Regularity of Breakfast Consumption and Diet: Insights from National Adult Nutrition Survey

Breakfast is considered to be one of the most important meals of the day. Its omission has been reported to be associated with increased disease risk, such as obesity, diabetes, and coronary heart disease, as well as unhealthy lifestyle and lower dietary quality. Using data from the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS)—a food consumption survey conducted among 1500 Irish men and women over 18 years of age, residing in the Republic of Ireland at the time the survey was conducted—we aimed to characterize breakfast regularity, identify dietary patterns associated with regular breakfast consumption, and assess the nutritional quality of such dietary patterns, using the nutrient-rich food index score NRF9.3. We determined two breakfast regularity categories and assessed dietary quality, by means of adherence to the principal component analysis derived dietary patterns and the NRF9.3 dietary index. Regular breakfast consumers were identified as those who consumed breakfast 3–4 times out of the 4 days of the collection period; such consumers comprised the majority of the population (94.4%). They had the highest adherence to healthier dietary patterns, namely, the “vegetarian” (odds ratio (OR): 2.59: 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.40, 4.77), “fish and vegetables” (OR: 2.88: 95% CI: 1.63, 5.10), and “breakfast cereals” (OR: 4.62: 95% CI: 2.43, 8.79) dietary patterns. Breakfast significantly contributed to the daily micronutrient intake by providing, on average, 24% of dietary fiber, 32% of iron, 30% of calcium, 32% of folate, and 37% of riboflavin. The importance of regular breakfast consumption on those who skip breakfast should be highlighted, in order to improve compliance with nutritional recommendations and adherence to a healthy lifestyle.

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Breakfast consumption and nutrient intakes in 4–18-year-olds: UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (2008–2012)

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114517001714 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 118 (4) ◽

pp. 280-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Janine D. Coulthard ◽

Luigi Palla ◽

Gerda K. Pot

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

The Body ◽

School Age Children ◽

Nutrient Intakes ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Breakfast Consumption ◽

Breakfast Skipping ◽

Using Data

AbstractAlthough breakfast consumption is widely considered to be an important component of a healthy lifestyle, few UK studies have examined differences in nutrient intakes between breakfast consumers and breakfast skippers among children and adolescents. We investigated associations between breakfast skipping in 4–18-year-olds and their nutrient intakes using data from the UK’s National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme. Dietary data were derived from 4-d estimated food diaries of 802 children aged 4–10 years and 884 children aged 11–18 years (1686 in total). Daily nutrient intakes of children with different breakfast habits were compared by one-way ANCOVA adjusting for relevant covariates (sex, age, ethnicity, equivalised household income and BMI). Within-person analysis was carried out on children with an irregular breakfast habit (n879) comparing nutrient intakes on breakfast days with those on non-breakfast days using repeated measures ANCOVA. We observed that the overall nutritional profile of the children in terms of fibre and micronutrient intake was superior in frequent breakfast consumers (micronutrients: folate, Ca, Fe and I (P<0·01)) and, for the 4–10 years age group, on breakfast days (micronutrients: folate, vitamin C, Ca and I (P<0·01)). Also, significantly higher proportions of breakfast-consuming children met their reference nutrient intakes of folate, vitamin C, Ca, Fe and I compared with breakfast skippers (χ2analysis,P<0·001). Our study adds to the body of data linking breakfast consumption with higher quality dietary intake in school-age children, supporting the promotion of breakfast as an important element of a healthy dietary pattern in children.

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Dietary patterns in Swedish adults; results from a national dietary survey

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114515004110 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 115 (1) ◽

pp. 95-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Erika Ax ◽

Eva Warensjö Lemming ◽

Wulf Becker ◽

Agneta Andersson ◽

Anna Karin Lindroos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Patterns ◽

Fast Food ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Principal Component ◽

Processed Meat ◽

Dietary Survey ◽

Meal Pattern ◽

Nutrient Density ◽

Using Data ◽

Traditional Pattern

AbstractDietary patterns derived by statistical procedures is a way to identify overall dietary habits in specific populations. The aim of this study was to identify and characterise dietary patterns in Swedish adults using data from the national dietary survey Riksmaten adults 2010–11 (952 women, 788 men). Principal component analyses were used and two patterns were identified in both sexes: a healthy pattern loading positively on vegetables, fruits, fish and seafood, and vegetable oils, and negatively on refined bread and fast food, and a Swedish traditional pattern loading positively on potatoes, meat and processed meat, full-fat milk products, sweet bakery products, sweet condiments and margarine. In addition, a light-meal pattern was identified in women with positive loadings on fibre-rich bread, cheese, rice, pasta and food grain dishes, substitute products for meat and dairy products, candies and tea. The healthy pattern was positively correlated to dietary fibre (r0·51–0·58) andn-3 (r0·25–0·31) (allP<0·0001), and had a higher nutrient density of folate, vitamin D and Se. The Swedish traditional and the light-meal pattern were positively correlated to added sugar (r0·20–0·25) and the Swedish traditional also to SFA (r0·13–0·21) (allP<0·0001); both patterns were in general negatively correlated to micronutrients. Dietary pattern scores were associated with, for example, age, physical activity, education and income. In conclusion, we identified three major dietary patterns among Swedish adults. The patterns can be further used for examining the association between whole diet and health outcomes.

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Sociodemographic characteristics and dietary patterns in cardiometabolic risk subjects

British Food Journal ◽

10.1108/bfj-04-2019-0259 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 121 (11) ◽

pp. 2780-2790 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brenda Kelly Souza Silveira ◽

Juliana Farias de Novaes ◽

Sarah Aparecida Vieira ◽

Daniela Mayumi Usuda Prado Rocha ◽

Arieta Carla Gualandi Leal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Principal Component ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Content Type ◽

Traditional Pattern

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the associations of dietary patterns with sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics in a cardiometabolic risk population. Design/methodology/approach In this cross-sectional study data from 295 (n=123 men/172 women, 42±16 years) participants in a Cardiovascular Health Care Program were included. After a 24-hour recall interview the dietary patterns were determined using principal component analysis. Sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle data were collected by medical records. Findings Subjects with diabetes and hypertension had a higher adherence in the “traditional” pattern (rice, beans, tubers, oils and meats). Poisson regression models showed that male subjects with low schooling and smokers had greater adherence to the “traditional” pattern. Also, students, women, and those with higher schooling and sleeping =7 h/night showed higher adherence to healthy patterns (whole grains, nuts, fruits and dairy). Women, young adults and those with higher schooling and fewer sleep hours had greater adherence to healthy dietary patterns. Those with low schooling and unhealthy lifestyle showed more adherence to the “traditional” pattern. Social implications The results indicate the importance to personalized nutritional therapy and education against cardiometabolic risk, considering the dietary patterns specific to each population. Originality/value Socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics can influence dietary patterns and this is one of the few studies that investigated this relationship performing principal component analysis.

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Comprehensive unhealthy lifestyle is associated with alcohol consumption as J-shaped curve

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz187.134 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

I Shimoshikiryo ◽

R Ibusuki ◽

K Shimatani ◽

D Nishimoto ◽

T Takezaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Baseline Survey ◽

Clinical Factors ◽

Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽

Related Factors ◽

Heavy Drinkers ◽

Habitual Exercise ◽

Using Data

Abstract Background Alcohol consumption is a confirmed risk factor for cancer as well as cardiovascular and other diseases. Decreased and increased risks with light and heavy consumption, respectively (J-shaped associations), were reported for total mortality. However, whether alcohol itself or its related-factors are involved in this association, is unclear. This study examined the background characteristics of comprehensive lifestyles and clinical factors according to alcohol consumption, using data from a baseline survey of large-scaled cohort study conducted among the general Japanese using Breslow’s healthy lifestyle index. Methods The study subjects were 23,885 males and 28,165 females aged 35 to 69 years, who were enrolled in the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study. To determine unhealthy lifestyle scores, smoking, exercise, sleeping duration, breakfast consumption, eating between meals, and obesity were combined. The odds ratios (ORs) of unhealthy lifestyles and clinical factors according to alcohol consumption were estimated using a logistic regression model. Results The ORs of combined unhealthy lifestyles decreased among light drinkers in males (0.73, 0.67-0.80) and females (0.88, 0.82-0.95), and increased among heavy drinkers (1.52, 1.27-1.83; 2.15, 1.44-3.20, respectively). These associations were not found for each unhealthy lifestyle and atherosclerosis-related factors, except for less breakfast intake in males and less frequent habitual exercise in females. Conclusions The present study suggests that the J-shaped association between comprehensive unhealthy lifestyle and alcohol consumption may be an important background factor of the association between alcohol consumption and risk of total mortality. Further study for total mortality with them is warranted. Key messages This study showed comprehensive unhealthy lifestyles were observed not only among heavy drinkers, but also among non-drinkers. Light drinkers have more healthy lifestyles, which contribute to their better health.

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Dietary patterns among British adults: compatibility with dietary guidelines for salt/sodium, fat, saturated fat and sugars

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980011000875 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 1323-1336 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Sigrid Gibson ◽

Margaret Ashwell

Keyword(s):

Dietary Patterns ◽

Meat Products ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Principal Component ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Dietary Advice ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Breakfast Cereals ◽

Dietary Records ◽

Males And Females

AbstractObjectiveTo examine dietary patterns among British adults, associations with Na and macronutrient intakes, and implications for dietary advice.DesignPrincipal component analysis of 7 d weighed dietary records.SubjectsAdults aged 19–64 years (n 1724).SettingNational Diet and Nutrition Survey (2000/2001).ResultsHigh Na intake was associated with more energy-dense diets, higher in fat and SFA (percentage of energy) but lower in non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES). Eight patterns (PC1 to PC8) explained 40 % of the total variance in food intakes. Three patterns – PC3 (high loadings on bread, fats and cheese), PC2 (meat products, eggs and chips) and PC7 (red meat, sauces and alcohol) – were associated with high Na intake. Of these, PC3 correlated with high Na density and Na:K ratio, while PC2 correlated with fat. By contrast, three patterns – ‘health-conscious’ (PC1; vegetables, fruit, fruit juice, fish), ‘breakfast cereals and milk’ (PC6) and ‘chicken and rice’ (PC8) – were associated with modest Na intake, lower Na density and lower fat and SFA. PC2 was positively correlated, and PC1 was negatively correlated, with adding salt to food. Other patterns were ‘tea/coffee and cakes’ (PC4; associated with high SFA and NMES) and ‘soft drinks and snacks’ (PC5; associated with high NMES but not fat or SFA). The dietary patterns of males and females differed slightly.ConclusionsDietary patterns PC1, PC6, PC8 (vegetables, fruit, fish, milk, breakfast cereals, poultry) were broadly compatible with guidelines for salt, fat, SFA and NMES. However, other patterns tended to be high in either salt or NMES.

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Dietary Patterns among Adolescents Are Associated with Growth, Socioeconomic Features, and Health-Related Behaviors

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10123054 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 3054

Author(s):

Tali Sinai ◽

Rachel Axelrod ◽

Tal Shimony ◽

Mona Boaz ◽

Vered Kaufman-Shriqui

Keyword(s):

Dietary Patterns ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Related ◽

Z Scores ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Lower Height ◽

Lifestyle Risk

Dietary patterns (DPs), usually established in adolescents, are important modifiable risk factors in the etiology of malnutrition and chronic diseases. This study aimed to identify DPs of adolescents and examine their associations with growth, sociodemographic, and lifestyle characteristics. A nationally representative, school-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in Israeli adolescents aged 11–18 years during 2015–2016. A self-administered survey queried sociodemographics, health behaviors, and diet. Weight and height were measured, and WHO height z-scores and BMI cutoffs were calculated. Food frequency questionnaire data were analyzed using principal components analysis (PCA) to identify DPs. Associations between growth, lifestyle, and sociodemographic characteristics and DPs were modeled using multivariable logistic regressions. A total of 3902 adolescents (46% males, mean age 15.2 ± 1.6 years) completed the survey. PCA identified five DPs, accounting for 38.3% of the total variance. The first two prominent DPs were the ‘plant-based food’ DP, which was associated with the female sex, higher socioeconomic status, overweight/obesity, and healthy lifestyle and the ‘junk food’ DP, which was associated with lower SES, unhealthy lifestyle, and lower height z-scores. Our results elucidate major DPs that strongly correlate with lifestyle risk behaviors and suboptimal growth among adolescents. Implementing screening for DPs should be further examined to identify higher risk health factors among youth.

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The Impact of Mothers' Dietary Patterns on Children's Nutritional Status in China

American Journal of Health Behavior ◽

10.5993/ajhb.44.5.14 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 719-731

Author(s):

Daisheng Tang ◽

Tao Bu ◽

Yahong Liu ◽

Xuefan Dong

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Food Group ◽

Nutritional Intake ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

The Impact

Objective: We studied the effect of mothers' dietary patterns on their children's nutritional status. Methods: Based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) packages in 2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011, mothers' dietary quality scores were calculated using the Dietary Balance Index-07. We further explored the influence of maternal dietary patterns on children's nutritional status using a series of regression analyses with time and province fixed effects in longitudinal study, simultaneouly considering the differential impact of child's age, multigenerational co-residence, and categories of maternal food consumption. Results: Maternal food consumption was slightly higher than what is required, and each food group positively correlated between mothers and their children. Furthermore, the maternal dietary quality score on the children's energy intake was significant. The influence of maternal dietary patterns on children's nutritional intake increases gradually with the child's age, but multigenerational co-residence has the opposite effect. Furthermore, maternal food intake of cereals, vegetables, beans, and meat has a positive impact on children's nutritional intake. Conclusions: Maternal dietary patterns have a significant impact on children's nutritional status. The consumption of meat and multigenerational co-residence should be given high priority.

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Dietary patterns associated with meeting the WHO free sugars intake guidelines

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019004543 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (9) ◽

pp. 1495-1506

Author(s):

Courtney Steele ◽

Helen Eyles ◽

Lisa Te Morenga ◽

Cliona Ni Mhurchu ◽

Christine Cleghorn

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Principal Component ◽

Who Guidelines ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Free Sugars ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Snack Foods ◽

Sweetened Beverages

AbstractObjective:Emerging evidence suggests that free sugars intake in many countries exceeds that recommended by the WHO. However, information regarding real-world dietary patterns associated with meeting the WHO free sugars guidelines is lacking. The current study aimed to determine dietary patterns associated with meeting the guidelines to inform effective free sugars reduction interventions in New Zealand (NZ) and similar high-income countries.Design:Dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis on repeat 24-h NZ Adult Nutrition Survey dietary recall data. Associations between dietary patterns and the WHO guidelines (<5 and <10 % total energy intake) were determined using logistic regression analyses.Setting:New Zealand.Participants:NZ adults (n 4721) over 15 years old.Results:Eight dietary patterns were identified: ‘takeaway foods and alcohol’ was associated with meeting both WHO guidelines; ‘contemporary’ was associated with meeting the <10 % guideline (males only); ‘fast foods, sugar-sweetened beverages and dessert’, ‘traditional’ and ‘breakfast foods’ were negatively associated with meeting both guidelines; ‘sandwich’ and ‘snack foods’ were negatively associated with the <5 % guideline; and ‘saturated fats and sugar’ was negatively associated with the <10 % guideline.Conclusions:The majority of NZ dietary patterns were not consistent with WHO free sugars guidelines. It is possible to meet the WHO guidelines while consuming a healthier (‘contemporary’) or energy-dense, nutrient-poor (‘takeaway foods and alcohol’) diet. However, the majority of energy-dense patterns were not associated with meeting the guidelines. Future nutrition interventions would benefit from focusing on establishing healthier overall diets and reducing consumption and free sugars content of key foods.

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Dietary patterns are associated with insulin resistance in Chinese adults without known diabetes

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512003674 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 109 (9) ◽

pp. 1662-1669 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Hui Zuo ◽

Zumin Shi ◽

Baojun Yuan ◽

Yue Dai ◽

Xiaoqun Pan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Principal Component ◽

Continuous Variable ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Chinese Adults ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Health And Nutrition

The aim of the present study was to examine the association between dietary patterns and insulin resistance in Chinese adults without known diabetes. Study subjects were 1070 Chinese adults aged 18 years and above in Jiangsu Province who participated in the 2006 wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Usual dietary intake was assessed by using a validated FFQ. Dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis using a principal component analysis method. Insulin resistance was defined as the highest quartile of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores. We derived four dietary patterns in our population by factor analysis: the Western, High-wheat, Traditional and Hedonic pattern. After adjusted for potential confounders, the Western pattern was significantly associated with greater odds for insulin resistance (P for trend = 0·009), while a significant negative association was found between the Hedonic pattern and insulin resistance (P for trend = 0·035). Compared with the lowest quartile of the Western pattern, the highest quartile had higher odds of insulin resistance (adjusted OR 1·89, 95 % CI 1·12, 3·19). There was a 42 % decrease in the odds after adjustment for all covariates in the highest quartile of the Hedonic pattern, compared with the lowest quartile (adjusted OR 0·58, 95 % CI 0·34, 0·99). HOMA-IR levels as a continuous variable also increased across the quartiles of the Western pattern and decreased across the quartiles of the Hedonic pattern. In conclusion, dietary patterns were significantly associated with insulin resistance in Chinese adults without known diabetes.

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Association between dietary patterns and blood lipid profiles among Chinese women

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s136898001600197x ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (18) ◽

pp. 3361-3368 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jiguo Zhang ◽

Zhihong Wang ◽

Huijun Wang ◽

Wenwen Du ◽

Chang Su ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Patterns ◽

Chinese Women ◽

Principal Component ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Blood Lipid ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lipid Profiles ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health And Nutrition

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to identify dietary patterns and explore their associations with blood lipid profiles among Chinese women.DesignIn a cross-sectional study, we identified dietary patterns using principal component analysis of data from three consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. The China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) collected blood samples in the morning after an overnight fast and measured total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and TAG.SettingData were from the 2009 wave of the CHNS.SubjectsWe studied 2468 women aged 18–80 years from the CHNS.ResultsWe identified three dietary patterns: traditional southern (high intakes of rice, pork and vegetables), snack (high intakes of fruits, eggs and cakes) and Western (high intakes of poultry, fast foods and milk). The traditional southern pattern was inversely associated with HDL-C (β=−0·68; 95 % CI −1·22, −0·14; P<0·05). The snack pattern was significantly associated with higher TAG (β=4·14; 95 % CI 0·44, 7·84; P<0·05). The Western pattern was positively associated with TC (β=2·52; 95 % CI 1·03, 4·02; P<0·01) and LDL-C (β=2·26; 95 % CI 0·86, 3·66; P<0·01).ConclusionsWe identified three dietary patterns that are significantly associated with blood lipid profiles. This information is important for developing interventions and policies addressing dyslipidaemia prevention among Chinese women.

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