scholarly journals Association of Lactase Persistence Genotypes (rs4988235) and Ethnicity with Dairy Intake in a Healthy U.S. Population

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth L. Chin ◽  
Liping Huang ◽  
Yasmine Y. Bouzid ◽  
Catherine P. Kirschke ◽  
Blythe Durbin-Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
The United States ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Lactase Persistence ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Dairy Intake ◽  
Dairy Consumption ◽  
Dietary Assessment Method

Lactase persistence (LP) is a trait in which lactose can be digested throughout adulthood, while lactase non-persistence (LNP) can cause lactose intolerance and influence dairy consumption. One single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP ID: rs4988235) is often used as a predictor for dairy intake, since it is responsible for LP in people in European descent, and can occur in other ethnic groups. The objective of this study was to determine whether rs4988235 genotypes and ethnicity influence reported dairy consumption in the United States (U.S.). A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and multiple Automated Self-Administered 24-h recalls (ASA24®) were used to measure habitual and recent intake, respectively, of total dairy, cheese, cow’s milk, plant-based alternative milk, and yogurt in a multi-ethnic U.S. cohort genotyped for rs4988235. Within Caucasian subjects, LP individuals reported consuming more recent total dairy and habitual total cow’s milk intake. For subjects of all ethnicities, LP individuals consumed more cheese (FFQ p = 0.043, ASA24 p = 0.012) and recent total dairy (ASA24 p = 0.005). For both dietary assessments, Caucasians consumed more cheese than all non-Caucasians (FFQ p = 0.036, ASA24 p = 0.002) independent of genotype, as well as more recent intake of yogurt (ASA24 p = 0.042). LP subjects consumed more total cow’s milk than LNP, but only when accounting for whether subjects were Caucasian or not (FFQ p = 0.015). Fluid milk and alternative plant-based milk consumption were not associated with genotypes or ethnicity. Our results show that both LP genotype and ethnicity influence the intake of some dairy products in a multi-ethnic U.S. cohort, but the ability of rs4988235 genotypes to predict intake may depend on ethnic background, the specific dairy product, and whether intake is reported on a habitual or recent basis. Therefore, ethnicity and the dietary assessment method should also be considered when determining the suitability of rs4988235 as a proxy for dairy intake.

scholarly journals Estimated Daily Lactose Consumption in Healthy U.S. Adults in Relation to Lactase Persistence Genotype (rs4988235)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1250-1250
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Chin ◽  
Liping Huang ◽  
Yasmine Bouzid ◽  
Joanne Arsenault ◽  
Charles Stephensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Lactase Persistence ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Dairy Intake ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Dairy Consumption ◽  
Heritable Trait ◽  
Alternate Routes

Abstract Objectives Lactase persistence (LP), a heritable trait in which lactose can be digested throughout adulthood, is often used to predict dairy intake. However, it is currently unknown how LP relates to daily lactose consumption in healthy US adults. The objective of the study was to estimate lactose from foods reported in the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24) and to compare lactose and total dairy consumption in relation to LP genotypes. Methods ASA24 dietary data were collected from healthy Caucasians and Hispanics (n = 215) genotyped for the lactase persistence SNP ID: rs4988235. ASA24 outputs servings of dairy but not the nutrient lactose. Lactose was estimated by matching ASA24-reported foods to foods in the Nutrition Coordinating Center Food and Nutrient Database, which outputs lactose. Analysis of covariance was used to identify whether genotype influenced lactose and total dairy consumption with total energy intake and weight as covariates. Pairwise testing was conducted on the adjusted means using the Tukey adjustment to correct for multiple testing. Results Median lactose consumption for subjects with the AA genotype (homozygous LP) was 12.08 g (min: 0.91 g, max: 81.85 g), 10.05 g (min: 0.46 g, max: 45.82) for subjects with the AG genotype (heterozygous LP), and 8.97 g (min: 0.47, max: 38.96 g) for subjects with the GG genotype (homozygous lactase non-persistent). AA subjects consumed more lactose than GG subjects (P = 0.024). When stratifying by sex, there were no significant differences among genotypes in women, although GG women consumed the least amount of lactose compared to AA and AG women. AA men consumed more lactose than AG (P = 0.028) and GG men (P = 0.032). Subjects with the AA genotype consumed the most, and GG subjects the least amount of dairy. However, there were no significant differences in total dairy consumption among genotypes. Conclusions The median amount of lactose consumed daily by healthy adults is 9–12 g/day, with higher consumption by those with an LP genotype. Total dairy intake was not significantly influenced by genotype, highlighting the value in specifically estimating lactose consumption. Maximal lactose intake by lactase non-persisters exceeding 15 g/day suggests alternate routes of lactose catabolism. Funding Sources The California Dairy Research Foundation and the USDA-ARS.

scholarly journals Dairy Intake Would Reduce Nutrient Gaps in Chinese Young Children Aged 3–8 Years: A Modelling Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofang Jia ◽  
Dantong Wang ◽  
Alison L. Eldridge ◽  
Bing Zhang ◽  
Xiaofan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Dairy Intake ◽  
Dairy Consumption ◽  
The Impact

Dairy foods are under-consumed among Chinese children. We modeled the impact of increased dairy consumption on nutrient inadequacy and assessed whether the consumption of formulated milk powder for children ≥3 years (FMP3+) is useful for reducing nutrient gaps. Data from 3–8-year-old children, with completed socio-demographic and dietary measurements from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2015, were used (n = 1122). Dietary intakes were modeled in two scenarios: Scenario 1 added FMP3+ or cow’s milk to reported diet to reach recommended dairy intakes; Scenario 2 replaced the currently consumed milk with an equal volume of FMP3+. Reported nutrient intakes were compared with each model. Only 32.5% of children consumed dairy products; the average intake amount in total was 48.6 g/day. Most children (97.6%) did not meet dairy intake recommendation. Inadequate nutrient intakes were observed for calcium, potassium, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C and selenium. In Scenario 1, both FMP3+ and cow’s milk improved the intake of all analyzed nutrients. In Scenario 2, FMP3+ substitution increased the intake of most nutrients, and reduced the proportion of children with an inadequate intake of vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin A, iron, zinc and potassium. Thus, increasing dairy consumption would reduce nutrient gaps, and FMP3+ is a good food source to help children meet nutrient requirements.

The Use of Whole Cow's Milk in Infancy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1105-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Iron Deficient

The pediatrician is faced with a difficult challenge in providing recommendations for optimal nutrition in older infants. Because the milk (or formula) portion of the diet represents 35% to 100% of total daily calories and because WCM and breast milk or infant formula differ markedly in composition, the selection of a milk or formula has a great impact on nutrient intake. Infants fed WCM have low intakes of iron, linoleic acid, and vitamin E, and excessive intakes of sodium, potassium, and protein, illustrating the poor nutritional compatibility of solid foods and WCM. These nutrient intakes are not optimal and may result in altered nutritional status, with the most dramatic effect on iron status. Infants fed iron-fortified formula or breast milk for the first 12 months of life generally maintain normal iron status. No studies have concluded that the introduction of WCM into the diet at 6 months of age produces adequate iron status in later infancy; however, recent studies have demonstrated that iron status is significantly impaired when WCM is introduced into the diet of 6-month-old infants. Data from studies abroad of highly iron-deficient infant populations suggest that infants fed partially modified milk formulas with supplemental iron in a highly bioavailable form (ferrous sulfate) may maintain adequate iron status. However, these studies do not address the overall nutritional adequacy of the infant's diet. Such formulas have not been studied in the United States. Optimal nutrition of the infant involves selecting the appropriate milk source and eventually introducing infant solid foods. To achieve this goal, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be fed breast milk for the first 6 to 12 months. The only acceptable alternative to breast milk is iron-fortified infant formula. Appropriate solid foods should be added between the ages of 4 and 6 months. Consumption of breast milk or iron-fortified formula, along with age-appropriate solid foods and juices, during the first 12 months of life allows for more balanced nutrition. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that whole cow's milk and low-iron formulas not be used during the first year of life.

Levels of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in cow's milk and in soy bean derived infant formulas sold in the United States and other countries

Chemosphere ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 913-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold Schecter ◽  
Peter Fürst ◽  
Christiane Fürst ◽  
Hans-Albert Meemken ◽  
Wilhelm Groebel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins

CHANGES IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COWS MILK OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CENTER «STUDENTESKIY» IN AUTUMN

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-387
Author(s):  
G.A. Larionov ◽  
◽  
V.G. Semenov ◽  
N.V. Mardaryeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
State Agricultural Academy

Cow's milk is the main agricultural product and a valuable raw material for the production of dairy products. During the study the quality of milk, organoleptic, microbiological and chemical indicators are determined. The chemical composition of milk depends on many factors – the breed of cows, feeding, content, age, physiological condition of the animal, season of the year, etc. The chemical composition of raw milk is an important condition in deciding on its further processing for a certain type of dairy product. Modern national and international regulatory documents impose low requirements for the mass fraction of fat and protein in cow's milk – at least 2,8 %. Milk with a minimum content of fat and protein does not allow to obtain products with high yield. To plan the production of dairy products, it is necessary to take into account seasonal changes in the chemical composition. The Chuvash State Agricultural Academy has a small dairy farm. The academy has a training and research laboratory on the technology of milk and dairy products. In the conditions of this laboratory, milk of cows, not only of our academy, but also of personal subsidiary, farm and collective farms are examined. In this regard, it is relevant to conduct research to identify seasonal changes in chemical composition of milk. Our article presents the results of research work on determining the chemical composition of milk of cows in the dairy farm of educational scientific and practical center «Studenteskiy» of the Chuvash State Agricultural Academy in autumn. It was revealed that in September, October and November, the content of fat and protein in milk significantly increases.

scholarly journals Cow's Milk and Dairy Consumption: Is There Now Consensus for Cardiometabolic Health?

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally D. Poppitt
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Dairy Consumption

Cow's milk and dairy products derived from this complex food source have long been proposed as beneficial to human health, yet underlying clinical evidence of direct benefit continues to raise controversy. Limited evidence supports positive cardiometabolic effects of a number of dairy macro- and micronutrient components including whey protein and casein, unsaturated fats, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and polar phospholipids, vitamin D and calcium, in addition to non-bovine components including bacterial and yeast probiotics. More controversial remain lipid components trans fats, including trans vaccenic acid, trans palmitoleic acid, and conjugated cis trans linoleic acid (CLA), plus medium-chain and odd-chain dairy fats. New evidence is rapidly identifying multiple pathways by which these dairy nutrients may effect health. Processing, including fermentation and homogenization, may also have positive effects. Conversely, the high saturated fat content of dairy has long raised concern, aligned with international guidelines to minimize dietary intake of animal-origin saturated fatty acids (SFA) to achieve better cardiometabolic health. However, led in part by observational studies and meta-analyses showing dairy to have no or even an inverse association with cardiometabolic health, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has been scrutinized over the last 5 years, and focus on low-fat dairy has been challenged. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that adverse effects of SFAs on metabolic health may be ameliorated when these fats are consumed within a complex matrix such as milk, cheese or yogurt, and that dairy food categories may influence outcomes as much as total fat content. For example, yogurt and high-fat, high-SFA cheese have a negative association with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in many, not all, published trials. However, large sample dairy RCTs of long duration with CVD or T2D incidence as primary endpoints are lacking. This is a clear research gap, with these clinical studies required if a causative link between dairy and improved cardiometabolic health is to be confirmed and in turn promoted through dietary guidelines. Current advisories from national guidance groups such as American Heart Association (AHA) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) continue to promote consumption of low-fat dairy products, whilst liquid milk and yogurt remain part of nutrition guidelines from joint American Diabetes Association (ADA)/European Association for Study of Diabetes (EASD) reports, and as part of a “no-one-size-fits-all” answer to diet and T2D by the ADA in their most recent 2019 Consensus Report.

scholarly journals Determination of whey proteins in different types of milk

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Ruprichová ◽  
Michaela Králová ◽  
Ivana Borkovcová ◽  
Lenka Vorlová ◽  
Iveta Bedáňová
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Goat's Milk ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

Protein analysis is very important both in terms of milk protein allergy, and of milk and dairy product adulteration (β-lactoglobulin may be an important marker in the detection of milk adulteration). The aim of this study was to detect major whey proteins α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin and their genetic variants by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Milk samples from cows (n = 40), goats (n = 40) and sheep (n = 40) were collected at two farms and milk bars in the Czech Republic from April to June 2010. The concentration of α-lactalbumin was higher in goat’s milk (1.27 ± 0.05 g·l-1, P < 0.001) and cow’s milk (1.16 ± 0.02 g·l-1, P = 0.0037) compared to sheep’s milk (0.95 ± 0.06 g·l-1); however, concentration of α-lactalbumin in goat’s milk and cow’s milk did not differ significantly (P < 0.05). Goat’s milk contained less β-lactoglobulin (3.07 ± 0.08 g·l-1) compared to cow’s milk (4.10 ± 0.04 g·l-1, P < 0.001) or sheep’s milk (5.97 ± 0.24 g·l-1, P < 0.001). A highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.8686; P < 0.001) was found between fraction A and B of β-lactoglobulin in sheep’s milk, whereas in cow’s milk there was a negative correlation (r = -0.3010; P = 0.0296). This study summarizes actual information of the whey protein content in different types of milk which may be relevant in assessing their allergenic potential.

Assessment of the Colorimetric and Fluorometric Assays for Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Cow's, Goat's, and Sheep's Milk

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1884-1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. KLOTZ ◽  
ART HILL ◽  
K. WARRINER ◽  
M. GRIFFITHS ◽  
J. ODUMERU
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation ◽  
Time Required

Raw milk is a well-established vehicle for the carriage of human pathogens, and many regulatory bodies have consequently mandated compulsory pasteurization as a food safety intervention. The residual activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has historically been used to verify the adequacy of pasteurization of cow's milk. However, there is uncertainty on how the current ALP standards and methods of analysis can be applied to sheep's and goat's milk, which naturally contain different levels of the enzyme than that found in cow's milk. The official ALP methods applied in Canada (colorimetric assay; MFO-3) and in the United States (Fluorophos) were assessed for their ability to detect enzyme activity in raw and pasteurized milk derived from cows, sheep, and goats. The detection limit and the limit of quantitation were 0.8 and 2.02 μg/ml phenol, respectively, for the MFO-3 method and 43 and 85 mU/liter, respectively, for the Fluorophos method. The average ALP levels in raw goat's, cow's, and sheep's milk were 165, 1,562, and 3,512 μg/ml phenol, respectively. Raw milk detection limits, which correspond to raw milk phosphatase levels, were 0.051, 0.485, and 0.023% in cow's, goat's, and sheep's milk, respectively, for the MFO-3 method and 0.007, 0.070, and 0.004%, respectively, for the Fluorophos method. Although both methods can be used for ALP determination in cow's, goat's, and sheep's milk, the Fluorophos assay was superior to the colorimetric MFO-3 method based on sensitivity and time required to complete the analysis.

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