scholarly journals FEBID 3D-Nanoprinting at Low Substrate Temperatures: Pushing the Speed While Keeping the Quality

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1527
Author(s):  
Jakob Hinum-Wagner ◽  
David Kuhness ◽  
Gerald Kothleitner ◽  
Robert Winkler ◽  
Harald Plank
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Direct Write ◽  
General Picture ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Design Flexibility ◽  
Substrate Temperatures ◽  
Very High ◽  
Comprehensive Discussion

High-fidelity 3D printing of nanoscale objects is an increasing relevant but challenging task. Among the few fabrication techniques, focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) has demonstrated its high potential due to its direct-write character, nanoscale capabilities in 3D space and a very high design flexibility. A limitation, however, is the low fabrication speed, which often restricts 3D-FEBID for the fabrication of single objects. In this study, we approach that challenge by reducing the substrate temperatures with a homemade Peltier stage and investigate the effects on Pt based 3D deposits in a temperature range of 5–30 °C. The findings reveal a volume growth rate boost up to a factor of 5.6, while the shape fidelity in 3D space is maintained. From a materials point of view, the internal nanogranular composition is practically unaffected down to 10 °C, followed by a slight grain size increase for even lower temperatures. The study is complemented by a comprehensive discussion about the growth mechanism for a more general picture. The combined findings demonstrate that FEBID on low substrate temperatures is not only much faster, but practically free of drawbacks during high fidelity 3D nanofabrication.

Der Sommer und Herbst 2003 aus phänologischer Sicht | Summer and autumn 2003 from a phenological point of view

2004 ◽  
Vol 155 (5) ◽  
pp. 142-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Defila
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
New Record ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Leaf Shedding ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Very High ◽  
Selection Of

The record-breaking heatwave of 2003 also had an impact on the vegetation in Switzerland. To examine its influences seven phenological late spring and summer phases were evaluated together with six phases in the autumn from a selection of stations. 30% of the 122 chosen phenological time series in late spring and summer phases set a new record (earliest arrival). The proportion of very early arrivals is very high and the mean deviation from the norm is between 10 and 20 days. The situation was less extreme in autumn, where 20% of the 103 time series chosen set a new record. The majority of the phenological arrivals were found in the class «normal» but the class«very early» is still well represented. The mean precocity lies between five and twenty days. As far as the leaf shedding of the beech is concerned, there was even a slight delay of around six days. The evaluation serves to show that the heatwave of 2003 strongly influenced the phenological events of summer and spring.

scholarly journals Expanding 3D Nanoprinting Performance by Blurring the Electron Beam

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Lukas Seewald ◽  
Robert Winkler ◽  
Gerald Kothleitner ◽  
Harald Plank
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Direct Write ◽  
Design Flexibility ◽  
Individual Branch ◽  
Inclination Angles ◽  
3D Architecture ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Surface Morphologies ◽  
Nm Range ◽  
Mechanical Rigidity

Additive, direct-write manufacturing via a focused electron beam has evolved into a reliable 3D nanoprinting technology in recent years. Aside from low demands on substrate materials and surface morphologies, this technology allows the fabrication of freestanding, 3D architectures with feature sizes down to the sub-20 nm range. While indispensably needed for some concepts (e.g., 3D nano-plasmonics), the final applications can also be limited due to low mechanical rigidity, and thermal- or electric conductivities. To optimize these properties, without changing the overall 3D architecture, a controlled method for tuning individual branch diameters is desirable. Following this motivation, here, we introduce on-purpose beam blurring for controlled upward scaling and study the behavior at different inclination angles. The study reveals a massive boost in growth efficiencies up to a factor of five and the strong delay of unwanted proximal growth. In doing so, this work expands the design flexibility of this technology.

Photoluminescence spectra of undoped GaAs grown by molecular‐beam epitaxy at very high and low substrate temperatures

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 888-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Kudo ◽  
Yunosuke Makita ◽  
Ichiro Takayasu ◽  
Toshio Nomura ◽  
Toshihiko Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Photoluminescence Spectra ◽  
Substrate Temperatures ◽  
Very High ◽  
Undoped Gaas

scholarly journals Laws of the iterated logarithm on covering graphs with groups of polynomial volume growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuya Namba
Keyword(s):  
Random Walks ◽  
Quadratic Forms ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Moderate Deviation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Iterated Logarithm ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Geometric Point ◽  
Rate Functions ◽  
The Given

AbstractModerate deviation principles (MDPs) for random walks on covering graphs with groups of polynomial volume growth are discussed in a geometric point of view. They deal with any intermediate spatial scalings between those of laws of large numbers and those of central limit theorems. The corresponding rate functions are given by quadratic forms determined by the Albanese metric associated with the given random walks. We apply MDPs to establish laws of the iterated logarithm on the covering graphs by characterizing the set of all limit points of the normalized random walks.

Revolving cards: A financial analysis of the credit repayment and legal implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvador Cruz Rambaud ◽  
Salvador Cruz Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Excessive Amount ◽  
Nominal Interest Rate ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Very High

The framework of this paper is credit card holding by users and consumers, more specifically, the so-called revolving cards. In most cases, the true interest rate applied to a credit is much higher than its nominal interest rate. Usually, this is due to the existence of some fees to be paid by the holder, and to the process of splitting the periods of interest. However, the contracted annual interest rate of revolving cards is very high which, together with the peculiar amortization system, gives rise to an excessive amount of interests. The objective of this paper is to describe and analyze, from a legal and financial point of view, the main characteristics of the credit repayment in revolving cards. We conclude that the complete amortization of the principal needs a long duration and the payment of a high amount of interests.

Deposition of Polysilicon Films by Hot-Wire CVD at Low Temperatures for Photovoltaic Applications

1995 ◽  
Vol 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Puigdollers ◽  
J. Bertomeu ◽  
J. Cifre ◽  
J. Andreu ◽  
J. C. Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Hot Wire ◽  
Amorphous Phases ◽  
Photovoltaic Applications ◽  
Polysilicon Films ◽  
Hydrogen Mixtures ◽  
Si Films ◽  
Substrate Temperatures ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACTPolysilicon (poly-Si) thin films have been obtained using hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) from silane-hydrogen mixtures. The films were prepared at low substrate temperatures (down to 200°C) and at very high deposition rates (up to 40 Å/s). They showed good crystalline properties and no amorphous phases were detected. The films can also be efficiently doped by adding diborane or phosphine to gas phase. In this paper, an overview of the properties of the poly-Si films, intrinsic and p and n-doped, deposited at our laboratory by HWCVD is presented and discussed. The properties of the material and the features of the deposition technique which are interesting for their application in photovoltaics are emphasized.

Visuospatial working memory and changes of the point of view in 3D space

NeuroImage ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Schmidt ◽  
B.J. Krause ◽  
P.H. Weiss ◽  
G.R. Fink ◽  
N.J. Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory ◽  
3D Space

scholarly journals Back to the Future: Very High-Energy Electrons (VHEEs) and Their Potential Application in Radiation Therapy

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 4942
Author(s):  
Maria Grazia Ronga ◽  
Marco Cavallone ◽  
Annalisa Patriarca ◽  
Amelia Maia Leite ◽  
Pierre Loap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Dose Rate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
High Energy Electrons ◽  
Very High Energy ◽  
Very High

The development of innovative approaches that would reduce the sensitivity of healthy tissues to irradiation while maintaining the efficacy of the treatment on the tumor is of crucial importance for the progress of the efficacy of radiotherapy. Recent methodological developments and innovations, such as scanned beams, ultra-high dose rates, and very high-energy electrons, which may be simultaneously available on new accelerators, would allow for possible radiobiological advantages of very short pulses of ultra-high dose rate (FLASH) therapy for radiation therapy to be considered. In particular, very high-energy electron (VHEE) radiotherapy, in the energy range of 100 to 250 MeV, first proposed in the 2000s, would be particularly interesting both from a ballistic and biological point of view for the establishment of this new type of irradiation technique. In this review, we examine and summarize the current knowledge on VHEE radiotherapy and provide a synthesis of the studies that have been published on various experimental and simulation works. We will also consider the potential for VHEE therapy to be translated into clinical contexts.

scholarly journals Common Birds of Chitwan National Park, Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Parveen Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Protected Area ◽  
National Park ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
South Central ◽  
Tropical Vegetation ◽  
Chitwan National Park ◽  
Common Birds ◽  
Very High

 This research paper gives checklist of common birds of Chitwan National Park, which is a wild-life protected area in south-central Nepal. It covers tropical and sub-tropical vegetation. It is first protected area and includes 932 sq. km. Common birds observed are about 170 belonging to 48 Avian families during 2013-2014. Present investigator has very minutely observed birds in habitat conditions. Bird species were recognized by very high binocular. Birds were thoroughly studied from point of view of Taxonomy. Machans were also erected for observing birds.

scholarly journals Prophetism and Enigma in Zviad Gamsakhurdia’s poetry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana Qiria
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Veil ◽  
Very High

Even a glance at Zviad Gamsakhurdia's work shows that he has experienced a long creative burn, he is extremely strong in worldviews and eternal, unchanging, even strangely calm, but thematically changeable.In his work, the arousal of feelings and the veil of thought are harmoniously combined. When the register of such harmony is very high, elements of prophethood appear in Zviad Gamsakhurdia's work and it must be said that his prophecy is infallible and skillfully placed in the artistic mold. In his poetry there is a skillfully blended vague allegory conveyed with a premeditated intent, something between mediocre openness and obscure, transparent and obscure. It can be boldly said that Zviad Gamsakhurdia is a master of enigmatic poetry.The aim of the research is to critically analyze the poetry of the great Georgian figure, thinker and writer Zviad Gamsakhurdia (from a prophetic and enigmatic point of view).The method is comparative. The merits and weaknesses of Zviad Gamsakhurdia's works can be seen in comparison, more - the first.Research result - Prophecy by Zviad Gamsakhurdia is the biggest secret of life. Both his enigma and prophecy stem from bottomless freedom.

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