scholarly journals Caloric Restriction per se Rather Than Dietary Macronutrient Distribution Plays a Primary Role in Metabolic Health and Body Composition Improvements in Obese Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3004
Author(s):  
Petras Minderis ◽  
Andrej Fokin ◽  
Mantas Dirmontas ◽  
Mindaugas Kvedaras ◽  
Aivaras Ratkevicius
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Obesogenic Diet ◽  
Macronutrient Distribution

Caloric restriction (CR) is of key importance in combating obesity and its associated diseases. We aimed to examine effects of dietary macronutrient distribution on weight loss and metabolic health in obese mice exposed to CR. Male C57BL/6J mice underwent diet-induced obesity for 18 weeks. Thereafter mice were exposed to a 6-week CR for up to 40% on either low-fat diet (LFD; 20, 60, 20% kcal from protein, carbohydrate, fat), low-carb diet (LCD; 20, 20, 60% kcal, respectively) or high-pro diet (HPD; 35, 35, 30% kcal, respectively) (n = 16 each). Ten mice on the obesogenic diet served as age-matched controls. Body composition was evaluated by tissue dissections. Glucose tolerance, bloods lipids and energy metabolism were measured. CR-induced weight loss was similar for LFD and LCD while HPD was associated with a greater weight loss than LCD. The diet groups did not differ from obese controls in hindlimb muscle mass, but showed a substantial decrease in body fat without differences between them. Glucose tolerance and blood total cholesterol were weight-loss dependent and mostly improved in LFD and HPD groups during CR. Blood triacylglycerol was lowered only in LCD group compared to obese controls. Thus, CR rather than macronutrient distribution in the diet plays the major role for improvements in body composition and glucose control in obese mice. Low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet more successfully reduces triacylglycerol but not cholesterol levels compared to isocaloric high-carbohydrate-low-fat weight loss diets.

scholarly journals Low Carbohydrate and Low Fat Diets with Equal Protein Content Lead to Similar Improvements in Body Composition and Glucose Tolerance in Obese Mice subjected to Caloric Restriction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petras Minderis ◽  
Andrej Fokin ◽  
Mantas Dirmontas ◽  
Aivaras Ratkevicius
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractBackgroundReported differences in effects of low and high carbohydrate diets on weight control and metabolic health are controversial. We aimed to examine if such diets induce different improvements in body composition and glucose tolerance under conditions of caloric restriction (CR) in obese mice.MethodsMale C57BL/6J mice (n = 20) were fed obesogenic diet (45 and 17.5% kcal from fat and sugar) ad libitum for 18 weeks and then subjected to 6-week CR which progressively increased up to 40% using either Low Fat diet (20, 60, 20% kcal from fat, carbohydrate, protein, n = 10) or Low Carb diet (20, 60, 20% kcal from carbohydrate, fat, protein, n = 10). Mice fed regular chow diet ad libitum served as controls (n = 10). Body mass, hind limb muscle mass, fat mass, energy expenditure and glucose tolerance were compared between the groups.ResultsLow Fat and Low Carb groups had similar body mass (p > 0.05) prior to CR which was 30% greater compared to control group (p < 0.001). CR resulted in weight loss with no differences between Low Fat and Low Carb groups (30.0 ± 5.6 and 23.8 ± 7.5%, p > 0.05). Weight loss was mainly due to fat loss in both groups. Energy expenditure of freely moving mice did not differ between the groups (p > 0.05). Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test improved compared to control group (p < 0.05) and values before CR (p < 0.01) but without differences between Low Fat and Low Carb groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionsDietary carbohydrate or fat content when protein is equated does not play a significant role for body composition and metabolic health benefits of caloric restriction in obese mice.

scholarly journals Pre-Conception Weight Loss Improves Reproductive, Metabolic and Kidney Health in Obese Mice and Their Offspring

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A322-A323
Author(s):  
Natassia Rodrigo ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Carol Pollock ◽  
Sarah Glastras
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Metabolic Outcomes

Abstract Background and Aims: An alarming 40% of women of reproductive age have obesity and during pregnancy obesity adversely impacts metabolic health in mothers and offspring. Maternal complications include diabetes, preeclampsia and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our previous work showed that offspring have increased risks of obesity, diabetes, and CKD. While pre-pregnancy weight optimisation is advocated, evidence of benefits for mother and offspring are lacking. We aimed to determine if weight loss prior to pregnancy, either with diet modification or liraglutide, improves maternal and offspring metabolic outcomes, and reduces kidney complications in obese mothers and the offspring. Methods: C57BL/6 female mice were fed a high-fat-diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and compared to lean chow-fed controls. HFD-fed dams were administered liraglutide (0.3mg/kg, s.c., for 4weeks) or switched to chow, to induce pre-conception weight loss. Pregnancy rates were observed after mating. Maternal anthropometry and glucose tolerance were measured before and after intervention, and at late gestation. Pregnant dams were either culled at gestational day 18–20 with blood and kidney harvested, or allowed to deliver their offspring. Offspring anthropometry, and glucose tolerance were assessed at postnatal week 12 after either HFD or chow feeding. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blotting and RT-PCR were used to measure kidney metabolic (FAS, SREBP) and inflammatory markers (CD-68,TGF-b). Results: HFD-fed dams had reduced glucose tolerance compared to chow-fed dams (p&lt;0.0001), and higher expression of renal metabolic and inflammatory markers in late gestation (eg FAS &lt;0.05, TGFb &lt;0.05). Intervention with liraglutide or diet lowered body weight, improving glucose tolerance (both p&lt;0.001), and fecundity. Markers of kidney damage, namely albuminuria and fibronectin (by RT-PCR and IHC) were reduced (both p&lt;0.05). Liraglutide treated mice exhibited greater gestational weight gain than mice switched to chow (P&lt;0.001). Markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were significantly lower in obese mice with preconception weight loss via diet compared to liraglutide (eg. MnSOD, PGC1α p&lt;0.05). The offspring of obese mothers with pre-conception weight loss had lower body weight (p&lt;0.001) and improved glucose tolerance (p&lt;0.01). Kidney metabolic and inflammatory markers (MCP-1, FAS, SREBP, CD68) were significantly altered in HFD-fed offspring of obese mothers administered liraglutide pre pregnancy (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: Preconception weight loss improves fertility, weight and metabolic outcomes in mothers and the offspring, with benefits on reproduction, metabolic health, and chronic kidney disease risk. Therefore, obese women should be targeted for pre-conception weight loss to improve intergenerational metabolic health.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Dietary and Caloric Restriction Models on Body Composition, Physical Performance, and Metabolic Health in Young Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas JG Smith ◽  
Jade L. Caldwell ◽  
Marie van der Merwe ◽  
Sunita Sharma ◽  
Matthew Butawan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
High Fat

Time-restricted feeding (TRF), alternate day fasting (ADF), and the dietary restriction model known as the Daniel Fast (DF; a vegan/non-processed food diet plan) have garnered attention recently as nutritional interventions to combat obesity. We compared the effects of various dietary models on body composition, physical performance, and metabolic health in C57BL/6 mice. Sixty young C57BL/6 male mice were assigned a diet of TRF, ADF, DF, caloric restriction (CR), a high-fat Western diet (HF) fed ad libitum, or standard rodent chow for eight weeks. Their body composition, run time to exhaustion, fasting glucose, insulin, and glucose tolerance test area under the glucose curve (AUC) were determined. Compared to the HF group, all groups displayed significantly less weight and fat mass gain, as well as non-significant changes in fat-free mass. Additionally, although not statistically significant, all groups displayed greater run time to exhaustion relative to the HF group. Compared to the HF group, all groups demonstrated significantly lower fasting glucose, insulin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), as well as improved glucose tolerance, and the ADF group displayed the best fasting glucose and glucose tolerance results, with DF having the best HOMA-IR. All investigated fasting protocols may improve body composition, measures of insulin sensitivity, and physical performance compared to a high-fat Western diet. The DF and ADF protocols are most favorable with regards to insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Since our selected dietary protocols have also been investigated in humans with success, it is plausible to consider that these dietary models could prove beneficial to men and women seeking improved body composition and metabolic health.

scholarly journals Nordic Walking Promoted Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese People: A Systematic Review for Future Exercise Prescription

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Gobbo ◽  
Valentina Bullo ◽  
Enrico Roma ◽  
Federica Duregon ◽  
Danilo Sales Bocalini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Blood Sample ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Nordic Walking ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Cardiovascular Parameters

The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the effect of Nordic Walking (NW) on anthropometric parameters, body composition, cardiovascular parameters, aerobic capacity, blood sample, and glucose tolerance in overweight and obese subjects. The main keywords “Nordic Walking” or “Pole Walking”, associated with either “obese”, “obesity”, “overweight”, or “weight loss” were used on the online database MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Scopus. Additionally, references of the studies included were screened to identify eligible articles. Applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, ten manuscripts were considered as eligible for this review. The results of the studies were categorized in several domains with regard to “anthropometric parameters and body composition”, “cardiovascular parameters and aerobic capacity”, and “blood sample and glucose tolerance”. The results showed positive effects on the anthropometric parameters, body composition, cardiovascular parameters, blood sample, and glucose tolerance. The greatest improvements were observed in supervised and high weekly frequency of NW interventions. NW could be considered as an effective modality through which to involve the obese in physical activity. For weight loss, NW should be prescribed 4–5 times per week, at least 60 min per session, preferably combined with diet control.

scholarly journals Inflammatory Markers in Older Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes and the Effects of Weight Loss

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice S. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Diet And Exercise ◽  
Normal Glucose ◽  
History Of

The purpose of this study was to compare systemic inflammation in older women with a history of gestational diabetes (GDM) who developed impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) to that in those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and to determine, in these women, the effect of weight loss (WL) induced by diet and exercise training on systemic inflammation and adipokine levels. This was a longitudinal clinical investigation of overweight/obese (BMI: 32 ± 1 kg/m2) women (59 ± 1 years) with a GDM history (n=19) who had normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n=7) or IGT/T2DM (n=12). Women completed 6 months of weight loss induced by diet and exercise and underwent VO2max, body composition, blood draw, glucose tolerance testing, and 2-hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (40 mU·m−2·min−1). Glucose utilization (M) was 42% higher in the NGT group (P<0.05). CRP was two-fold higher in the IGT/T2DM group than that in the NGT group (P<0.01). Adiponectin levels were 59% higher in the NGT group than those in the IGT/T2DM group (P<0.01). IL-6sR was higher in the NGT group (P<0.01). The women lost body weight, body fat, visceral fat, and subcutaneous abdominal fat (P<0.001). Fasting glucose (P<0.05), fasting insulin, glucose, and insulin AUC decreased (all P<0.005) after the intervention. M increased by 21% (P<0.05). CRP (−16%) and TNFR1 (−6%) tended to decrease, whereas TNFα, IL-6, SAA, and adiponectin did not change in the group. In conclusion, older women with a history of GDM who have developed IGT or T2DM have higher CRP and reduced adiponectin levels despite similar BMI and total and abdominal obesity to those with NGT. Six months WL induced by diet and exercise improves body composition and increases insulin sensitivity without a significant modification of inflammatory markers and adiponectin levels.

Effect of feeding a weight loss food beyond a caloric restriction period on body composition and resistance to weight gain in cats

2015 ◽  
Vol 247 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M. Floerchinger ◽  
Matthew I. Jackson ◽  
Dennis E. Jewell ◽  
Jennifer M. MacLeay ◽  
Kevin A. Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

scholarly journals Protein-Pacing Caloric-Restriction Enhances Body Composition Similarly in Obese Men and Women during Weight Loss and Sustains Efficacy during Long-Term Weight Maintenance

Nutrients ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Arciero ◽  
Rohan Edmonds ◽  
Feng He ◽  
Emery Ward ◽  
Eric Gumpricht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Men And Women

Obese Adipose Tissue Modulates Pro-inflammatory Responses of Mouse Airway Epithelial Cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Ather ◽  
Katherine E Van Der Vliet ◽  
Madeleine M Mank ◽  
Leah F Reed ◽  
Anne E Dixon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Airway Epithelial Cells ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet

Although recognized as an important endocrine organ, little is known about the mechanisms through which adipose tissue can regulate inflammatory responses in distant tissues, such as lung, that are affected by obesity. To explore potential mechanisms, male C57BL/6J mice were provided either high-fat diet, low-fat diet, or were provided a high-fat diet then switched to the low-fat diet to promote weight loss. Visceral adipocytes were then cultured in vitro to generate conditioned media (CM) that was used to treat both primary (MTEC) and immortalized (MTCC) airway epithelial cells. Adiponectin levels were greatly depressed in the CM from both obese and diet-switched adipocytes relative to mice continually fed the low-fat diet. MTEC from obese mice secreted higher baseline levels of inflammatory cytokines than MTEC from lean or diet-switched mice. MTEC treated with obese adipocyte CM increased their secretion of these cytokines compared to MTEC treated with lean CM. Diet-switched CM modestly decreased the production of cytokines compared to obese CM, and these effects were recapitulated when the CM was used to treat MTCC. Adipose stromal vascular cells from obese mice expressed genes consistent with an M1 macrophage phenotype and decreased eosinophil abundance compared to lean SVF, a profile that persisted in the lean diet-switched mice despite substantial weight loss. Soluble factors secreted from obese adipocytes exert a pro-inflammatory effect on airway epithelial cells, and these alterations are attenuated by diet-induced weight loss, which could have implications for the airway dysfunction related to obese asthma and its mitigation by weight loss.

ID: 78: IMPROVING GLYCEMIC CONTROL THROUGH REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC DIETARY AMINO ACIDS

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 926.1-926
Author(s):  
DW Lamming ◽  
NE Cummings ◽  
S Arriola Apelo ◽  
JC Neuman ◽  
B Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Branched Chain

“You are what you eat,” is a well-known axiom coined over 100 years ago by the French politician and epicure Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin. With this in mind, it is unsurprising that as diets across the United States and around the globe have become increasingly unhealthy, we have become unhealthy as well. Linked closely with the obesity epidemic, diabetes now affects over 29 million Americans (12.3% of adults over the age of 20). An additional 86 million Americans over the age of 20 are estimated to have pre-diabetes, making this disease an urgent health care problem.As type 2 diabetes is so closely associated with diet and obesity, it is possible that dietary interventions might prove more effective and affordable than pharmaceutical options. Reduced-calorie diets are notoriously difficult to sustain, but altering the macronutrient composition of the diet while keeping the total number of calories constant is an intriguing alternative. Recent findings suggest that a low protein, high carbohydrate diet can increase lifespan and improve metabolic health in rodents, yet the applicability of these studies to humans as well as the mechanisms driving this effect remain unclear.Here, we demonstrate for the first time in a randomized controlled trial that placing humans on a moderately protein restricted (PR) diet for one month improves multiple markers of metabolic health in humans, including fasting blood glucose and body mass index. We observed similar beneficial effects of moderate PR on the metabolic health of mice over the course of 3 months, with improved glucose tolerance starting as early as three weeks after initiation of the diet. While the precise dietary components altered in a PR diet that promote metabolic health have never been defined, we hypothesized that decreased levels of specific amino acids – the building blocks of protein – might mediate these effects.Several studies have shown that insulin-resistant humans have increased serum levels of the three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) – leucine, isoleucine, and valine. To study the contribution of reduced BCAAs to the beneficial effects of a PR diet, we placed mice on one of four amino acid (AA) defined diets: Control (21% of calories from AAs), Low AA (7% of calories from AAs), a Low BCAA diet in which the level of the three BCAAs was the same as in the Low AA (7%) diet, but all other AAs were at the level of a Control (21%) diet; and a Low Leucine diet in which only the level of leucine was reduced by 2/3rds. The caloric density of the diet as well as dietary fat was kept constant. We tracked weight and body composition over the course of three months, periodically testing glycemic control through the use of glucose, insulin, and pyruvate tolerance tests and the analysis of circulating hormones. At the end of the experiment, we isolated islets for the ex vivo analysis of glucose stimulated insulin secretion, and collected tissues and blood for subsequent phosphoproteomic and genomic analysis.We find that a specific reduction in dietary branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) is sufficient to improve glucose tolerance and body composition equivalently to a PR diet in mice. Intriguingly, the improved metabolic health of mice fed a low BCAA diet is independent of increased FGF21, an insulin sensitizing hormone believed to be responsible for many of the positive metabolic effects of a PR diet. Switching mice induced to be obese and insulin resistant through high-fat diet feeding to a diet with reduced levels of BCAAs stimulates rapid improvements in glucose tolerance and fat mass loss. Our results highlight a critical role for dietary quality in glycemic control, and suggest that a reduction of dietary BCAAs, or pharmacological interventions in this pathway, may offer a novel and translatable therapy to promote metabolic health.

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