Effect of a Chronic Intake of the Natural Sweeteners Xylitol and Erythritol on Glucose Absorption in Humans with Obesity

In patients with obesity, accelerated nutrients absorption is observed. Xylitol and erythritol are of interest as alternative sweeteners, and it has been shown in rodent models that their acute ingestion reduces intestinal glucose absorption. This study aims to investigate whether a chronic intake of xylitol and erythritol impacts glucose absorption in humans with obesity. Forty-six participants were randomized to take either 8 g of xylitol or 12 g of erythritol three times a day for five to seven weeks, or to be part of the control group (no substance). Before and after the intervention, intestinal glucose absorption was assessed during an oral glucose tolerance test with 3-Ortho-methyl-glucose (3-OMG). The effect of xylitol or erythritol intake on the area under the curve for 3-OMG concentration was not significant. Neither the time (pre or post intervention), nor the group (control, xylitol, or erythritol), nor the time-by-group interaction effects were significant (p = 0.829, p = 0.821, and p = 0.572, respectively). Therefore, our results show that a chronic intake of the natural sweeteners xylitol and erythritol does not affect intestinal glucose absorption in humans with obesity.

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Lactoferrin potentially facilitates glucose regulation and enhances the incretin effect

Biochemistry and Cell Biology ◽

10.1139/bcb-2016-0082 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 155-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yuta Maekawa ◽

Akihiko Sugiyama ◽

Takashi Takeuchi

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Total Plasma

Lactoferrin (Lf) is known for its physiologically pleiotropic properties. In this study, we investigated whether Lf affects glycemic regulation, including glucose absorption from the small intestine. Bovine Lf (bLf, 100 mg/kg body mass) was administered to rats by intraperitoneal injection before intravenous (intravenous glucose tolerance test, IVGTT) or oral glucose administration (oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT). With IVGTT, bLf pretreatment had no significant effect on plasma levels of glucose or insulin. With OGTT, the bLf treatment group tended to show lower plasma levels of glucose than the control group at and after the 15 min peak, and decreased levels of plasma glucose at 180 min. The change in plasma levels of insulin from 0 to 30 min was higher in the bLf treatment group than in the control group. Total plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) was lowered at 60 min by the bLf treatment, while an immediate increase in total plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was observed within the bLf group undergoing OGTT. In addition, bLf was associated with an increase in the amount of glucose absorbed into the everted jejunum sac. These results suggest that Lf could suppress hyperglycemia, accompanied by elevated plasma levels of insulin via transiently accelerating GLP-1 secretion, and that Lf even enhances glucose absorption from the small intestine.

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Altered fasting and postprandial plasma ghrelin levels in patients with liver failure are normalized after liver transplantation

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-10-0508 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 163 (4) ◽

pp. 609-616 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Maria Teresa Diz-Lois ◽

Jesús Garcia-Buela ◽

Francisco Suarez ◽

Susana Sangiao-Alvarellos ◽

Ovidio Vidal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Transplantation ◽

Liver Failure ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Hepatic Tissue ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Before And After ◽

Design And Methods ◽

Overweight Subjects

ContextAnorexia is a problem of paramount importance in patients with advanced liver failure. Ghrelin has important actions on feeding and weight homeostasis. Experimental data exist, which suggest that ghrelin could protect hepatic tissue. Both fasting and post-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ghrelin concentrations are controversial in liver cirrhosis and are unknown after liver transplantation.ObjectiveOur aim was to study fasting ghrelin concentrations and their response to an OGTT in liver failure patients before and after liver transplantation.Design and methodsWe included 21 patients with severe liver failure studied before (pretransplantation, PreT) and 6 months after liver transplantation (posttransplantation, PostT), and 10 age- and body mass index-matched healthy or overweight subjects as the control group (Cont). After an overnight fast, 75 g of oral glucose were administered; glucose, insulin, and ghrelin were obtained at baseline and at times 30, 60, 90, and 120 min.ResultsFasting ghrelin (median and range, pg/ml) levels were lower in PreT: 539 (309–1262) than in Cont: 643 (523–2163),P=0.045. Fasting ghrelin levels increased after liver transplantation, 539 (309–1262) vs 910 (426–3305), for PreT and PostT respectively,P=0.001. The area under the curve (AUC) of ghrelin (pg/ml min) was lower in PreT: 63 900 (37 260–148 410) than in Cont: 76 560 (56 160–206 385),P=0.027. The AUC of ghrelin increased in PostT, 63 900 (37 260–148 410) vs 107 595 (59 535–357 465), for PreT and PostT respectively,P=0.001. Fasting levels and the AUC of ghrelin were similar in PosT and Cont.ConclusionsDecreased fasting and post-OGTT ghrelin levels in liver failure patients were normalized after liver transplantation.

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Glucose area under the curve during oral glucose tolerance test as an index of glucose intolerance

Diabetology International ◽

10.1007/s13340-015-0212-4 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 53-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Kazuhiko Sakaguchi ◽

Kazuo Takeda ◽

Mitsuo Maeda ◽

Wataru Ogawa ◽

Toshiyuki Sato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Glucose Intolerance ◽

Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Oral Glucose Tolerance

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Metabolomic Analysis of the Effects of Leptin Replacement Therapy in Patients with Lipodystrophy

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvz022 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shivraj Grewal ◽

Sriram Gubbi ◽

Andin Fosam ◽

Caroline Sedmak ◽

Shanaz Sikder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Replacement Therapy ◽

Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Oral Glucose Tolerance ◽

Metabolomic Analysis ◽

Metabolomic Profiling ◽

Branched Chain Amino Acid ◽

Before And After ◽

Branched Chain

Abstract Context and Objective Leptin treatment has dramatic clinical effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in leptin-deficient patients with lipodystrophy. Further elucidation of metabolic effects of exogenous leptin therapy will shed light on understanding leptin physiology in humans. Our objective was to utilize metabolomic profiling to examine the changes associated with administration of short-term metreleptin therapy in patients with lipodystrophy. Study Design We conducted a pre-post-treatment study in 19 patients (75% female) with varying forms of lipodystrophy (congenital generalized lipodystrophy, n = 10; acquired generalized lipodystrophy, n = 1; familial partial lipodystrophy, n = 8) who received daily subcutaneous metreleptin injections for a period of 16 to 23 weeks. A 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test and body composition measurements were conducted before and after the treatment period, and fasting blood samples were used for metabolomic profiling. The study outcome aimed at measuring changes in physiologically relevant metabolites before and after leptin therapy. Results Metabolomic analysis revealed changes in pathways involving branched-chain amino acid metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, protein degradation, urea cycle, tryptophan metabolism, nucleotide catabolism, vitamin E, and steroid metabolism. Fold changes in pre- to post-treatment metabolite levels indicated increased breakdown of fatty acids, branched chain amino acids proteins, and nucleic acids. Conclusions Leptin replacement therapy has significant effects on important metabolic pathways implicated in patients with lipodystrophy. Continued metabolomic studies may provide further insight into the mechanisms of action of leptin replacement therapy and provide novel biomarkers of lipodystrophy. Abbreviations: 1,5-AG, 1,5-anhydroglucitol; 11βHSD1, 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1; BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; FFA, free fatty acid; GC-MS, gas chromatography mass spectrometry; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; m/z, mass to charge ratio; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; TDO, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; UPLC-MS/MS, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

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Inhibition of α-Glucosidase, Intestinal Glucose Absorption, and Antidiabetic Properties by Caralluma europaea

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/9589472 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hayat Ouassou ◽

Touda Zahidi ◽

Saliha Bouknana ◽

Mohamed Bouhrim ◽

Hassane Mekhfi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Glucosidase Activity ◽

Intestinal Glucose Absorption

Many medicinal plants around the world are used for therapeutic purposes against several diseases, including diabetes mellitus. Due to their composition of natural substances that are effective and do not represent side effects for users, unlike synthetic drugs, in this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of Caralluma europaea (CE) on α-glucosidase activity in vitro; then the kinetics of the enzyme were studied with increasing concentrations of sucrose in order to determine the inhibition type of the enzyme. In addition, this effect of Caralluma europaea (CE) was confirmed in vivo using rats as an experimental animal model. Among the five fractions of CE, only the ethyl acetate fraction of C. europaea (EACe) induced a significant inhibition of α-glucosidase and its inhibition mode was competitive. The in vivo studies were conducted on mice and rats using glucose and sucrose as a substrate, respectively, to determine the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The results obtained showed that the EACe and the aqueous extract of C. europaea (AECe) have significantly reduced the postprandial hyperglycemia after sucrose and glucose loading in normal and diabetic rats. AECe, also, significantly decreased intestinal glucose absorption, in situ. The results obtained showed that Caralluma europaea has a significant antihyperglycemic activity, which could be due to the inhibition of α-glucosidase activity and enteric absorption of glucose.

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Evidence that the oral glucose-tolerance test does not provide a uniform stimulus to pancreatic islets in pregnancy.

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/35.7.1482 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 35 (7) ◽

pp. 1482-1485 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E A de Leacy ◽

D M Cowley

Keyword(s):

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Pancreatic Islets ◽

Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Insulin Response ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Oral Glucose Tolerance ◽

Glucose Load

Abstract Fifty consecutive pregnant patients referred for a glucose-tolerance test were classified on the basis of increasing (n = 20) or decreasing (n = 28) hematocrit after an oral 75-g glucose load. (The hematocrit did not change in the other two patients.) Patients with increasing hematocrit, a response previously seen in patients with the dumping syndrome, showed significantly flatter increases in glucose concentrations in plasma after the load. The mean decrease in the concentration of phosphate in plasma, measured as an index of glucose uptake by cells, was significantly less (P less than 0.05) 2 h after the load in the group with flatter glucose responses, suggesting that the flat response is ascribable to poor glucose absorption rather than to an exaggerated insulin response. These results indicate that the oral glucose-tolerance test stresses the pancreatic islets differently in different pregnant subjects, owing to individual variations in the gastrointestinal handling of the glucose load. Consequently, patients may give a "normal" result who might otherwise become hyperglycemic after normal meals. We suggest that alternative screening procedures be investigated to assess pregnant patients postprandially.

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The Effects of Hyperemesis Gravidarum on the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Values and Gestational Diabetes

Prague Medical Report ◽

10.14712/23362936.2021.26 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 122 (4) ◽

pp. 285-293

Author(s):

Burak Bayraktar ◽

Meric Balikoglu ◽

Miyase Gizem Bayraktar ◽

Ahkam Goksel Kanmaz

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Hyperemesis Gravidarum ◽

First Trimester ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Second Trimester ◽

Oral Glucose Tolerance

This study is aimed at determination whether pregnant women who develop hyperemesis gravidarum in the first trimester have a tendency to develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It is also aimed at identification of effects of hyperemesis gravidarum and GDM on prenatal and neonatal status in case they were detected together. Hyperemesis gravidarum diagnose was based on the following signs and symptoms. To diagnose GDM, first trimester fasting blood glucose measurement and subsequent blood glucose monitoring and 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed in the second trimester. A total of 949 singleton pregnant women (95 with and 852 without hyperemesis gravidarum) who met our criteria were included in the study. In the first trimester, plasma blood glucose and positive GDM screening were found to be significantly higher in the hyperemesis gravidarum group compared to the control group (p=0.042 and p<0.001, respectively). However, actual GDM cases were similar between both groups. The positive predictive value was significantly lower in the hyperemesis gravidarum group (28.5% vs. 72.7%, p=0.003). In the second trimester, the prevalence of GDM was 6.6% in the hyperemesis gravidarum group and 7.3% in the control group, with no significant difference (p=0.218) between-groups. In this study, hyperemesis gravidarum was found to cause changes in maternal metabolism in the first trimester of pregnancy due to limited calorie intake and fasting; in the presence of hyperemesis gravidarum, it should be known that the positive predictive value of first trimester gestational diabetes screening may decrease and the diagnosis of pseudo-GDM may increase.

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Serum angiopoietin-like 3 levels are elevated in obese non diabetic men but are unaffected during an oral glucose tolerance test

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-77961-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maria Fernanda Garcés ◽

Julieth Daniela Buell-Acosta ◽

Haiver Antonio Rodríguez-Navarro ◽

Estefania Pulido-Sánchez ◽

Juan José Rincon-Ramírez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Oral Glucose Tolerance ◽

Matsuda Index ◽

Obese Subjects

AbstractThis study aimed to determine ANGPTL3 serum levels in healthy young lean and obese non-diabetic men during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and correlate them with anthropometric, biochemical and hormonal parameters. A case–control study was carried out and 30 young obese non-diabetic (23.90 ± 3.84 years and BMI 37.92 ± 4.85 kg/m2) and 28 age-matched healthy lean (24.56 ± 3.50 years and BMI of 22.10 ± 1.72 kg/m2) men were included in this study. The primary outcome measures were serum basal ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL3–area under the curve (AUC) levels. The percentage of body fat was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and biochemical, hormonal and insulin resistance indices were determined. Basal ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL3–AUC levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in young obese subjects compared with lean subjects and were positively and significantly associated with different anthropometric measurements. Fasting ANGPTL3 serum levels were positively correlated with fasting insulin, leptin, Leptin/Adiponectin index and triglyceride—glucose index. Moreover, ANGPTL3–AUC was negatively correlated with Matsuda index. In this regard, chronically high ANGPTL3 levels in young obese subjects might favor triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance to replenish triglyceride stores by white adipose tissue rather than oxidative tissues.

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Glucose homeostasis remains altered by acute caffeine ingestion following 2 weeks of daily caffeine consumption in previously non-caffeine-consuming males

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114507730738 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 98 (3) ◽

pp. 556-562 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Mark J. Dekker ◽

Jenny E. Gusba ◽

Lindsay E. Robinson ◽

Terry E. Graham

Keyword(s):

Glucose Homeostasis ◽

Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Caffeine Consumption ◽

Caffeine Ingestion ◽

Plasma Adrenaline ◽

Young Males

Acute caffeine ingestion increases serum NEFA and plasma adrenaline and decreases insulin sensitivity. Although frequently suggested, it is not known if a tolerance to these alterations in glucose homeostasis is developed in habitual caffeine consumers. Our objective was to determine whether acute caffeine ingestion continued to alter insulin, glucose, NEFA and adrenaline during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) following 14 d of caffeine consumption. Twelve caffeine-naive young males underwent four OGTTs over a 4-week period. Subjects ingested a gelatin-filled placebo (PLA) capsule on the first trial day and 5 mg caffeine/kg body weight on the remaining three trial days (day 0, day 7, day 14) before a 2 h OGTT. Following day 0 and day 7, subjects were given six dosages of 5 mg caffeine/kg to consume per d between trials. Serum insulin and blood glucose area under the curve (AUC) were significantly elevated (P < 0·05) v. PLA on day 0 (36 and 103 %, respectively) and were not different from PLA on day 7. On day 14, insulin AUC was 29 % greater than PLA (P < 0·05), and glucose was greater (P < 0·05) during the first hour, although the 50 % elevation in glucose AUC was not different from PLA. Before the OGTT, caffeine resulted in greater (P < 0·05) serum NEFA and plasma adrenaline concentrations in all three caffeine trials, but both NEFA and adrenaline concentrations were decreased (P < 0·05) on day 14 v. day 0. Although 14 d of caffeine consumption by previously caffeine-naive subjects reduced its impact on glucose homeostasis, carbohydrate metabolism remained disrupted.

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The Influence of First Trimester Maternal Glucose on Fetal Growth and Possible Implications in Pregnancy Evolution

Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases ◽

10.2478/rjdnmd-2013-0018 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 141-148

Author(s):

Monica Vereş ◽

Szidonia Lacziko ◽

Aurel Babeş

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

First Trimester ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Fetal Macrosomia ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Maternal Characteristics ◽

Fetal Birth Weight

AbstractBackground and Aims: Maternal hyperglycemia during the first trimester of pregnancy is frequently associated with the appearance of maternal and fetal complications. The aim of our study was to analyze the influence of the first trimester blood glucose on the glycemic values from the second and third trimester and on fetal birth weight. Material and method: We performed an observational study on a group of 46 pregnant women who finally delivered on due date. We determined glycemia values in the first and third trimester of pregnancy while an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was performed during the second trimester (24 - 28 weeks of pregnancy). We divided the pregnancies in two groups: with normal glucose or hyperglycemia during the first trimester. Finally we analyzed the influence of first trimester hyperglycemia on different maternal characteristics and on fetal birth weight. Results: Third trimester glycemia was significantly increased in women with first trimester hyperglycemia in comparison with the control group (p= 0.04) but no effect of the last on OGTT values was recorded. The ROC curve for the influence of first trimester glycemia on fetal macrosomia had an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.551. Conclusions: Firsttrimester glycemia has a low diagnostic accuracy in the appreciation of fetal macrosomia risk.

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