scholarly journals A Comparison of Psychophysical Dose-Response Behaviour across 16 Sweeteners

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1632 ◽  
Author(s):  
May Wee ◽  
Vicki Tan ◽  
Ciarán Forde
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rebaudioside A ◽  
Glycaemic Response ◽  
Sensory Panel ◽  
Response Behaviour ◽  
Sweetness Intensity ◽  
Sugar Replacement

Reduction or replacement of sucrose while maintaining sweetness in foods is challenging, but today there are many sweeteners with diverse physical and caloric compositions to choose from. The choice of sweetener can be adapted to match reformulation goals whether these are to reduce calories, lower the glycaemic response, provide bulk or meet criteria as a natural ingredient. The current study sought to describe and compare the sweetness intensity dose-response, sweetness growth rate, sweetness potency, and potential for calorie reduction across 16 different sweeteners including sucrose. Sweetness growth rate was defined as the rate of change in sweetness intensity per unit of sweetener concentration. Sweetness potency was defined as the ratio of the concentration of a sweetener to that of sucrose at equivalent sweetness intensity, whereas the potential for calorie reduction is the caloric value of a sweetener compared to sucrose at matched sweetness intensities. Sweeteners were drawn from a range of nutritive saccharide (sucrose, dextrose, fructose, allulose (d-psicose), palatinose (isomaltulose), and a sucrose–allulose mixture), nutritive polyol (maltitol, erythritol, mannitol, xylitol, sorbitol), non-nutritive synthetic (aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose) and non-nutritive natural sweeteners stevia (rebaudioside A), luo han guo (mogroside V). Sweetness intensities of the 16 sweeteners were compared with a sensory panel of 40 participants (n = 40; 28 females). Participants were asked to rate perceived sweetness intensity for each sweetener series across a range of concentrations using psychophysical ratings taken on a general labelled magnitude scale (gLMS). All sweeteners exhibited sigmoidal dose-response behaviours and matched the ‘moderate’ sweetness intensity of sucrose (10% w/v). Fructose, xylitol and sucralose had peak sweetness intensities greater than sucrose at the upper concentrations tested, while acesulfame-K and stevia (rebA) were markedly lower. Independent of sweetener concentration, the nutritive sweeteners had similar sweetness growth rates to sucrose and were greater than the non-nutritive sweeteners. Non-nutritive sweeteners on the other hand had higher potencies relative to sucrose, which decreases when matching at higher sweetness intensities. With the exception of dextrose and palatinose, all sweeteners matched the sweetness intensity of sucrose across the measured range (3.8–25% w/v sucrose) with fewer calories. Overall, the sucrose–allulose mixture, maltitol and xylitol sweeteners were most similar to sucrose in terms of dose-response behaviour, growth rate and potency, and showed the most potential for sugar replacement within the range of sweetness intensities tested.

scholarly journals A consideration of some attempts to analyse growth curves

1928 ◽  
Vol 102 (717) ◽  
pp. 280-285 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internal Factor ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Constant Environment

No matter what attribute of an organism is considered—height, weight, activity, etc.—the rate of change of this attribute, the growth, depends upon the age of the organism. In many cases the rate of change is small at first, becomes faster and faster for a certain time, and then slower and slower. This drift of the rate of growth with increasing age is found when organisms are kept in constant environments. Such a drift in a constant environment may be taken as an expression of a drift, in the organism itself, and the rate of growth can be taken as a measure of this “internal factor.” If two precisely similar organisms were placed at their beginnings in two different constant environments, it is highly probable that the form of the drift of growth rate with time would be different. One of the organisms would be older than the other when a certain growth rate was attained. Although we might say that at these points the intensity of the “internal factor,” or the effective amount of “growing material” as it has been called (6), of the two organisms was the same, we do not mean that the organisms are identical. The “internal factor” determining the rate of growth is a kind of integration of all the various factors inside the organism. For example, in the case of the growth in weight of a plant, number and size of growing points, accessibility of food supplies, etc., are factors determining the dimensions of the “internal factor.” The two organisms may differ in each of their subsidiary factors whilst possessing “internal factors” of like dimensions.

Growth and Performance of Agriculture Sector in India

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naresh Singla ◽  
Mamandeep Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Agricultural Labourers

The growth of agriculture and allied sectors is critical for the Indian economy as about 49 percent of the population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. During the last decade and so, the agriculture sector has undergone profound changes resulting in sharp deceleration in its growth. The study has attempted to analyze growth and performance of the agriculture sector in India since 1980-81 and tries to comprehend some of the factors responsible for the deceleration in growth. The study has shown that agriculture sector has been able to show tremendous improvement in expansion of area and production of food grain and non-food grain crops. However, there are so many underlying factors responsible for slowdown of the agricultural growth. Some of the factors identified include: Increase in area under non-agriculture uses, excessive dependence on rain fed farming, increase in number of agricultural labourers, reducing size of the operation holdings, over use of agri-inputs, inequity in the distribution of agriculture credit along with sharp deceleration in public gross capital formation in agriculture etc. The study pointed in order to achieve higher growth rate, there is a need to enhance the gross capital formation in agriculture sector particularly on irrigation so that more area can be brought under assured irrigation. Bringing equity in distribution of agricultural credit coupled with judicious and need-based agricultural inputs are some of the other recommendations drawn based upon the study.

A polycentric growth model of gallium arsenide epitaxial layers from the gas phase with simultaneous diffusion, adsorption and chemical reaction

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 2995-3013
Author(s):  
Emerich Erdös ◽  
Jindřich Leitner ◽  
Petr Voňka ◽  
Josef Stejskal ◽  
Přemysl Klíma
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Gallium Arsenide ◽  
Epitaxial Growth ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Surface Reaction ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rate Equations ◽  
Impact Interaction ◽  
Partial Pressures

For a quantitative description of the epitaxial growth rate of gallium arsenide, two models are proposed including two rate controlling steps, namely the diffusion of components in the gas phase and the surface reaction. In the models considered, the surface reaction involves a reaction triple - or quadruple centre. In both models three mechanisms are considered which differ one from the other by different adsorption - and impact interaction of reacting particles. In every of the six cases, the pertinent rate equations were derived, and the models have been confronted with the experimentally found dependences of the growth rate on partial pressures of components in the feed. The results are discussed with regard to the plausibility of individual mechanisms and of both models, and also with respect to their applicability and the direction of further investigations.

scholarly journals Limitation of current probe design for oligo-cross-FISH, exemplified by chromosome evolution studies in duckweeds

Chromosoma ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
Phuong T. N. Hoang ◽  
Jean-Marie Rouillard ◽  
Jiří Macas ◽  
Ivona Kubalová ◽  
Veit Schubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Probe Design ◽  
Congeneric Species ◽  
Specific Design ◽  
Spirodela Polyrhiza

AbstractDuckweeds represent a small, free-floating aquatic family (Lemnaceae) of the monocot order Alismatales with the fastest growth rate among flowering plants. They comprise five genera (Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella, and Wolffia) varying in genome size and chromosome number. Spirodela polyrhiza had the first sequenced duckweed genome. Cytogenetic maps are available for both species of the genus Spirodela (S. polyrhiza and S. intermedia). However, elucidation of chromosome homeology and evolutionary chromosome rearrangements by cross-FISH using Spirodela BAC probes to species of other duckweed genera has not been successful so far. We investigated the potential of chromosome-specific oligo-FISH probes to address these topics. We designed oligo-FISH probes specific for one S. intermedia and one S. polyrhiza chromosome (Fig. 1a). Our results show that these oligo-probes cross-hybridize with the homeologous regions of the other congeneric species, but are not suitable to uncover chromosomal homeology across duckweeds genera. This is most likely due to too low sequence similarity between the investigated genera and/or too low probe density on the target genomes. Finally, we suggest genus-specific design of oligo-probes to elucidate chromosome evolution across duckweed genera.

scholarly journals The Consequences of Budding versus Binary Fission on Adaptation and Aging in Primitive Multicellularity

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 661
Author(s):  
Hanna Isaksson ◽  
Peter L. Conlin ◽  
Ben Kerr ◽  
William C. Ratcliff ◽  
Eric Libby
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cellular Senescence ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Binary Fission ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Accumulated Damage ◽  
Cell Age ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Early multicellular organisms must gain adaptations to outcompete their unicellular ancestors, as well as other multicellular lineages. The tempo and mode of multicellular adaptation is influenced by many factors including the traits of individual cells. We consider how a fundamental aspect of cells, whether they reproduce via binary fission or budding, can affect the rate of adaptation in primitive multicellularity. We use mathematical models to study the spread of beneficial, growth rate mutations in unicellular populations and populations of multicellular filaments reproducing via binary fission or budding. Comparing populations once they reach carrying capacity, we find that the spread of mutations in multicellular budding populations is qualitatively distinct from the other populations and in general slower. Since budding and binary fission distribute age-accumulated damage differently, we consider the effects of cellular senescence. When growth rate decreases with cell age, we find that beneficial mutations can spread significantly faster in a multicellular budding population than its corresponding unicellular population or a population reproducing via binary fission. Our results demonstrate that basic aspects of the cell cycle can give rise to different rates of adaptation in multicellular organisms.

scholarly journals ON THE MECHANISM OF TONIC IMMOBILITY IN VERTEBRATES

1928 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hudson Hoagland
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
The State ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Slope ◽  
Selective Inhibitors ◽  
Initial Stimulus ◽  
Temperature Range

1. The durations of successive periods of induced tonic immobility in the lizard Anolis carolinensis was examined as a function of temperature. An automatic recording method was employed and observations were made of 12,000 to 15,000 immobilizations with six animals over a temperature range of 5° to 35°C. during 5 months. 2. The durations of the immobile periods were found to vary rhythmically in most cases. The reciprocal of the duration of the rhythm, i.e., the rate of change of the process underlying the rhythms, when plotted as a function of temperature according to the Arrhenius equation show distributions of points in two straight line groups. One of these groups or bands of points extends throughout the entire temperature range with a temperature characteristic of approximately µ = 31,000 calories, and the other covers the range of 20° to 35°C. with µ equal to approximately 9,000 calories. 3. The initial stimulus in a series of inductions of immobility appears to set off a mechanism which determines the duration of the state of quiescence. Succeeding forced recoveries seem to have no effect on the normal duration of the rhythm. 4. These results are interpreted by assuming the release, through reflex stimulation, of hormonal substances, one effective between 5° and 35°C. and the other effective between 20° and 35°C. These substances are assumed to act as selective inhibitors of impulses from so called "higher centers," allowing impulses from tonic centers to pass to the muscles. 5. In some experiments a progressive lengthening in successively induced periods of immobility was observed. The logarithm of the frequency of recovery when plotted against time in most of these cases (i.e., except for a few in which irregularities occurred) gave a linear function of negative slope which was substantially unaffected by temperature. In these cases it is assumed that a diffusion process is controlling the amount of available A substance. 6. The results are similar to those obtained by Crozier with Cylisticus convexus. The duration of tonic immobility seems to be maintained in both arthropod and vertebrate by the chemical activity of "hormonal" selective inhibitors. The details of the mechanisms differ, but there is basic similarity. 7. Injections of small amounts of adrenalin above a threshold value are found to prolong the durations of tonic immobility of Anolis, by an amount which is a logarithmic function of the "dose." It is possible that internally secreted adrenalin, above a threshold amount, may be involved in the maintenance of tonic immobility. 8. The production of tonic immobility reflexly is a problem distinct from that of the duration of immobility. It is suggested that the onset may be induced by "shock" to the centers of reflex tonus causing promiscuous discharge of these centers with accompanying inhibition of the higher centers. Such a condition may result when an animal is suddenly lifted from the substratum and overturned, or when, as in the case of Anolis, it struggles with dorsum down. This reaction of the "tonic centers" may at the same time lead to discharge of the adrenal glands by way of their spinal connections thus prolonging the state.

Direct Nucleation of Crystalline SiGe on Substrates by Reactive Thermal CVD with Si2H6 and GeF4

1997 ◽  
Vol 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumio Yoshizawa ◽  
Kunihiro Shiota ◽  
Daisuke Inoue ◽  
Jun-ichi Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Heterogeneous Nucleation ◽  
Homogeneous Nucleation ◽  
Film Growth ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Gaseous Mixture ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thermal Cvd ◽  
Initial Deposition

ABSTRACTPolycrystalline SiGe (poly-SiGe) film growth by reactive thermal CVD with a gaseous mixture of Si2H6 and GeF4 was investigated on various substrates such as Al,Cr, Pt, Si, ITO, ZnO and thermally grown SiO2.In Ge-rich film growth, SEM observation in the early stage of the film growth revealed that direct nucleation of crystallites took place on the substrates. The nucleation was governed by two different mechanisms: one was a heterogeneous nucleation on the surface and the other was a homogeneous nucleation in the gas phase. In the former case, the selective nucleation was observed at temperatures lower than 400°C on metal substrates and Si, where the activation of adsorbed GeF4 on the surface played a major role for the nuclei formation, leading to the selective film growth.On the other hand, the direct nucleation did not always take place in Si-rich film growth irrespective of the substrates and depended on the growth rate. In a growth rate of 3.6nm/min, the high crystallinity of poly-Si0.95Ge0.05in a 220nm-thick film was achieved at 450°C due to the no initial deposition of amorphous tissue on SiO2 substrates.

scholarly journals The ameliorative effect of selenium on Azolla caroliniana grown under UV-B stress

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Mostafa ◽  
A.M.A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Glutathione ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Glutathione Redox

Exposure ofAzollaplants to UV-B radiation for 6 h resulted in a decrease in biomass and relative growth rate (RGR), which coincided with an increase in doubling time (DT) as compared with the control. Also, the protein content decreased. On the other hand, hydrogen peroxyde (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulated significantly in UV-treatedAzollaplants. Conversely, the addition of selenium (Se) at 1 ppm resulted in a significant increase in biomass and protein content of untreated and UV-treatedAzollaplants, and a significant reduction in both H2O2and MDA. Moreover, the addition of Se to UV-treated and untreatedAzollaplants resulted in a significant increase in total ascorbate and total glutathione (GSH) contents compared with the control and UV-stressedAzollaplants. Also, glutathione redox potential (GSH/TG) increased significantly in UV-treatedAzollaplants in the presence of Se. There also was a significant increase (38%) in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in UV-treated plants compared with the control. APX activity in the presence of Se did not change significantly compared with the control. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity increased significantly in UV-treatedAzolla, while glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity did not. On the other hand, both GSH-PX and GR activity in untreated and UV-treatedAzollaplants were significantly enhanced by the application of Se to the nutrient media at a concentration of 1 ppm. Therefore, we can conclude that Se protectsAzollaplants from UV-B stress.

scholarly journals Discrimination of brazilian red varietal wines according to their sensory descriptors

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1172-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Miele ◽  
Luiz Antenor Rizzon
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Total Variation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sensory Characteristics ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Sensory Panel ◽  
Red Grape ◽  
Grape Varieties

The purpose of this paper was to establish the sensory characteristics of wines made from old and newly introduced red grape varieties. To attain this objective, 16 Brazilian red varietal wines were evaluated by a sensory panel of enologists who assessed wines according to their aroma and flavor descriptors. A 90 mm unstructured scale was used to quantify the intensity of 26 descriptors, which were analyzed by means of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The PCA showed that three important components represented 74.11% of the total variation. PC 1 discriminated Tempranillo, Marselan and Ruby Cabernet wines, with Tempranillo being characterized by its equilibrium, quality, harmony, persistence and body, as well as by, fruity, spicy and oaky characters. The other two varietals were defined by vegetal, oaky and salty characteristics; PC 2 discriminated Pinot Noir, Sangiovese, Cabernet Sauvignon and Arinarnoa, where Pinot Noir was characterized by its floral flavor; PC 3 discriminated only Malbec, which had weak, floral and fruity characteristics. The other varietal wines did not show important discriminating effects.

Filtration by superficial and deep glomeruli of normovolemic and volume-depleted rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (1) ◽  
pp. F86-F91
Author(s):  
R. V. Pinnick ◽  
V. J. Savin
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Membrane Area ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Glomerular Size ◽  
Glomerular Ultrafiltration

We measured glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) of isolated superficial (S) and deep (D) glomeruli of normovolemic and volume-depleted rats. Filtration was induced in vitro, and Kf was calculated from the maximum rate of change in glomerular size. Basement membrane area (A) for each glomerulus was estimated from morphometric analyses, and glomerular capillary hydraulic conductivity (Lp) was calculated by the formula Lp = Kf/A. Kf of S and D glomeruli of normovolemic rats were 2.98 +/- 0.98 and 4.25 +/- 0.07 nl . min-1 . mmHg-1, respectively. In hypovolemic rats, Kf of S glomeruli fell by approximately 50% to 1.52 +/- 0.14 nl . min-1 . mmHg-1 (P less than 0.001), whereas Kf of D glomeruli remained unchanged at 4.28 +/- 0.10 nl . min-1 . mmHg-1. Lp, calculated using the peripheral capillary area, averaged 1.98 +/- 0.09 and 1.98 +/- 0.06 microliter . min-1 . mmHg-1 . cm-2 in S and D glomeruli of normovolemic rats and 1.89 +/- 0.11 microliter . min-1 . mmHg-1 . cm-2 in D glomeruli of hypovolemic rats. Lp of S glomeruli of volume-depleted rats (0.90 +/- 0.03 microliter . min-1 . mmHg-1 . cm-2) was lower than in any of the other three samples. Mild hypovolemia causes the Kf of S glomeruli to decline, whereas Kf of D glomeruli remains constant. The decrease in Kf occurs without an alteration in capillary area and is most likely due to a decrease in Lp.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document