Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 Improves Physiological Adaptation and Performance in Triathletes through Gut Microbiota Modulation

A triathlon is an extremely high-intensity exercise and a challenge for physiological adaptation. A triathlete’s microbiome might be modulated by diet, age, medical treatments, lifestyle, and exercise, thereby maintaining aerobiosis and optimum health and performance. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have been reported to have health-promoting activities (e.g., immunoregulation and cancer prevention). However, few studies have addressed how probiotics affect the microbiota of athletes and how this translates into functional activities. In our previous study, we found that Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 could ameliorate inflammation and oxidative stress, with improved exercise performance. Thus, here we investigate how the microbiota of triathletes are altered by L. plantarum PS128 supplementation, not only for exercise performance but also for possible physiological adaptation. The triathletes were assigned to two groups: an L. plantarum 128 supplement group (LG, 3 × 1010 colony-forming units (CFU)/day) and a placebo group (PG). Both groups continued with their regular exercise training for the next 4 weeks. The endurance performance, body composition, biochemistries, blood cells, microbiota, and associated metabolites were further investigated. PS128 significantly increased the athletes’ endurance, by about 130% as compared to the PG group, but there was no significant difference in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and composition between groups. The PS128 supplementation (LG) modulated the athlete’s microbiota with both significant decreases (Anaerotruncus, Caproiciproducens, Coprobacillus, Desulfovibrio, Dielma, Family_XIII, Holdemania, and Oxalobacter) and increases (Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Butyricimonas, and Lactobacillus), and the LG showed lower diversity when compared to the PG. Also, the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs; acetate, propionate, and butyrate) of the LG were significantly higher than the PG, which might be a result of a modulation of the associated microbiota. In conclusion, PS128 supplementation was associated with an improvement on endurance running performance through microbiota modulation and related metabolites, but not in maximal oxygen uptake.

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Effects of Pre-Exercise High and Low Glycaemic Meal on Intermittent Sprint and Endurance Exercise Performance

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports7080188 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 188 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Man Tong Chua ◽

Govindasamy Balasekaran ◽

Mohammed Ihsan ◽

Abdul Rashid Aziz

Keyword(s):

Endurance Exercise ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Random Order ◽

Glycaemic Index ◽

Performance Outcomes ◽

Exercise Heart Rate ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Varsity Athletes

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of ingesting either a high glycaemic index (HGI) or low glycaemic index (LGI) carbohydrate meal (preceding a 12 h overnight fast and where the meal was ingested 45-min prior to activity) on intermittent sprint and endurance exercise performance. Ten male varsity athletes from intermittent sports (age 23.6 ± 1.7 years, VO2max 51.9 ± 4.7 mL·kg−1·min−1) underwent a peak velocity (Vpeak) test and familiarisation session, followed by two experimental sessions in random order. Experimental sessions involved the ingestion of either an HGI or LGI meal, followed by the completion of the modified Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (mLIST). There was no significant difference between HGI or LGI meals on sprint times (p = 0.62) and distance to exhaustion (p = 0.54) in the mLIST. Exercise heart rate, blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion were also similar between the two meal trials throughout the mLIST (all p > 0.05). Subjective ratings of hunger, fullness, satiety and satisfaction were also not significantly different between the two meals. In conclusion, consuming either an HGI or LGI meal after a prolonged 12 h fast and ingesting the meal 45 min prior to exercise did not differ in either physiological, subjective and intermittent sprint and endurance performance outcomes.

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Diet intake and endurance performance in Kenyan runners

Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.1079/ecp200430 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 249-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dirk L Christensen

Keyword(s):

Endurance Performance ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

The Body ◽

Physiological Adaptation ◽

High Quality ◽

Optimal Functioning ◽

Elite Level ◽

Quality Diet ◽

And Performance ◽

Diet Intake

AbstractTraining and competing at elite as well as sub-elite level requires an optimal functioning of the body. This review looks at the case of the Kenyan runners, who consume a relatively high-quality diet based on vegetable sources with maize and kidney beans as the staple foods. The diet is high in carbohydrate and total protein, but low to borderline in a few essential amino acids. The timing of diet intake – immediately after training sessions – is optimal for skeletal muscle glycogen resynthesis that is enhanced without the help of insulin up to 60 min after cessation of exercise. Whether the total energy intake of the Kenyan runners is adequate is debatable. However, chronic undernutrition is not possible for athletes who engage in daily high-quality and -quantity physical exercise throughout most of the year. It is suggested that Kenyan runners participate in well-controlled, laboratory studies to investigate the quality of local foods and performance, as well as possible physiological adaptation mechanisms among athletes with a high habitual energy turnover.

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Endurance Capacity and High-Intensity Exercise Performance Responses to a High-Fat Diet

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.13.4.466 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 466-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Jesse Fleming ◽

Matthew J. Sharman ◽

Neva G. Avery ◽

Dawn M. Love ◽

Ana L. Gómez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Body Mass ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

High Intensity ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Peak Power ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

High Fat

The effects of adaptation to a high-fat diet on endurance performance are equivocal, and there is little data regarding the effects on high-intensity exercise performance. This study examined the effects of a high-fat/moderate protein diet on submaximal, maximal, and supramaximal performance. Twenty non-highly trained men were assigned to either a high-fat/moderate-protein (HFMP; 61% fat) diet (n = 12) or a control (C; 25% fat) group (n = 8). A maximal oxygen consumption test, two 30-s Wingate anaerobic tests, and a 45-min timed ride were performed before and after 6 weeks of diet and training. Body mass decreased significantly (–2.2 kg; p ≤ .05) in HFMP subjects. Maximal oxygen consumption significantly decreased in the HFMP group (3.5 ± 0.14 to 3.27 ± 0.09 L · min−1) but was unaffected when corrected for body mass. Perceived exertion was significantly higher during this test in the HFMP group. Main time effects indicated that peak and mean power decreased significantly during bout 1 of the Wingate sprints in the HFMP (–10 and –20%, respectively) group but not the C (–8 and –16%, respectively) group. Only peak power was lower during bout 1 in the HFMP group when corrected for body mass. Despite significantly reduced RER values in the HFMP group during the 45-min cycling bout, work output was significantly decreased (–18%). Adaptation to a 6-week HFMP diet in non-highly trained men resulted in increased fat oxidation during exercise and small decrements in peak power output and endurance performance. These deleterious effects on exercise performance may be accounted for in part by a reduction in body mass and/or increased ratings of perceived exertion.

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Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 on Exercise Physiological Adaptation, Performance, and Body Composition in Healthy Humans

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11112836 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2836 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Wen-Ching Huang ◽

Mon-Chien Lee ◽

Chia-Chia Lee ◽

Ker-Sin Ng ◽

Yi-Ju Hsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽

Athletic Training ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Exercise Physiology ◽

Physiological Adaptation ◽

High Dose ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Double Blind ◽

Healthy Humans

Probiotics have been rapidly developed for health promotion, but clinical validation of the effects on exercise physiology has been limited. In a previous study, Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 (TWK10), isolated from Taiwanese pickled cabbage as a probiotic, was demonstrated to improve exercise performance in an animal model. Thus, in the current study, we attempted to further validate the physiological function and benefits through clinical trials for the purpose of translational research. The study was designed as a double-blind placebo-controlled experiment. A total of 54 healthy participants (27 men and 27 women) aged 20–30 years without professional athletic training were enrolled and randomly allocated to the placebo, low (3 × 1010 colony forming units (CFU)), and high dose (9 × 1010 CFU) TWK10 administration groups (n = 18 per group, with equal sexes). The functional and physiological assessments were conducted by exhaustive treadmill exercise measurements (85% VO2max), and related biochemical indices were measured before and after six weeks of administration. Fatigue-associated indices, including lactic acid, blood ammonia, blood glucose, and creatinine kinase, were continuously monitored during 30 min of exercise and a 90 min rest period using fixed intensity exercise challenges (60% VO2max) to understand the physiological adaptation. The systemic inflammation and body compositions were also acquired and analyzed during the experimental process. The results showed that TWK10 significantly elevated the exercise performance in a dose-dependent manner and improved the fatigue-associated features correlated with better physiological adaptation. The change in body composition shifted in the healthy direction for TWK10 administration groups, especially for the high TWK10 dose group, which showed that body fat significantly decreased and muscle mass significantly increased. Taken together, our results suggest that TWK10 has the potential to be an ergogenic aid to improve aerobic endurance performance via physiological adaptation effects.

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Guidelines to Classify Subject Groups in Sport-Science Research

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.8.2.111 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 111-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 246

Author(s):

Kevin De Pauw ◽

Bart Roelands ◽

Stephen S. Cheung ◽

Bas de Geus ◽

Gerard Rietjens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Performance Indicators ◽

Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Science Research ◽

Peak Power Output ◽

Physiological Data ◽

Subject Group ◽

Performance Levels ◽

And Performance ◽

Maximal Cycle

Purpose:The aim of this systematic literature review was to outline the various preexperimental maximal cycle-test protocols, terminology, and performance indicators currently used to classify subject groups in sportscience research and to construct a classification system for cycling-related research.Methods:A database of 130 subject-group descriptions contains information on preexperimental maximal cycle-protocol designs, terminology of the subject groups, biometrical and physiological data, cycling experience, and parameters. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 1-way ANOVA, post hoc Bonferroni (P < .05), and trend lines were calculated on height, body mass, relative and absolute maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and peak power output (PPO).Results:During preexperimental testing, an initial workload of 100 W and a workload increase of 25 W are most frequently used. Three-minute stages provide the most reliable and valid measures of endurance performance. After obtaining data on a subject group, researchers apply various terms to define the group. To solve this complexity, the authors introduced the neutral term performance levels 1 to 5, representing untrained, recreationally trained, trained, well-trained, and professional subject groups, respectively. The most cited parameter in literature to define subject groups is relative VO2max, and therefore no overlap between different performance levels may occur for this principal parameter. Another significant cycling parameter is the absolute PPO. The description of additional physiological information and current and past cycling data is advised.Conclusion:This review clearly shows the need to standardize the procedure for classifying subject groups. Recommendations are formulated concerning preexperimental testing, terminology, and performance indicators.

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Effectiveness of human-origin Lactobacillus plantarum PL-02 in improving muscle mass, exercise performance and anti-fatigue

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-98958-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mon-Chien Lee ◽

Yi-Ju Hsu ◽

Hsieh‐Hsun Ho ◽

Yi‐Wei Kuo ◽

Wen-Yang Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Glycogen Storage ◽

Human Origin ◽

Gold Medalist ◽

Improve Exercise Performance

AbstractGut microbiota is very important for energy metabolism and regulation, which in turn affect the health and physiological functions of the host, and provide energy required for exercise. Supplementation with probiotics may be one of the ways to change the gut microbiota. In recent years, many studies have shown that probiotic supplementation can effectively improve sports performance. In this study, we screened Lactobacillus plantarum (PL-02), a probiotic of human-origin, from the intestines of 2008 Olympic women's 48 kg weightlifting gold medalist and explored the role of PL-02 in improved exercise endurance performance, reduced fatigue biochemical parameters, and changes in body composition. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were assigned to 0, 2.05 × 109, 4.10 × 109 and 1.03 × 1010 CFU/kg/day groups and were fed by oral gavage once daily for 4 weeks. The results showed that 4 weeks of PL-02 supplementation could significantly increase muscle mass, muscle strength and endurance performance, and hepatic and muscular glycogen storage. Furthermore, PL-02 could significantly decrease lactate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), ammonia, and creatine kinase (CK) levels after exercise (p < 0.05). We believe that PL-02 can be used as a supplement to improve exercise performance and for its anti-fatigue effect.

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Comparison and Performance Validation of Calculated and Established Anaerobic Lactate Thresholds in Running

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57101117 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (10) ◽

pp. 1117

Author(s):

Sanghyeon Ji ◽

Aldo Sommer ◽

Wilhelm Bloch ◽

Patrick Wahl

Keyword(s):

Lactate Production ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Cycle Ergometer ◽

Threshold Concepts ◽

Endurance Running ◽

Maximal Deviation ◽

Physiological Profiles ◽

Good Concordance ◽

And Performance ◽

Performance Validation

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to compare the calculated running velocity at the anaerobic lactate threshold (cLTAn), determined by a mathematical model for metabolic simulation, with two established threshold concepts (onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA; 4 mmol∙L−1) and modified maximal deviation method (mDmax)). Additionally, all threshold concepts were correlated with performance in different endurance running events. Materials and Methods: Ten sub-elite runners performed a 30 s sprint test on a cycle ergometer adjusted to an isokinetic mode set to a cadence of 120 rpm to determine maximal lactate production rate (VLamax), and a graded exercise test on a treadmill to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Running velocities at OBLA, mDmax, and cLTAn were then compared with each other, and further correlated with running performance over various distances (3000 m, 5000 m, and 10,000 m). Results: The mean difference in cLTAn was −0.13 ± 0.43 m∙s−1 and −0.32 ± 0.39 m∙s−1 compared to mDmax (p = 0.49) and OBLA (p < 0.01), respectively. cLTAn indicated moderate to good concordance with the established threshold concepts (mDmax: ICC = 0.87, OBLA: ICC = 0.74). In comparison with other threshold concepts, cLTAn exhibited comparable correlations with the assessed running performances (cLTAn: r = 0.61–0.76, mDmax: r = 0.69–0.79, OBLA: r = 0.56–0.69). Conclusion: Our data show that cLTAn can be applied for determining endurance performance during running. Due to the consideration of individual physiological profiles, cLTAn offers a physiologically justified approach to assess an athlete’s endurance performance.

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Sildenafil does not reliably improve exercise performance in hypoxia: a systematic review

BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000526 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. e000526 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eric Alexander Carter ◽

Keith Lohse ◽

William Sheel ◽

Michael Koehle

Keyword(s):

Meta Analysis ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Randomised Trials ◽

Improve Performance ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Pulmonary Vasodilator ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Improve Exercise Performance ◽

Moderate Effect ◽

And Performance

ObjectiveSildenafil is a pulmonary vasodilator that may reduce the decrement in endurance performance in moderate hypoxia. We assessed the efficacy of sildenafil to improve performance in hypoxia.Data sources/eligibility CriteriaWe systematically searched electronic databases (until August 2018) for randomised trials comparing sildenafil with placebo. We also examined the effect of sildenafil on pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), cardiac output (CO) and pulse oxygen saturation (SPO2) compared with placebo in hypoxia. Fourteen studies were included; 210 subjects received sildenafil 40, 50 or 100 mg/day.ResultsSildenafil showed a large effect for decreasing PAP during exercise and at rest, a small effect for increasing CO during exercise and a moderate effect at rest, a moderate effect for increasing SPO2and a small effect for improving performance. In a subgroup analysis, there was no statistically significant difference between 100 and 50 mg sildenafil dose on SPO2. Sildenafil had a moderate effect on increasing SPO2and performance at terrestrial hypobaric altitude but only a small effect on both in normobaric hypoxia. Regression analysis showed that hypoxic dose (PO2) and metabolic rate do not account for a significant portion of the variance in effect size for sildenafil on PAP, CO, SPO2and performance.ConclusionThis meta-analysis indicates that sildenafil reduces PAP, has a moderate to small effect on CO and SPO2, and no effect on performance.

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PO-246 Effects of Different Methods of Precooling on Sub-maximal Intensity Exercise in Heat and High Humidity

Exercise Biochemistry Review ◽

10.14428/ebr.v1i5.10943 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Minxiao Xu ◽

Zhaozhao Wu ◽

Yanan Dong ◽

Chaoyi Qu ◽

Yaoduo Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exercise Performance ◽

Maximal Exercise ◽

Thermal Sensation ◽

Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽

Promoting Effect ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Performance ◽

The Stability ◽

Rugby Players

Objective This study aimed to investigate the influence of using different precooling measures on the capacity of competition and the exercise performance in hot and humidity environment. The most effectual means of precooling will be recommended to help coaches and athletes to improve the ability and performance in training and matches Methods Ten male football (Rugby) players who came from the rugby team totally completed four experimental conditions in hot/humid conditions (38℃, 50% humidity). Initially, a 30-min precooling period consisting of either nothing to control (CONT, C); wearing cooling vest (4℃, V); ingesting of ice beverage (2.3 ml /kg of 4℃, I); or the mix method of combination of V and I (V+I, M). Following this, sub-maximal exercise (80% VO2max) of treadmill test occurred, until athletes exhausted Results The running distance of M and V and I have a significant increase (P≤0.05) than CONT. The peak oxygen uptake of exhaustion was no significant difference between each other. After exercise, the change rate of heart rate ratio of M compared with CONT has a very significant decrease (P≤0.01). The core temperature of M and CONT has a significant increase (P≤0.05) in comparison. The surface temperature of I and M and V comparison with CONT has a very significant increase (P≤0.01). When participants exhaust, the RPE of M in comparison with CONT had significantly lower (P≤0.05). The RPB and the rating of thermal sensation of each condition were no significant difference. After exercise, the blood lactic concentration of each ones was no significant difference Conclusions In hot and humidity condition, precooling has a promoting effect on the sub-maximal exercise. Precooling measures could improve the exercise performance and maintain the stability of functional status and physiology, especially the mix method.

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Supplementation with Human-Origin Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum PL-02 Could Effectively Improve Muscle Mass and Exercise Performance, and Have an Anti-Fatigue Effect

10.21203/rs.3.rs-558635/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mon-Chien Lee ◽

Yi-Ju Hsu ◽

Hsieh‐Hsun Ho ◽

Yi‐Wei Kuo ◽

Wen-Yang Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Glycogen Storage ◽

Human Origin ◽

Fatigue Effect

Abstract Gut microbiota are very important for energy metabolism and regulation, which in turn affect the health and physiological functions of the host. The most direct way to change the gut microbiota is to supplement with probiotics. In this study, we screened Lactobacillus plantarum (PL-02), a probiotic of human-origin, from the intestines of Olympic gold medalists and explored the role of PL-02 in improved exercise endurance performance, reduced fatigue biochemical parameters, and changes in body composition. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were assigned to 0 CFU/kg (vehicle), 2.05 × 109 CFU/kg (PL-02-1X), 4.10 × 109 CFU/kg (PL-02-2X), and 1.03 × 1010 CFU/kg (PL-02-5X) groups and were fed by oral gavage once daily for 4 weeks to assess exercise performance, fatigue parameters, and body composition. The results showed that 4 weeks of PL-02 supplementation could significantly increase muscle mass, improve muscle strength and endurance performance, and increase hepatic and muscular glycogen storage. Furthermore, PL-02 could significantly decrease fatigue biochemical parameters, such as lactate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), ammonia, and creatine kinase (CK) levels, after exercise. We believe that PL-02 can be used as a supplement to improve exercise performance and for its anti-fatigue effect.

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