  
Thorhallur I. Halldorsson ◽  
Helga Gunnlaugsdottir
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Cyclopterus Lumpus ◽  
The North ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Seafood Products ◽  
Exposure Source ◽  
Wet Weight

Perfluorinatedalkyl acids (PFAAs) are of growing concern due to possible health effects on humans. Exposure assessments indicate that fish consumption is one of the major sources of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure to humans, one of the major PFASs, whereas concerns of overestimation of this exposure source have been raised. Therefore, PFAAs concentrations in fish from the North Atlantic (Icelandic fishing grounds) in the flesh of different fish species were investigated along with more detailed analyses of tissue concentrations in cod (Gadus morhua) and lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). Further, fish feed was investigated as a possible source of PFAAs in aquaculture by examining fish meal as feed ingredient. No PFAAs were detected in the edible part of all fish samples, except for PFOS in pollock (Pollachius virens, 0,05 ng/g wet weight). PFOS was the only PFAA detected in the fish meal samples with the exception of PFOSA in blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) meal (0,45 ng/g dry weight (d.w.)), where the PFOS concentration was 1,3–13 ng/g d.w. in the capelin (Mallotus villosus) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus) meal samples. The conclusions of the study are that fish commonly consumed from the Icelandic fishing grounds are unlikely to be an important source of PFAAs exposure.

scholarly journals The efficiency of universal mitochondrial DNA barcodes for species discrimination of Pomacea canaliculata and Pomacea maculata

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8755
Author(s):  
Adrian Kannan ◽  
Suganiya Rama Rao ◽  
Shyamala Ratnayeke ◽  
Yoon-Yen Yow
Keyword(s):  
16S Rdna ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Pomacea Canaliculata ◽  
Agricultural Wetlands ◽  
Barcoding Gap ◽  
Species Specific

Invasive apple snails, Pomacea canaliculata and P. maculata, have a widespread distribution globally and are regarded as devastating pests of agricultural wetlands. The two species are morphologically similar, which hinders species identification via morphological approaches and species-specific management efforts. Advances in molecular genetics may contribute effective diagnostic tools to potentially resolve morphological ambiguity. DNA barcoding has revolutionized the field of taxonomy by providing an alternative, simple approach for species discrimination, where short sections of DNA, the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in particular, are used as ‘barcodes’ to delineate species boundaries. In our study, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of two mitochondrial markers, the COI and 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (16S rDNA) markers for DNA barcoding of P. canaliculata and P. maculata. The COI and 16S rDNA sequences of 40 Pomacea specimens collected from six localities in Peninsular Malaysia were analyzed to assess their barcoding performance using phylogenetic methods and distance-based assessments. The results confirmed both markers were suitable for barcoding P. canaliculata and P. maculata. The phylogenies of the COI and 16S rDNA markers demonstrated species-specific monophyly and were largely congruent with the exception of one individual. The COI marker exhibited a larger barcoding gap (6.06–6.58%) than the 16S rDNA marker (1.54%); however, the magnitude of barcoding gap generated within the barcoding region of the 16S rDNA marker (12-fold) was bigger than the COI counterpart (approximately 9-fold). Both markers were generally successful in identifying P. canaliculata and P. maculata in the similarity-based DNA identifications. The COI + 16S rDNA concatenated dataset successfully recovered monophylies of P. canaliculata and P. maculata but concatenation did not improve individual datasets in distance-based analyses. Overall, although both markers were successful for the identification of apple snails, the COI molecular marker is a better barcoding marker and could be utilized in various population genetic studies of P. canaliculata and P. maculata.

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