scholarly journals Associations between Plasma Branched Chain Amino Acids and Health Biomarkers in Response to Resistance Exercise Training Across Age

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3029
Author(s):  
Mariwan H. Sayda ◽  
Bethan E. Phillips ◽  
John P. Williams ◽  
Paul L. Greenhaff ◽  
Daniel J. Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Resistance Exercise Training ◽  
Fasting Plasma ◽  
Branched Chain

Leucine, isoleucine and valine (i.e., the branched chain amino acids, BCAA) play a key role in the support of tissue protein regulation and can be mobilized as energy substrates during times of starvation. However, positive relationships exist between elevated levels of BCAA and insulin resistance (IR). Thus, we sought to investigate the links between fasting plasma BCAA following a progressive resistance exercise training (RET) programme, an intervention known to improve metabolic health. Fasting plasma BCAA were quantified in adults (young: 18–28 y, n = 8; middle-aged: 45–55 y, n = 9; older: 65–75 y, n = 15; BMI: 23–28 kg/m2, both males and females (~50:50), in a cross-sectional, intervention study. Participants underwent 20-weeks whole-body RET. Measurements of body composition, muscle strength (1-RM) and metabolic health biomarkers (e.g., HOMA-IR) were made at baseline and post-RET. BCAA concentrations were determined by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). No associations were observed across age with BCAA; however, RET elicited (p < 0.05) increases in plasma BCAA (all age-groups), while HOMA-IR scores reduced (p < 0.05) following RET. After RET, positive correlations in lean body mass (p = 0.007) and strength gains (p = 0.001) with fasting BCAA levels were observed. Elevated BCAA are not a robust marker of ageing nor IR in those with a healthy BMI; rather, despite decreasing IR, RET was associated with increased BCAA.

Isoleucine Plays an Important Role for Maintaining Immune Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 644-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsong Gu ◽  
Xiangbing Mao ◽  
Daiwen Chen ◽  
Bing Yu ◽  
Qing Yang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Relationship

Branched chain amino acids are the essential nutrients for humans and many animals. As functional amino acids, they play important roles in physiological functions, including immune functions. Isoleucine, as one of the branched chain amino acids, is also critical in physiological functions of the whole body, such as growth, immunity, protein metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and glucose transportation. Isoleucine can improve the immune system, including immune organs, cells and reactive substances. Recent studies have also shown that isoleucine may induce the expression of host defense peptides (i.e., &#946;-defensins) that can regulate host innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, isoleucine administration can restore the effect of some pathogens on the health of humans and animals via increasing the expression of &#946;-defensins. Therefore, the present review will emphatically discuss the effect of isoleucine on immunity while summarizing the relationship between branched chain amino acids and immune functions.

scholarly journals Restoration of metabolic health by decreased consumption of branched-chain amino acids

2017 ◽  
Vol 596 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole E. Cummings ◽  
Elizabeth M. Williams ◽  
Ildiko Kasza ◽  
Elizabeth N. Konon ◽  
Michael D. Schaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Branched Chain

scholarly journals Quantitative Analysis of the Whole-Body Metabolic Fate of Branched-Chain Amino Acids

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-429.e4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Neinast ◽  
Cholsoon Jang ◽  
Sheng Hui ◽  
Danielle S. Murashige ◽  
Qingwei Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Metabolic Fate ◽  
Branched Chain

scholarly journals Effects of branched chain amino acids infusion on whole‐body plasma glucose disposal: a pilot study

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Everman ◽  
Lawrence J Mandarino ◽  
Guilherme M Puga ◽  
Christian Meyer ◽  
Christos S Katsanos
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Branched Chain

scholarly journals Branched-chain amino acids do not improve muscle recovery from resistance exercise in untrained young adults

Amino Acids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1387-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Maria Estoche ◽  
Jeferson Lucas Jacinto ◽  
Mirela Casonato Roveratti ◽  
Juliano Moro Gabardo ◽  
Cosme Franklim Buzzachera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Muscle Recovery ◽  
Branched Chain

scholarly journals Metabolic effects of low cortisol during exercise in humans

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 939-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Del Corral ◽  
Edward T. Howley ◽  
Mike Hartsell ◽  
Muhammad Ashraf ◽  
Mary Sue Younger
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Exercise In Humans

This study examined the physiological effect of reduced plasma cortisol (C) during prolonged exercise in humans. The effects of normal C (NC) were compared with metyrapone-induced low C (LC) on plasma substrate availability and the respiratory exchange ratio during 2 h of exercise at ∼60% peak O2 consumption in nine subjects. The C responses were compared with preexercise (Pre) levels and with a rest day (Con). At rest, C was attenuated by ∼70% for LC compared with NC. At rest, plasma glucose, lactate, glycerol, β-hydroxybutyrate, alanine, branched-chain amino acids, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were similar under LC and NC ( P > 0.05). During exercise under NC, plasma C increased compared with Pre, whereas it remained unchanged during LC. During NC, plasma C was elevated at 90 min (compared with Con) and at 120 min (compared with Con and Pre). During exercise, plasma glucose decreased to the same extent and lactate was similar under both conditions, whereas plasma glycerol, β-hydroxybutyrate, alanine, and branched-chain amino acids were higher ( P < 0.01) under NC. Plasma insulin declined ( P = 0.01) to a greater extent under LC, whereas growth hormone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine tended to be higher (0.05 ≤ P ≤ 0.10). Plasma glucagon increased under both conditions ( P < 0.01). The respiratory exchange ratio did not differ between conditions. We conclude that, during exercise, 1) C accelerates lipolysis, ketogenesis, and proteolysis; 2) under LC, glucoregulatory hormone adjustments maintain glucose homeostasis; and 3) LC does not alter whole body substrate utilization or the ability to complete 2 h of moderate exercise.

scholarly journals Branched-chain Amino Acids: Catabolism in Skeletal Muscle and Implications for Muscle and Whole-body Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gagandeep Mann ◽  
Stephen Mora ◽  
Glory Madu ◽  
Olasunkanmi A. J. Adegoke
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Impaired Metabolism ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Impact

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are critical for skeletal muscle and whole-body anabolism and energy homeostasis. They also serve as signaling molecules, for example, being able to activate mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). This has implication for macronutrient metabolism. However, elevated circulating levels of BCAAs and of their ketoacids as well as impaired catabolism of these amino acids (AAs) are implicated in the development of insulin resistance and its sequelae, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and of some cancers, although other studies indicate supplements of these AAs may help in the management of some chronic diseases. Here, we first reviewed the catabolism of these AAs especially in skeletal muscle as this tissue contributes the most to whole body disposal of the BCAA. We then reviewed emerging mechanisms of control of enzymes involved in regulating BCAA catabolism. Such mechanisms include regulation of their abundance by microRNA and by post translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination. We also reviewed implications of impaired metabolism of BCAA for muscle and whole-body metabolism. We comment on outstanding questions in the regulation of catabolism of these AAs, including regulation of the abundance and post-transcriptional/post-translational modification of enzymes that regulate BCAA catabolism, as well the impact of circadian rhythm, age and mTORC1 on these enzymes. Answers to such questions may facilitate emergence of treatment/management options that can help patients suffering from chronic diseases linked to impaired metabolism of the BCAAs.

scholarly journals Effect Of Resistance Exercise Training On Anabolic Resistance To Amino Acids In Healthy Older Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (5S) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Tatiana Moro ◽  
Camille R. Brightwell ◽  
Rachel R. Deer ◽  
Ted G. Graber ◽  
Elfego Galvan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Resistance Exercise Training ◽  
Anabolic Resistance ◽  
Healthy Older Adults

Relation between transamination of branched-chain amino acids and urea synthesis: evidence from human pregnancy

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (3) ◽  
pp. E423-E431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish C. Kalhan ◽  
Karen Q. Rossi ◽  
Lourdes L. Gruca ◽  
Dennis M. Super ◽  
Samuel M. Savin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Nutrient Administration

Protein and nitrogen (N) accretion by the mother is a major adaptive response to pregnancy in humans and animals to meet the demands of the growing conceptus. Quantitative changes in whole body N metabolism were examined during normal pregnancy by measuring the rates of leucine N ( QN) and carbon ( QC) kinetics with the use of [1-13C,15N]leucine. Rate of synthesis of urea was measured by [15N2]urea tracer. Pregnancy-related change in total body water was quantified by H2[18O] dilution, and respiratory calorimetry was performed to quantify substrate oxidation. A significant decrease in the rate of urea synthesis was evident in the 1st trimester (nonpregnant 4.69 ± 1.14 vs. pregnant 3.44 ± 1.11 μmol ⋅ kg−1⋅ min−1; means ± SD, P < 0.05). The lower rate of urea synthesis was sustained through the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. QNwas also lower in the 1st trimester during fasting; however, it reached a significant level only in the 3rd trimester (nonpregnant 166 ± 35 vs. 3rd trimester 135 ± 16 μmol ⋅ kg−1⋅ h−1; P < 0.05). There was no significant change in QCduring pregnancy. A significant decrease in the rate of transamination of leucine was evident in the 3rd trimester both during fasting and in response to nutrient administration ( P< 0.05). The rate of deamination of leucine was correlated with the rate of urea synthesis during fasting ( r = 0.59, P = 0.001) and during feeding ( r = 0.407, P = 0.01). These data show that pregnancy-related adaptations in maternal N metabolism are evident early in gestation before any significant increase in fetal N accretion. It is speculated that the lower transamination of branched-chain amino acids may be due to decreased availability of N acceptors such as α-ketoglutarate as a consequence of resistance to insulin action evident in pregnancy.

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