scholarly journals Migration, Crystallization and Dissolution Changes of Salt Solution with Color Rendering Property in Porous Quartz Materials

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 5708
Author(s):  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Hongjie Luo ◽  
Xiao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solution ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Salt Crystallization ◽  
Salt Crystal ◽  
Cycle Frequency ◽  
Copper Sulfate Solution ◽  
Color Rendering ◽  
Cultural Relics

In order to visually display the migration and crystallization process of salt solution in porous cultural relics, copper sulfate solution with color rendering property was selected to record the migration, crystallization and resolution of salt solution in simulated SiO2 samples under different environmental conditions in real time through high-resolution recording system, scanning electron microscope system, salt phase X-ray diffraction system, and so on. The results showed the migration of salt solution in porous samples was related to the structural characteristics of the porous samples, the migration rate of salt solution, the evaporation rate and the change frequency of crystallization–resolution, etc., in which the large pore size of the sample, the higher the concentration and the faster migration and evaporation rate of salt solution, the greater the change rate of the brine accumulation zone or salt crystallization zone in the different porous samples. During the humidification–drying cycles of rainfall, the higher the cycle frequency of humidification–drying was, the higher the drying temperature was, the more frequent the crystallization-analysis change of salt in the salt-bearing sample was, and the more extensive the distribution of salt crystal zone was. This is the first time to visualize the salt belt by simulating the changing process of a salt solution with a color rendering property in porous samples. This has scientific theoretical guidance for the study of the migration–crystallization changes of soluble salts contained in porous silicate cultural relics. The visibility analysis results of multilayer salt crystal belts can also provide the preliminary basis for further effective desalination of salt bearing cultural relics.

Computed tomography assessment of soil and sediment porosity modifications from exposure to an acid copper sulfate solution

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 103194
Author(s):  
Francisco R.A. Ziegler-Rivera ◽  
Blanca Prado ◽  
Alfonso Gastelum-strozzi ◽  
Jorge Márquez ◽  
Lucy Mora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Copper Sulfate Solution ◽  
Soil And Sediment

Impact of the Kinetics of Salt Crystallization on Stone Damage During Rewetting/Drying and Humidity Cycling

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Desarnaud ◽  
François Bertrand ◽  
Noushine Shahidzadeh-Bonn
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Salt Crystallization ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Contrast Microscopy ◽  
Salt Crystals ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinetics Of

In this study, we show that the key to understand why the same salt can cause damage in some conditions and not in others is the kinetics of crystallization. We present experiments assessing the impact of the recrystallization dynamics of sodium sulfate on damage observed in sandstone after repeated cycles of rewetting/drying and humidification/drying. Macroscopic and microscopic scale experiments using magnetic resonance imaging and phase contrast microscopy demonstrate that sodium sulfate that has both hydrated and anhydrous phases can lead to severe damage in sandstone during rewetting/drying cycles, but not during humidity cycling. During rewetting (a rapid process) in regions (pores) that are highly concentrated in salt, anhydrous microcrystals dissolve only partially, giving rise to a heterogeneous salt solution that is supersaturated with respect to the hydrated phase. The remaining anhydrous crystals then act as seeds for the formation of large amounts of hydrated crystals, creating grape-like structures that expand rapidly. These clusters can generate stresses larger than the tensile strength of the stone, leading to damage. On the other hand, with humidification (a slow process) and after complete deliquescence of salt crystals, the homogeneous sodium sulfate solution can reach high concentrations during evaporation without any nucleation, favoring the formation of isolated anhydrous crystals (thenardite). The crystallization of the anhydrous salt generates only very small stresses compared to the hydrated clusters and therefore causes hardly any damage to the stone.

scholarly journals Deterioration Regularity of Sodium Sulfate Solution Attack on Cemented Coal Gangue-Fly Ash Backfill under Drying-Wetting Cycles

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Shaojie Chen ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Dawei Yin ◽  
Junbiao Ma
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Coal Gangue ◽  
Salt Crystallization ◽  
Sodium Sulfate Solution ◽  
Sulfate Ion ◽  
Sulfate Ions ◽  
Ion Contents ◽  
The Masses

To research the properties of cemented coal gangue-fly ash backfill (CGFB) exposed to different concentrations of sodium sulfate solutions under drying-wetting cycles, the mass changes, uniaxial compressive strengths, sulfate ion contents at different depths, and microstructures of CGFB samples were measured in this study. The results show that the CGFB samples were damaged by salt crystallization in the dry state and attacked by the expansive products in the wet state. The sulfate ion contents in CGFB samples increased with the sulfate concentrations and drying-wetting cycles and decreased from the surface to the inside of the samples. The damage process of CGFB samples evolved from the surface to the inside. In the early stage of corrosion, sulfate ions adsorbed to the surface of CGFB samples and consumed nonhydrated particles to form acicular ettringite and other products that filled the material pores. For this stage, the driving force of sulfate ions to enter into the CGFB samples was the highest for the samples immersed in 15% sodium sulfate solution, and the masses and strengths increased the fastest. As the drying-wetting cycles continued, the nonhydrated particles inside the samples were nearly completely hydrated, and the samples were constantly damaged by salt crystallization and dissolution. The corrosion ions entered into the samples and consumed portlandite to produce a large amount of prismatic ettringite and aggravated the internal corrosion of CGFB samples. At the fifteenth drying-wetting cycle, the higher the salt concentration of the immersion solution was, the faster the masses and the strengths of CGFB samples decreased. Moreover, the surface spalling and failure of CGFB samples were more severe.

scholarly journals Visualization of Latent Fingerprints on Aluminum

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 945-946
Author(s):  
Rachel Fischer ◽  
Marco Oetken
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Copper Deposition ◽  
Decisive Factor ◽  
Visualization Method ◽  
Latent Fingerprints ◽  
Copper Sulfate Solution ◽  
Negative Image

For aluminum, a new visualization method is presented in which copper is deposited electrochemically. The fingerprint on the aluminum (trace carrier) serves as an insulator as it prevents direct contact between electrolyte and aluminum. The decisive factor is the choice of an ammoniacal copper sulfate solution, which acts as a corrosion inhibitor due to the ammonia molecules. This enables uniform copper deposition on aluminum and thus the development of a clearly defined negative image.

Development of Cu Brazing Sheet with Cu-P Composite Plating

2007 ◽  
Vol 353-358 ◽  
pp. 2025-2028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikuo Shohji ◽  
Susumu Arai ◽  
Naoki Kano ◽  
Noboru Otomo ◽  
Masahisa Uenishi
Keyword(s):  
Joint Strength ◽  
Composite Layer ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Copper Sulfate Solution ◽  
Composite Plating ◽  
Cu Alloys ◽  
Plating Method ◽  
Brazed Joint ◽  
Plating Layer ◽  
Start Temperature

A Cu brazing sheet has been developed using a Cu-P composite plating method. A Cu-P composite plating layer, which contains 7mass%P, was formed on a Cu plate with a copper sulfate solution including P particles. The melting start temperature of the Cu-P composite layer was determined to be approximately 765°C. Microstructure and joint strength of a brazed joint with the Cu-P composite layer were investigated and compared with those of the joint with a conventional Cu-7P filler foil. As the results of the study, it was clarified that the Cu-P composite layer developed is feasible to use as a brazing material for Cu and Cu alloys.

Fabrication of Nanorod Arrays for Organic Solar Cell Applications

2004 ◽  
Vol 836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Huang ◽  
Harry Efstathiadis ◽  
Pradeep Haldar ◽  
Hee-Gyoun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
Organic Solar Cells ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Nanorod Array ◽  
Metal Foil ◽  
Nanorod Arrays ◽  
Copper Sulfate Solution ◽  
Copper Nanorods

ABSTRACTWe report on a novel use of nanorod arrays for organic based solar cell devices. A metal foil with copper nanorods attached to the surface was developed by electrodepositing copper from a copper sulfate solution into an anodic alumina oxide (AAO) template that had been coated with a metal on one side. The AAO membrane was dissolved in NaOH leaving behind an aligned array of copper nanorods. This nanorod array was evaluated to explore the possibility of increasing the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells. Nanorod array characteristics were investigated by focus ion beam, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction spectroscopy. A solar cell device was made by applying a polymer layer of poly(2-methoxy-5-(3', 7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1, 4-phenylene-vinylene) (MDMO-PPV) mixed with 6, 6 phentl-C61-butyl acid-methylester (PCBM) onto the copper nanorod array and sandwiching it with a film of poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) applied onto a indium tin oxide coated glass substrate.

Formation of Copper Nanowires by Electroless Deposition Using Microtubules as Templates

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 3416-3421
Author(s):  
K. Valenzuela ◽  
S. Raghavan ◽  
P. A. Deymier ◽  
J. Hoying
Keyword(s):  
Electroless Deposition ◽  
Inner Core ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Copper Metallization ◽  
Copper Nanowires ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Copper Sulfate Solution ◽  
Plating Bath ◽  
Self Assembling

Microtubules (MTs) are self-assembling, protein-based, tubular structures several micrometers long with outer and inner diameters of 25 nm and 15 nm, respectively. This aspect ratio makes MTs ideal templates for producing nanowires for applications such as electrical nano-interconnects. MTs are poorly conductive and their use as interconnects necessitates their metallization. We report a process for metallization of MTs with copper using a biologically benign electroless deposition chemistry consisting of copper sulfate solution containing acetic acid as a complexant and ascorbic acid as reducing agent. The pH of the plating bath is controlled such that copper metallization occurs without disassembling the MTs. Electron microscopic characterization of the morphology and dimensions of the copper nanowires shows that metallization for approximately 1 minute produces a uniform nanowire with an average diameter of approximately 15 nm, suggesting that metallization is initiated selectively from the MT inner core.

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