scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review of Chemistry, Sources and Bioavailability of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Cholewski ◽  
Monika Tomczykowa ◽  
Michał Tomczyk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Omega-3 fatty acids, one of the key building blocks of cell membranes, have been of particular interest to scientists for many years. However, only a small group of the most important omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered. This full-length review presents a broad and relatively complete cross-section of knowledge about omega-3 monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturates, and an outline of their modifications. This is important because all these subgroups undoubtedly play an important role in the function of organisms. Some monounsaturated omega-3s are pheromone precursors in insects. Polyunsaturates with a very long chain are commonly found in the central nervous system and mammalian testes, in sponge organisms, and are also immunomodulating agents. Numerous modifications of omega-3 acids are plant hormones. Their chemical structure, chemical binding (in triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and ethyl esters) and bioavailability have been widely discussed indicating a correlation between the last two. Particular attention is paid to the effective methods of supplementation, and a detailed list of sources of omega-3 acids is presented, with meticulous reference to the generally available food. Both the oral and parenteral routes of administration are taken into account, and the omega-3 transport through the blood-brain barrier is mentioned. Having different eating habits in mind, the interactions between food fatty acids intake are discussed. Omega-3 acids are very susceptible to oxidation, and storage conditions often lead to a dramatic increase in this exposure. Therefore, the effect of oxidation on their bioavailability is briefly outlined.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Formulations in the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Inflammation Rat Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrashekhar Kocherlakota ◽  
Nagaraju Banda ◽  
Arjun Narala ◽  
Srinath Akula ◽  
Kumar S.D. Kothapalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lung Inflammation ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Acute Lung Inflammation ◽  
Severity Scores

Many current treatment options for lung inflammation and thrombosis come with unwanted side effects. The natural omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA) are generally anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic. The O3FA are always administered orally and occasionally by intravenous (IV) infusion. The main goal of this study is to determine if O3FA administered by inhalation of a nebulized formulation mitigates LPS-induced acute lung inflammation in male Wistar rats. Inflammation was triggered by intraperitoneal injection of LPS once a day for 14 days. One hour later, rats received nebulized treatments consisting of egg lecithin emulsified O3, budesonide and Montelukast, and blends of O3 and melatonin or Montelukast or Cannabidiol; O3 was in the form of free fatty acids for all groups except one group with ethyl esters. Lung histology and cytokines were determined in n=3 rats per group at day 8 and day 15. All groups had alveolar histiocytosis severity scores half or less than that of the disease control (Cd) treated with LPS and saline only inhalation. IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-10 were attenuated in all O3 groups. IL-1β was attenuated in most but not all O3 groups. O3 administered as ethyl ester was overall most effective in mitigating LPS effects. No evidence of lipid pneumonia or other chronic distress was observed. These preclinical data suggest that O3FA formulations should be further investigated as treatments in lung inflammation and thrombosis related lung disorders, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and acute respiratory distress like COVID-19.

scholarly journals PSV-39 Fatty acids profile of the meat from Nellore young bulls supplemented with lauric acid

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 339-340
Author(s):  
Sergiane A Araújo ◽  
Ronaldo L Oliveira ◽  
Analívia M Barbosa ◽  
Aline R Silva ◽  
Rebeca D X Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Coronary Diseases ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Omega 6

Abstract Lauric acid (LA) is an additive used in ruminant’s diet with the purpose of mitigating the methane effect. However, the presence of a certain amount of LA in the rumen can cause a reduction in the microbial population and ruminal metabolic processes, such as the biohydrogenation. This study aimed evaluate the effect of the LA inclusion in the diet of Nellore on the fatty acids profile of the meat. Thirty-two young Nellore bulls were used with an average age of 24-months. The animals were individually fed with a total mixed ration with 40% of roughage (Cynodon sp. hay) and 60% of concentrated mix, composed with ground corn, soybean meal, urea, mineral premix and LA in 0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5% of inclusion in the total diet dry matter basis. Those amounts constituted the treatments. At the end of the trial, the animals were slaughtered and the meat was stored at -21oC, before analyses. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and eight replications. The data were submitted to regression analysis, and significance was declared when P < 0.05. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of the inclusion of LA in the sum of saturated fatty acids (∑SAF=43.45±1.55), monounsaturated fatty acids (∑MUFA=41.9±0.29), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑PUFA=12.25±1.40). The inclusion of LA in the diets also did not affect the sum of omega-3 fatty acids (∑ n-3=1.05±0.22), omega-6 fatty acids (∑ n-6=3.02±0.49, and the reason n-6: n-3 (2.91±0.12). The atherogenicity (0.65±0.05) and trombogenicity (1.47±0.10) indexes, important indexes to predict heart coronary diseases risk, were not affected by the inclusion of LA in the diet of the animals. The results suggest that LA can be included up to 1.5% (DM basis of total diet) in the diets of Nellore without causing any significant changes in the fatty acids profile of the meat.

scholarly journals An Attempt to Enrich Pig Meat with Omega-3 Fatty Acids Using Linseed Oil Ethyl Ester Diet Supplement

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Czyż ◽  
Ewa Sokoła-Wysoczańska ◽  
Anna Wyrostek ◽  
Paulina Cholewińska
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Diet Supplement

This study aims to evaluate an effect of pig diet supplementation with ethyl esters derived from linseed oil with a high content of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) on the fatty acids profile of meat. The study was conducted on Polish Landrace fatteners supplemented for a period of 7 weeks (control and experimental groups of 8 animals each, 16 in total). After this period, loin (Longissimus dorsi) and ham (Biceps femoris) samples were collected for laboratory analysis, including basic composition (fat, protein, ash, dry matter) and fatty acids (FAs) profile. The supplementation caused a significant increase in the level of ALA acid, decrease in the content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), increase in unsaturated FAs level, and resulting decrease in the ratio of n-6/n-3. The indices of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity were beneficially altered in the experimental groups. It can thus be supposed that meat enriched this way may be considered as an interesting choice for consumers who are aware of the importance of diet consumed.

scholarly journals Essential omega-3 fatty acids tune microglial phagocytosis of synaptic elements in the mouse developing brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Madore ◽  
Q. Leyrolle ◽  
L. Morel ◽  
M. Rossitto ◽  
A. D. Greenhalgh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Neuronal Morphology ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Pufa Intake ◽  
Microglial Phagocytosis ◽  
Functional Maturation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Pruning

AbstractOmega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are essential for the functional maturation of the brain. Westernization of dietary habits in both developed and developing countries is accompanied by a progressive reduction in dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs. Low maternal intake of n-3 PUFAs has been linked to neurodevelopmental diseases in Humans. However, the n-3 PUFAs deficiency-mediated mechanisms affecting the development of the central nervous system are poorly understood. Active microglial engulfment of synapses regulates brain development. Impaired synaptic pruning is associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we identify a molecular mechanism for detrimental effects of low maternal n-3 PUFA intake on hippocampal development in mice. Our results show that maternal dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency increases microglia-mediated phagocytosis of synaptic elements in the rodent developing hippocampus, partly through the activation of 12/15-lipoxygenase (LOX)/12-HETE signaling, altering neuronal morphology and affecting cognitive performance of the offspring. These findings provide a mechanistic insight into neurodevelopmental defects caused by maternal n-3 PUFAs dietary deficiency.

scholarly journals Dietary Omega-3 Source Effect on the Fatty Acid Profile of Intramuscular and Perimuscular Fat—Preliminary Study on a Rat Model

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Czyż ◽  
Ewa Sokoła-Wysoczańska ◽  
Robert Bodkowski ◽  
Paulina Cholewińska ◽  
Anna Wyrostek
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Preliminary Study

Fatty acids from the omega-3 family are an important element of both human and animal diets. Their activity involves a range of functions for the functioning of a whole organism, and their presence in animal diets can be considered as a means for animal origin product enrichment for human benefit or as compounds profitable for an animal’s health status. The aim of this preliminary study was to compare the effect of supplements rich in omega-3 fatty acids (linseed oil, linseed oil ethyl esters, and fish oil) in rat feed on the fatty acid profile of their intramuscular and perimuscular fat. The results demonstrated beneficial changes in fatty acid profiles (a decrease in saturated acids, an increase in unsaturated ones, i.e., omega-3 acids share) of examined tissues in the case of all supplements however, particular attention should be paid to linseed oil ethyl esters, which significantly increased the content of all omega-3 acids. Supplementation of animal diet with linseed oil ethyl esters may be beneficial for both animals, as omega-3 fatty acids exhibit profitable properties related to an animal’s health status and productivity, and humans who consume such enriched products.

scholarly journals Acute effects of monounsaturated fatty acids with and without omega-3 fatty acids on vascular reactivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes

Diabetologia ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. West ◽  
K. D. Hecker ◽  
V. A. Mustad ◽  
S. Nicholson ◽  
S. L. Schoemer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vascular Reactivity ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Acute Effects

Abstract 664: Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Plus Docosapentaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Alone on Fasting and Postprandial Monocyte Phenotypes

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaizhu Wu ◽  
Xiao-Yuan D Perrard ◽  
George Bobotas ◽  
Kevin C Maki ◽  
Christie M Ballantyne
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Fluorescent Intensity ◽  
Men And Women

Background and objective: Fasting and postprandial (PP) hypertriglyceridemia is associated with increased lipid accumulation in circulating monocytes and monocyte phenotypic changes, e.g., increased expression of CD11c (a β2 integrin), which may increase risk for atherosclerosis. Omega-3 fatty acids lower circulating triglycerides (TG). This study examined whether treatment with omega-3 fatty acids improves fasting and PP monocyte phenotypes associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Methods: This was an open-label, randomized, crossover study of men and women with elevated TG (200-400 mg/dL) to evaluate the effects of MAT9001 (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] plus docosapentaenoic acid [DPA], Matinas BioPharma Inc., USA), compared to Vascepa (EPA-ethyl esters [EE] only, Amarin Pharma Inc., USA), administered at 4 g/d dosages for 15 d (≥28-d washout between treatments). Fasting and PP (4 and 6 h) TG and monocyte phenotypes (analyzed by flow cytometry) were examined prior to and on d 15 of each treatment. Results: MAT9001 and Vascepa lowered fasting TG from baseline (-32% and -19% respectively; both p≤0.04; n=26-29). Only MAT9001 significantly reduced PP TG area under the curve (AUC) from pre- to post-treatment (p<0.01). The reduction in TG AUC was greater for MAT9001 (-23%) vs. Vascepa (+4%) (p=0.01). Treatment with MAT9001 or Vascepa reduced fasting and PP CD11c mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) levels on classical (cM) and intermediate (iM) monocytes by 6.3-23.2% (no significant differences between treatments; Table). Only MAT9001 significantly reduced PP CD11c MFI on nonclassical monocytes (ncM) and lowered fasting nile red levels, indicating less lipid accumulation, in cM and iM (Table). Summary: Decreases in TG produced by MAT9001 or Vascepa in men and women with hypertriglyceridemia were associated with reduced fasting and PP CD11c on cM and iM. MAT9001, but not Vascepa, significantly reduced PP ncM CD11c and fasting cM and iM nile red staining for lipids.

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