Associations between Dietary Patterns and Bile Acids—Results from a Cross-Sectional Study in Vegans and Omnivores

Bile acids play an active role in fat metabolism and, in high-fat diets, elevated concentrations of fecal bile acids may be related to an increased risk of colorectal cancer. This study investigated concentrations of fecal and serum bile acids in 36 vegans and 36 omnivores. The reduced rank regression was used to identify dietary patterns associated with fecal bile acids. Dietary patterns were derived with secondary and conjugated fecal bile acids as response variables and 53 food groups as predictors. Vegans had higher fiber (p < 0.01) and lower fat (p = 0.0024) intake than omnivores. In serum, primary and glycine-conjugated bile acids were higher in vegans than in omnivores (p ≤ 0.01). All fecal bile acids were significantly lower in vegans compared to omnivores (p < 0.01). Processed meat, fried potatoes, fish, margarine, and coffee contributed most positively, whereas muesli most negatively to a dietary pattern that was directly associated with all fecal bile acids. According to the pattern, fat intake was positively and fiber intake was inversely correlated with bile acids. The findings contribute to the evidence that, in particular, animal products and fat may play a part in higher levels of fecal bile acids.

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Comparison of two exploratory dietary patterns in association with the metabolic syndrome in a Northern German population

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114514002098 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 112 (8) ◽

pp. 1364-1372 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Janett Barbaresko ◽

Sabine Siegert ◽

Manja Koch ◽

Imke Aits ◽

Wolfgang Lieb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Processed Meat ◽

German Population ◽

Food Groups ◽

Reduced Rank Regression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Diet is related to many chronic disease conditions such as the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We set out to compare behaviour-related with disease-related patterns and their association with the MetS in a German cross-sectional study. A total of 905 participants of a Northern German cohort (aged 25–82 years) completed a FFQ, underwent anthropometric assessments and provided a blood sample. Dietary patterns were derived by principal component analysis (PCA) and reduced-rank regression (RRR) from forty-two food groups. Components of the MetS were used as response variables for the RRR analysis. Simplified patterns comprising ten food groups were generated. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the likelihood of having the MetS across the quartiles of simplified pattern scores. We identified two similar dietary patterns derived by PCA and RRR characterised by high intakes of potatoes, various vegetables, red and processed meat, fats, sauce and bouillon. Comparing simplified patterns, an increased RRR pattern score was associated with a higher OR (2·18, 95 % CI 1·25, 3·81) of having the MetS than an increased PCA pattern score (OR 1·92, 95 % CI 1·21, 3·03). Comparing concordant food groups by both dietary pattern methods, a diet high in legumes, beef, processed meat and bouillon was also positively associated with the prevalence of the MetS after adjustment for potential confounders (OR 1·71, 95 % CI 1·04, 2·79). We identified a behaviour-related pattern that was positively associated with the MetS. The application of both dietary pattern methods may be advantageous to obtain information for designing and realising dietary guidelines. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the results.

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Association between body weight misperception and dietary patterns in Brazilian adolescents: Cross-sectional study using ERICA data

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0257603 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. e0257603

Author(s):

Simoni Urbano da Silva ◽

Mariane de Almeida Alves ◽

Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos ◽

Vivian Siqueira Santos Gonçalves ◽

Laura Augusta Barufaldi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Patterns ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Processed Meat ◽

Principal Component Factor Analysis ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Weight Misperception ◽

Direct Association ◽

Sweet Foods

The association between body image and eating behaviors or weight control strategies has been demonstrated in the scientific literature, but there is a lack of evidence on the association between weight misperception and food consumption indicators in adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate the association between weight misperception and dietary patterns (DPs) in the Brazilian Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). It was a national school-based cross-sectional study conducted among students aged 12–17 years. Data were collected in the form of anthropometric measurements, responses in self-answered questionnaires, and 24-h dietary recall. The following variables were assessed: weight underestimation and overestimation (independent variables), which were defined as the presence of a disagreement between nutritional status and self-perceived weight; dietary patterns (dependent variables), defined by a posteriori method using principal component factor analysis; and individual and demographic variables (covariates). Data analysis was performed using the Poisson regression models method, stratified by sex. A total of 52,038 adolescents with normal weights were evaluated. The weight misperception prevalence was 34.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 33.0, 35.0). Three DPs were identified: “Traditional Brazilian,” “Processed meat sandwiches and coffee,” and “Ultra-processed and sweet foods.” In girls, weight underestimation was directly associated with the “Traditional Brazilian” (1.24; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.43) and “Ultra-processed and sweet foods” DPs (1.29; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.54), and overestimation was inversely associated with all the DPs. In boys, a direct association between underestimation and the “Ultra-processed and sweet foods” DP (1.29; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.51) was found. Overestimation was inversely associated with the “Traditional Brazilian” DP (0.79; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.99). The inverse association between overestimation and the “Traditional Brazilian” DP, and the direct association between underestimation and the “Ultra-processed and sweet foods” DP indicated that weight misperception was related to unhealthy eating habits in Brazilian adolescents.

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Dietary patterns and breast-feeding in Australian children

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980011001030 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 1939-1947 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Jessica A Grieger ◽

Jane Scott ◽

Lynne Cobiac

Keyword(s):

Breast Feeding ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Principal Component ◽

Positive Association ◽

National Sample ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Principal Component Factor Analysis ◽

Food Groups ◽

Cross Sectional

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the dietary patterns of a national sample of 2–8-year-old Australian children and to establish whether breast-feeding is associated with dietary patterns in this age group.DesignCross-sectional study using 24 h recall data from the 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey.SettingAustralia.SubjectsA total of 2287 children aged 2–8 years.ResultsPrincipal component factor analysis identified three distinct patterns. The ‘Non-core food groups’ pattern included food groups such as whole-fat dairy products, cheese, medium–high sugar-sweetened breakfast cereals and sweet biscuits, no fruit, reduced/low-fat dairy products and wholegrain bread/rolls. The ‘Healthy, meat and vegetable’ pattern included vegetables, red meat, fruit and wholegrain bread/rolls and was inversely associated with take-away foods and carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages. The ‘Combination’ pattern contained many food groups including candy (not chocolate based), pasta/rice products, nuts/seeds, cakes and chocolate, but no fruit or vegetables. Of the 2287 children, 2064 (89·3 %) had been breast-fed. A positive association was found between breast-feeding and the healthy, meat and vegetable pattern (r= 0·267) but not with the other two patterns. Higher scores on this pattern were also associated with younger age, lower BMI, higher birth weight, high likelihood of being in the less-disadvantaged Socio-economic Indexes for Areas category and less likelihood of the child's parents having a lower educational level.ConclusionsThese results provide suggestive evidence that breast-feeding during infancy is associated with a healthy dietary pattern in childhood and offers a likely pathway to explain the previously reported association between breast-feeding and chronic disease.

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Associations between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome in older adults in New Zealand: the REACH study

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114521004682 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-30

Author(s):

Karen D. Mumme ◽

Cathryn A. Conlon ◽

Pamela R. von Hurst ◽

Beatrix Jones ◽

Jamie V. de Seymour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

New Zealand ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Principal Component ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Processed Meat ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Multiple Deprivation ◽

Index Of Multiple Deprivation

Abstract Metabolic syndrome is common in older adults and may be modified by the diet. The aim of this study was to examine associations between a posteriori dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome in an older New Zealand population. The REACH study (Researching Eating, Activity, and Cognitive Health) included 366 participants (65-74 years, 36% male) living independently in Auckland, New Zealand. Dietary data were collected using a 109-item food frequency questionnaire with demonstrated validity and reproducibility for assessing dietary patterns using principal component analysis. Metabolic syndrome was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Associations between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome, adjusted for age, sex, index of multiple deprivation, physical activity, and energy intake were analysed using logistic regression analysis. Three dietary patterns explained 18% of dietary intake variation – ‘Mediterranean style’ (salad/leafy cruciferous/other vegetables, avocados/olives, alliums, nuts/seeds, shellfish and white/oily fish, berries), ‘prudent’ (dried/fresh/frozen legumes, soy-based foods, whole grains, carrots), and ‘Western’ (processed meat/fish, sauces/condiments, cakes/biscuits/puddings, meat pies/hot chips). No associations were seen between ‘Mediterranean style’ [OR=0.75 (95% CI 0.53, 1.06), P=0.11] or ‘prudent’ [OR=1.17 (95% CI 0.83, 1.59), P=0.35] patterns and metabolic syndrome after co-variate adjustment. The ‘Western’ pattern was positively associated with metabolic syndrome [OR=1.67 (95% CI 1.08, 2.63), P=0.02]. There was also a small association between an index of multiple deprivation [OR=1.04 (95% CI 1.02, 1.06), P<0.001] and metabolic syndrome. This cross-sectional study provides further support for a Western dietary pattern being a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in an older population.

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Association of dietary patterns and body phenotypes in Brazilian adolescents

10.1101/2021.05.14.21257150 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ana Elisa Madalena Rinaldi ◽

Wolney LIsboa Conde ◽

Carla Cristina Enes

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Negative Association ◽

Food Groups ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Using Data ◽

Fresh Foods

Objective: To investigate the association between dietary patterns and physical activity and body phenotypes in Brazilian adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional study using data from a school-based study with 1,022 Brazilian adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. Body phenotypes (BP) and dietary patterns (DP) were defined using principal components analysis. BP was defined using anthropometric, body composition, biochemical, and sexual maturation, and DP from 19 food groups categorized from a food frequency questionnaire containing 58 food items. We performed a scatter plot to describe the relationship between energy expenditure assessed by MET and BP scores. The association between DP and BP, adjusted by sex, age and socioeconomic status, was assessed by linear regression model. Results: We identified five BP (BP1adiposity, BP2puberty, BP3biochemical, BP4muscular, BP5lipids_biochemical) and five DP (DP1ultraprocessed_foods, DP2fresh_foods, DP3bread_rice_beans, DP4culinary_preparation, DP5cakes_rice_beans). There are higher scores of BP_adiposity for obese adolescents, but energy expenditure was similar for obese and non-obese. Physical activity was positively associated with body mass index, BP_adiposity and BP_puberty. We observed negative association between DP_ultraprocessed and BMI, and a positive between DP_fresh_foods. DP_fresh_foods was positively associated with BP_adiposity; DP_ultraprocessed and DP_culinary_preparation were negatively associated with this BP. BP_biochemical was negatively associated with DP_fresh_foods. Conclusion: We identified negative association between DP mainly composed by ultraprocessed foods and fresh foods and BPadiposity. These associations need to be more explored, especially in adolescents, because both DP and BP were defined using multivariate analysis.

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Dietary patterns, food and macronutrient intakes among adults in three ethnic groups in rural Kenya

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980010003782 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 1671-1679 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Andreas W Hansen ◽

Dirk L Christensen ◽

Melanie W Larsson ◽

Jeannette Eis ◽

Tue Christensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Food Groups ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Present Cross Sectional Study ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Rural Kenya

AbstractObjectiveTo compare dietary patterns and food and macronutrient intakes among adults in three ethnic groups in rural Kenya.DesignIn the present cross-sectional study, dietary intake was estimated in adult volunteers using two non-consecutive interactive 24 h recalls. Dietary patterns were assessed from the number of meals and snacks per day and from the food items and major food groups registered, and their contribution to energy intake (EI) was calculated. Anthropometric values were measured and sociodemographic data obtained using a questionnaire.SettingA cross-sectional study was conducted in the Bondo, Kitui and Transmara districts of rural Kenya. A high prevalence of food insecurity in Kenya underlines the importance of describing the dietary patterns and intakes in different Kenyan ethnic groups.SubjectsA total of 1163 (61 % women) adult Luo, Kamba and Maasai, with a mean age of 38·6 (range: 18–68) years, volunteered to participate.ResultsDietary patterns and food groups contributing to EI differed significantly among the ethnic groups. Mean EI ranged from 5·8 to 8·6 MJ/d among women and from 7·2 to 10·5 MJ/d among men, with carbohydrates contributing between 55·7 % and 74·2 % and fat contributing between 14·5 % and 30·2 % of total EI. Mean protein intake ranged from 0·72 to 1·3 g/kg per d, and EI:BMR ratio ranged between 1·1 and 1·6 in both sexes, and was highest among the Luo. Prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18·5 kg/m2) was 13·7 %, 20·5 % and 24·2 % in the Luo, Kamba and Maasai, respectively.ConclusionsThe degree of food insecurity measured as a degree of undernutrition and as dietary patterns differed considerably among the ethnic groups. The Maasai and Kamba in particular were exposed to food insecurity.

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Dietary patterns and their association with the components of metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study of adults from northeast Thailand

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.15075.2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 905

Author(s):

Pornpimon Chupanit ◽

Benja Muktabhant ◽

Frank Peter Schelp

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Food Groups ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mixed Pattern ◽

Traditional Pattern

Background:Nutritional transition influences a shift in eating behaviour that is associated with a rise in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises a set of NCD risk factors. This study aimed to investigate dietary patterns and to determine the relationship between dietary patterns and MetS and its components.Methods:An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 468 adults aged 35–60 years who were residents of a semi-urban district of one of the central provinces in the northeast of Thailand. A factor analysis identified dietary patterns based on the consumption of 21 food groups, which were assessed by using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. MetS was identified by using the harmonized criteria that were stipulated by six leading international organisations. The association between dietary patterns and MetS and its components were evaluated by multiple logistic regressions. The confounding factors adjusted in the model were age, sex, smoking status, physical activity, and medication intake.Results:Two dietary patterns were identified: a traditional pattern characterised by high intakes of sticky rice and animal source foods; a mixed pattern included high intakes of white rice and a variety of food groups. The two dietary patterns did not show any association with MetS. Participants in the highest tertile of the traditional pattern was significantly related to high triglycerides (adjusted OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.10–2.88), in comparison to those from the lowest tertile, whereas participants in the highest tertile of the mixed pattern was inversely associated with abdominal obesity (adjusted OR= 0.49, 95% CI: 0.30–0.81) than those in the lowest tertile.Conclusions:Adherence to a traditional dietary pattern among the northeast Thai adults, in the context of nutrition transition, was associated with high triglyceride levels while the mixed dietary pattern was inversely related to abdominal obesity.

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Breastfeeding and infant feeding guidelines: dietary patterns and potential effects on the health and nutrition of children under two years

Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil ◽

10.1590/1806-93042021000200005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 419-428

Author(s):

Isadora Nogueira Vasconcelos ◽

Ilanna Maria Vieira de Paula de Brito ◽

Soraia Pinheiro Machado Arruda ◽

Daniela Vasconcelos de Azevedo

Keyword(s):

Infant Feeding ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Food Groups ◽

Food Record ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Main Components ◽

Professional Guidance ◽

Basic Health Units

Abstract Objectives: to identify dietary patterns of children under two years of age in primary care, associating them with maternal variables. Methods: cross-sectional study carried out in basic health units. Sample selected for convenience with 321 children under two years old and their mothers. Food consumption was obtained through a 24-hour food record. The method of factor analysis by main components was used to determine dietary patterns. Associations between maternal variables and dietary patterns were tested. Results: “mixed”, “porridge” and “snacks” patterns were identified. Receiving guidance on infant feeding was related to greater adherence to the “mixed” (p = 0.02; PR = 2.98; 95% CI95% = 1.49-5.96) and “porridge” (p = 0.026; PR = 2.10; CI95% = 1.09-4.02) patterns. Experience with breastfeeding showed greater adherence to the "porridge" standards (p=0.038; PR = 1.78; CI95%= 1.03-3.08) and "snacks" (p = 0.026; PR = 1.09; CI95% = 1.01-1.18) and children of overweight mothers showed less adherence to the “snacks” pattern (p = 0.042; PR = 0.51; CI95%= 0.26-0.98). Conclusions: patterns found were associated with guidance on infant feeding and breastfeeding, previous experience with breastfeeding, as well as with maternal excess weight, emphasizing the importance of professional guidance for greater adherence to more varied and healthy consumption patterns and that include the different food groups.

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Dietary Patterns and Poor Semen Quality Risk in Men: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10091162 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1162 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Anna Danielewicz ◽

Katarzyna Przybyłowicz ◽

Mariusz Przybyłowicz

Keyword(s):

Dietary Patterns ◽

Semen Quality ◽

Sperm Quality ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Semen Parameters ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Progressive Motility ◽

Increased Risk

The etiology of diminished sperm quality in about 30% of male infertility cases generally remains unexplained. Some studies have suggested that specific nutritional factors can affect semen quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate an association between dietary patterns (DPs) and the risk of abnormal semen quality parameters in men. This cross-sectional study was carried out in 114 men aged 20–55 years from Poland. Semen parameters were assessed via computer-aided semen. Diet was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). DPs were derived using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Two DPs were derived: Pro-healthy and Western. After adjusting for potential confounders, the risk of abnormal progressive motility was significantly higher in the middle (OR: 2.89, 95% CI: 1.03–8.09) and upper (OR: 7.78, 95% CI: 1.52–15.06) tertiles of the Western DP. A trend for increased risk of the abnormal total count, progressive motility, and morphology (P-trend < 0.050) was found in Western DP. To conclude, the Western DP may increase the risk of abnormal semen parameters, whereas no association was found in the case of Pro-healthy DP. These findings stand in contrast to an increasing number of research findings indicating a positive relation between intake of healthy foods or diet and semen quality parameters. The results highlight the need to study whether modifications in diet and lifestyle factors improve semen quality.

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Dietary patterns according to vitamin supplement use. A cross-sectional study in Switzerland

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000679 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Pollyanna Patriota ◽

Idris Guessous ◽

Pedro Marques-Vidal

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vitamin Supplement ◽

Food Groups ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Supplement Use ◽

Multivariable Adjustment

Abstract. Background: consumers of dietary supplements (DS) or vitamin-mineral supplements (VMS) have a better health profile than nonconsumers; whether this also applies to healthier dietary patterns has seldom been assessed. We aimed to assess the dietary intake of subjects according to their consumption of DS or VMS. Methods: Cross-sectional, population-based studies conducted in 2009–2012 (3773 participants, 52.4% women, 57.0 ± 10.0 years) and 2014–2017 (2536 participants, 52.4% women, 60.0 ± 10 years) in Lausanne, Switzerland. Dietary intake was assessed via a 97-item food frequency questionnaire. Nutrients, consumption of specific food groups, dietary scores, and compliance with the Swiss nutritional guidelines were compared between VMS/DS consumers and nonconsumers. Results: In 2009–2012, after multivariable adjustment for gender, age, body mass index, education, smoking, country of birth, sedentariness, diet and total energy intake, VMS/DS consumers had a higher score for the “Fruits & vegetables”(−0.09 ± 0.02 vs. 0.15 ± 0.05) dietary pattern and a lower score for the “Fatty & sugary” dietary pattern (0.02 ± 0.02 vs. −0.14 ± 0.04) and had a lower likelihood to comply with the guideline on total fat [odds ratio and 95 %CI: 0.72 (0.57–0.89)] than nonconsumers. In 2014–2017, after multivariable adjustment, no differences (at p < 0.005) were found between VMS/DS consumers and nonconsumers. Conclusion: VMS/DS consumers tend to have healthier dietary choices than nonconsumers. The beneficial effect of VMS and/or DS consumption is decreased, as it does not target subjects who really need them.

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