Optimizing Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Chinese Wild Rice

In this study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used for the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of valuable bioactive compounds from Chinese wild rice (Zizania spp.). To this end, 7 different choline chloride (CC)-based DESs were tested as green extraction solvents. Choline chloride/1,4-butanediol (DES-2) exhibited the best extraction efficiency in terms of parameters such as the total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH● and ABTS●+). Subsequently, the UAE procedure using 76.6% DES-2 was also optimized: An extraction temperature of 51.2 °C and a solid–liquid ratio of 37.0 mg/mL were considered optimal by a Box–Behnken experiment. The optimized extraction procedure proved efficient for the extraction of 9 phenolic and 3 flavonoid compounds from Chinese wild rice as determined by quantification based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS). This work, thus, demonstrates the possibility of customizing green solvents that offer greater extraction capacity than that of organic solvents.

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Extraction of tomato pomace with "green" solvents and evaluation of antioxidant properties

Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving ◽

10.20535/2617-9741.2.2021.235866 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 59-65

Author(s):

Viktoria Vorobyova ◽

Margarita Skiba ◽

Inna Trus ◽

Heorhiy Vasyliyev

Keyword(s):

Organic Compounds ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Green Solvents ◽

Tomato Pomace

Most conventional organic solvents are toxic and pose high risks to human health. In this context, green solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents (DES), are promising and environmentally friendly. DES exhibit the advantages of ionic liquids and, in addition to being inexpensive, are low- or non-toxic, renewable and often biodegradable. The most important by-product generated from the vegetable industry is the so-called pomace that still contains a large number of bioactive compounds of great interest, such as phenolic compounds which have antioxidation properties. Antioxidant compounds are known as molecules that are able to stabilize, inhibit, deactivate and scavenge free radicals, thus protecting the human body against oxidative damage. In this study, a choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent was used in ultrasound-assisted extraction of "green" organic compounds from tomato pomace (Lycopersicon esculentum. Mill.). Characterization HPLC-DAD methods were employed and total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC) were assayed. Various experimental techniques including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were used to characterize the antioxidant activity of the extract. The phenolic content of the extracts was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The results also indicated the highest antioxidant activities measured in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging (40%) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)(50%), as well as highest total phenolic content (TPC) (11.12 ± 0.02 mg gallic acid equivalent/g fresh weight). For this reason, in the future, the use of eutectic solvents may be the best method for the extraction of organic compounds from tomato pomace.

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Novel Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Levulinic Acid and 1,4-Butanediol as an Extraction Media for Bioactive Alkaloid Rutaecarpine

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr7030171 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 171 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yue-Yue Si ◽

Shi-Wei Sun ◽

Kun Liu ◽

Yang Liu ◽

Hai-Lin Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Levulinic Acid ◽

Extraction Efficiency ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Extraction Procedure ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽

Supermolecular Structure ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Unripe Fruits

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are increasingly receiving interest as a new type of green and sustainable alternative to hazardous organic solvents. In this work, a novel DES based on levulinic acid (La) and 1,4-butanediol (Buta) as an extraction media was developed for extracting the bioactive alkaloid rutaecarpine from the unripe fruits of Tetradium ruticarpum. 24 different DESs consisting of choline chloride, betaine, sugar alcohols, organic acids, amides, and sugars were prepared and tailored to test their extraction efficiency. After initial screening, a hydrophilic DES composed of La and Buta with 1:0.5 molar ratio containing 25% water was tailored for the highest extraction efficiency, followed by the optimizations of molar ratio and water content. The interaction between the molecules of La-Buta DES was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in order to confirm its deep eutectic supermolecular structure feature. The extraction conditions were optimized by single-factor experiments, including extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid-liquid ratio. The developed La-Buta DES extraction procedure was successfully applied for the analysis of rutaecarpine in Chinese patent medicines containing the unripe fruits of T. ruticarpum. The excellent property of La-Buta DES indicated its potential as a promising green solvent instead of conventional organic solvent for the extraction of rutaecarpine from the unripe fruits of T. ruticarpum, and that it can used as a sustainable and safe extraction media for other applications.

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Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from lemon balm and peppermint leaves

International Agrophysics ◽

10.1515/intag-2015-0077 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 95-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jana Šic Žlabur ◽

Sandra Voća ◽

Nadica Dobričević ◽

Stjepan Pliestić ◽

Ante Galić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ultrasonic Extraction ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Phenols ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Lemon Balm ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction (frequency, time, temperature) on the content of bioactive compounds as well as on the antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts from fresh lemon balm and peppermint leaves. Total phenols, flavonoids, non-flavonoids, total chlorophylls, total carotenoids, and radical scavenging capacity were determined. Moreover, the relationship between bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity was studied by linear regression. A significant increase in all studied bioactive compounds during ultrasonic extraction for 5 to 20 min was found. With the classical extraction method, the highest amounts of total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were determined, and the maximum amounts of total chlorophylls and carotenoids were determined during 20 min ultrasonic extraction. The correlation analysis revealed a strong, positive relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds.

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Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Gomphrena celosioides Mart. using response surface methodology

Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia ◽

10.4314/bcse.v34i2.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 237-248

Author(s):

N. T. H. Yen ◽

L. P. T. Quoc

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Solid Ratio ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted ◽

Gomphrena Celosioides ◽

Experimental Values

In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used to extract bioactive compounds from Gomphrena celosioides Mart. Central composite face design (CCF) was used to optimize the influences of extraction factors on total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH-RSC). The results obtained showed that all factors (solvent to solid ratio, extraction time and extraction temperature) strongly affected TPC, TFC, and DPPH-RSC. The optimal extraction conditions for TPC (3.123 mg GAE/g DW), TFC (1.736 mg QE/g DW), and DPPH-RSC (64.118%) were solvent to solid ratio of 27.3/1 (mL/g), extraction time of 40.2 min, and extraction temperature of 69 oC. In addition, under the optimal conditions, the results pointed out that the experimental values agreed with those predicted. Hence, this model has successfully optimized the extraction conditions for TPC, TFC and DPPH-RSC of Gomphrena celosioides extract. KEY WORDS: Antioxidant activity, CCF, Flavonoids, Model, Phenolic compounds, Regression equation Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2020, 34(2), 237-248 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i2.3

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Extraction of Anthocyanins from Borage (Echium amoenum) Flowers Using Choline Chloride and a Glycerol-Based, Deep Eutectic Solvent: Optimization, Antioxidant Activity, and In Vitro Bioavailability

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules27010134 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 134

Author(s):

Oscar Zannou ◽

Hojjat Pashazadeh ◽

Mohamed Ghellam ◽

Salam A. Ibrahim ◽

Ilkay Koca

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Total Anthocyanin ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Echium Amoenum

Borage flower (Echium amoenum), an annual herb native to the Mediterranean region, is an excellent source of anthocyanins and is widely used in various forms due to its biological activities. In the present study, a choline chloride and glycerol (CHGLY)-based natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) was applied in order to extract the anthocyanins from borage flowers. The traditional solvents, including water, methanol, and ethanol, were used to evaluate the efficiency of CHGLY. The results showed that CHGLY was highly efficient compared to the traditional solvents, providing the highest amounts of the total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), individual anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays). The most dominant anthocyanin found in studied borage was cyanidin-3-glucoside, followed by cyanin chloride, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, and pelargonidin-3-glucoside. The bioavailability % was 71.86 ± 0.47%, 77.29 ± 0.57%, 80.22 ± 0.65%, and 90.95 ± 1.01% for cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, by pelargonidin-3-glucoside and cyanin chloride, respectively. However, cyanidin-3-glucoside was the anthocyanin compound showing the highest stability (99.11 ± 1.66%) in the gastrointestinal environment. These results suggested that choline chloride and glycerol-based NADES is not only an efficient, eco-friendly solvent for the extraction of anthocyanins but can also be used to increase the bioavailability of anthocyanins.

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Optimization of Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Baphicacanthus cusia Leaves by Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26061729 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 1729

Author(s):

Zhiqin Xu ◽

Yini Cai ◽

Qing Ma ◽

Zhimin Zhao ◽

Depo Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Green Solvents ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are considered as efficient and green solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. In this work, a novel method of DES-based ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Baphicacanthus cusia leaves (BCL) was established. Systematic screening and the morphology of the original and treated BCL were observed with scanning electron microscopy to determine the extraction efficiency of different solvents. The extraction conditions were optimized by Box–Behnken design (BBD) tests and the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: lactic acid/L-menthol ratio of 5: 2 (mol/mol), solid–liquid ratio of 80.0 mL/g and temperature of 60.5 °C. The extraction yields of tryptanthrin, indigo and indirubin reached 0.356, 1.744 and 0.562 mg/g, respectively. The results of a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging activity test indicated the feasibility of DESs in the extraction of bioactive compounds. This study indicated that L-menthol/lactic acid was a green and efficient solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds from BCL, and DES-based ultrasound-assisted extraction could be used as an effective application strategy for the extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants.

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Mathematical Modelling of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Kinetics of Bioactive Compounds from Artichoke By-Products

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10050931 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 931

Author(s):

Cristina Reche ◽

Carmen Rosselló ◽

Mónica M. Umaña ◽

Valeria Eim ◽

Susana Simal

Keyword(s):

Power Density ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Yield Curves ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted ◽

Ultrasound Power

Valorization of an artichoke by-product, rich in bioactive compounds, by ultrasound-assisted extraction, is proposed. The extraction yield curves of total phenolic content (TPC) and chlorogenic acid content (CAC) in 20% ethanol (v/v) with agitation (100 rpm) and ultrasound (200 and 335 W/L) were determined at 25, 40, and 60 °C. A mathematical model considering simultaneous diffusion and convection is proposed to simulate the extraction curves and to quantify both temperature and ultrasound power density effects in terms of the model parameters variation. The effective diffusion coefficient exhibited temperature dependence (72% increase for TPC from 25 °C to 60 °C), whereas the external mass transfer coefficient and the equilibrium extraction yield depended on both temperature (72% and 90% increases for TPC from 25 to 60 °C) and ultrasound power density (26 and 51% increases for TPC from 0 (agitation) to 335 W/L). The model allowed the accurate curves simulation, the average mean relative error being 5.3 ± 2.6%. Thus, the need of considering two resistances in series to satisfactorily simulate the extraction yield curves could be related to the diffusion of the bioactive compound from inside the vegetable cells toward the intercellular volume and from there, to the liquid phase.

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New insights of phenolic compounds from optimized fruit extract of Ficus auriculata

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-91913-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

M. Shahinuzzaman ◽

Parul Akhtar ◽

N. Amin ◽

Yunus Ahmed ◽

Farah Hannan Anuar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Total Phenolic Content ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Fruit Extract ◽

Optimum Extraction

AbstractIn this study, the extraction conditions extracted maximize amounts of phenolic and bioactive compounds from the fruit extract of Ficus auriculata by using optimized response surface methodology. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated through the assay of radical scavenging ability on DPPH and ABTS as well as reducing power assays on total phenolic content (TPC). For the extraction purpose, the ultrasonic assisted extraction technique was employed. A second-order polynomial model satisfactorily fitted to the experimental findings concerning antioxidant activity (R2 = 0.968, P < 0.0001) and total phenolic content (R2 = 0.961, P < 0.0001), indicating a significant correlation between the experimental and expected value. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was achieved 85.20 ± 0.96% at the optimum extraction parameters of 52.5% ethanol (v/v), 40.0 °C temperature, and 22 min extraction time. Alternatively, the highest yield of total phenolic content was found 31.65 ± 0.94 mg GAE/g DF at the optimum extraction conditions. From the LC–ESI–MS profiling of the optimized extract, 18 bioactive compounds were tentatively identified, which may regulate the antioxidant activity of fruits of F. auriculata.

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Comparison of the Phytochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxic Effect on HepG2 Cells in Mongolian and Taiwanese Rhubarb Species

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26051217 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 1217

Author(s):

Ganbolor Jargalsaikhan ◽

Jin-Yi Wu ◽

Yen-Chou Chen ◽

Ling-Ling Yang ◽

Ming-Shun Wu

Keyword(s):

Liver Cancer ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Cytotoxic Effect ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Parp Cleavage ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Capacities ◽

Phytochemical Contents

The Mongolian rhubarb—Rheum undulatum L. (RU)—and Rumex crispus L. (RC)—a Taiwanese local rhubarb belonging to the family of Polygonaceae—are principal therapeutic materials in integrative medicine due to their rich quantities of bioactive compounds; however, their phytochemical and antioxidant properties, and anti-cancer activity is poorly investigated. Furthermore, the phytochemical characteristics of both species may be affected by their different geographical distribution and climatic variance. The current study aimed to compare RU with RC extracts in different polarity solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, and water) for their phytochemical contents including the total phenolic content (TPC), total anthraquinone content (TAC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacities, and anticancer ability on the HepG2 cell. Except for the n-hexane extract, all of the RU extracts had considerably higher TPCs than RC extracts, ranging from 8.39 to 11.16 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of dry weight, and the TPCs of each extract were also significantly correlated with their antioxidant capacities by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was no remarkable association between the antioxidant capacities and either TACs or TFCs in both the RU and RC extracts. Besides, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that both the RU and RC extracts contained chrysophanol, emodin, and physcion, and those bioactive compounds were relatively higher in the n-hexane solvent extracts. Additionally, we observed different levels of dose-dependent cytotoxic effects in all the extracts by cell viability assay. Notably, the ethanol extract of RU had a compelling cytotoxic effect with the lowest half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC50-171.94 ± 6.56 µg/mL at 48 h) among the RU extracts than the ethanol extract of RC. Interestingly, the ethanol extract of RU but not RC significantly induced apoptosis in the human liver cancer cell line, HepG2, with a distinct pattern in caspase-3 activation, resulting in increased PARP cleavage and DNA damage. In summary, Mongolian Rhubarb, RU, showed more phytochemical contents, as well as a higher antioxidant capacity and apoptotic effect to HepG2 than RC; thus, it can be exploited for the proper source of natural antioxidants and liver cancer treatment in further investigation.

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Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Grape Pomace

International Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijfe-2019-0191 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1-2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cassiano Brown da Rocha ◽

Caciano Pelayo Zapata Noreña

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Grape Pomace ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Microwave Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted

AbstractThe grape pomace is a by-product from the industrial processing of grape juice, which can be used as a source of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to separate the phenolic compounds from grape pomace using an acidic aqueous solution with 2 % citric acid as a solvent, using both ultrasound-assisted extraction, with powers of 250, 350 and 450 W and times of 5, 10 and 15 min, and microwave-assisted extraction using powers of 600, 800 and 1,000 W and times of 5, 7 and 10 min. The results showed that for both methods of extraction, the contents of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH increased with time, and microwave at 1,000 W for 10 min corresponded to the best extraction condition. However, the contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were lower than exhaustive extraction using acidified methanol solution.

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