Prevalence and Serotype Diversity of Salmonella enterica in the Estonian Meat Production Chain in 2016–2020

Background: Salmonella enterica represents a considerable public concern worldwide, with farm animals often recognised as an important reservoir. This study gives an overview of the prevalence and serotype diversity of Salmonella over a 5-year period in the meat production chain in Estonia. Data on human salmonellosis over the same period are provided. Methods: Salmonella surveillance data from 2016 to 2020 were analysed. Results: The prevalence of Salmonella at the farm level was 27.7%, 3.3% and 0.1% for fattening pigs, cattle and poultry, respectively. S. Derby was the most prevalent serotype at the farm level for fattening pigs and S. Dublin for cattle. The top three serotypes isolated at the slaughterhouse and meat cutting levels were S. Derby, monophasic S. Typhimurium and S. Typhimurium with proportions of 64.7%, 9.4% and 7.0%, respectively. These serotypes were the top five most common Salmonella serotypes responsible for human infections in Estonia. S. Enteritidis is the main cause (46.9%) of human salmonellosis cases in Estonia, but in recent years, Enteritidis has not been detected at the slaughterhouse or meat cutting level. Conclusion: In recent years, monophasic S. Typhimurium has become epidemiologically more important in Estonia, with the second-highest cause in human cases and third-highest among the most prevalent serotypes of Salmonella enterica in the meat chain.

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Identification of risk factors for Salmonella spp. in pigs and control measures during management and transport of animals

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah1504457v ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 457-466

Author(s):

B. Vidic ◽

S. Savic ◽

N. Prica

Keyword(s):

Meat Products ◽

Control Measures ◽

Meat Production ◽

Common Source ◽

Pork Meat ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Production Chain ◽

Meat Juice ◽

Human Salmonellosis ◽

Human Infections

Pigs and pork meat products are common source of human salmonellosis. Salmonella can enter the food chain at any point such as the livestock feed, via the on-farm production site, at the slaughterhouse or packing plant, as well as during manufacturing, processing and retailing of food, or through catering and food preparation at home. The understanding of epidemiology of Salmonella sp. at all stages of production chain is of crucial importance. The production of ?Salmonella free pigs? would reduce the risk for the occurrence of human infections Also, production of ?Salmonella free pigs? is difficult to achieve due to a number of practical and financial reasons. However, serological status of particular pig farm can be determined based on the analysis of blood- or meat juice samples taken from slaughtered pigs. This procedure enables the identification of Salmonella free farms?. The basic actions for preventing salmonellosis in humans should involve the following: preventing the entrance of Salmonella to the farm, reducing the number of infected animals and preventing the spread of the infection. The best way to prevent the disease is to keep the infection away from the farm. In order to successfully resolve the problem of human salmonellosis associated with infected pork meat or meat products, control measures need to be simultaneously implemented at all levels of meat production chain.

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Attribution of humanSalmonellainfections to animal and food sources in Italy (2002–2010): adaptations of the Dutch and modified Hald source attribution models

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268813001829 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 142 (5) ◽

pp. 1070-1082 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

L. MUGHINI-GRAS ◽

F. BARRUCCI ◽

J. H. SMID ◽

C. GRAZIANI ◽

I. LUZZI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Temporal Trend ◽

Gallus Gallus ◽

Food Sources ◽

Source Attribution ◽

Animal Reservoir ◽

Production Chain ◽

Sampling Points ◽

Human Salmonellosis ◽

Time Periods ◽

Human Infections

SUMMARYThe Dutch and modified Hald source attribution models were adapted to ItalianSalmonelladata to attribute human infections caused by the top 30 serotypes between 2002 and 2010 to four putative sources (Gallus gallus, turkeys, pigs, ruminants), at the points of animal reservoir (farm), exposure (food), and both combined. Attribution estimates were thus compared between different models, time periods and sampling points. All models identified pigs as the main source of human salmonellosis in Italy, accounting for 43–60% of infections, followed byG. gallus(18–34%). Attributions to turkeys and ruminants were minor. An increasing temporal trend in attributions to pigs and a decreasing one in those toG. galluswas also observed. Although the outcomes of the two models applied at farm and food levels essentially agree, they can be refined once more information becomes available, providing valuable insights about potential targets along the production chain.

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Assessing Interventions by Quantitative Risk Assessment Tools To Reduce the Risk of Human Salmonellosis from Fresh Minced Pork Meat in Belgium

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-72.11.2252 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 72 (11) ◽

pp. 2252-2263 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

L. DELHALLE ◽

C. SAEGERMAN ◽

W. MESSENS ◽

F. FARNIR ◽

N. KORSAK ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Model ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽

Meat Production ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Pork Meat ◽

Production Chain ◽

Human Salmonellosis

The risk of human salmonellosis through the consumption of minced pork meat in Belgium was assessed via a modular risk model covering pork meat production from lairage to human consumption. The main goal of the model was to give concrete options to reduce effectively the risk of human salmonellosis through the consumption of minced pork meat. These options (scenarios) were elaborated with reference to the international situation and the literature to give concrete and realistic possibilities for improving the microbiological quality of pork meat and to reduce the number of human salmonellosis cases per year in Belgium. The model estimates 15,376 cases of human salmonellosis per year in Belgium due to the consumption of minced pork meat. The results of the scenarios showed that the risk of human salmonellosis could be significantly reduced by efforts all along the pork meat production chain but also by efforts made by consumers. The responsibility of food business operators for the pork meat production chain is high in relation to the microbiological quality of meat delivery, especially at the slaughterhouse. Consumers also need to be aware of good hygiene practices during preparation of the meat at home. Cross-contamination with raw food can be avoided by changing the habits and the behavior of the household cook. The results of these scenarios would be useful for the food business operators involved in the pork meat chain and for public health authorities.

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Are There Effective Intervention Measures in Broiler Production against the ESBL/AmpC Producer Escherichia coli?

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10050608 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 608

Author(s):

Evelyne Becker ◽

Michaela Projahn ◽

Elke Burow ◽

Annemarie Käsbohrer

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chicken ◽

Farm Management ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Meat Production ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Production Chain ◽

Farm Level ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

E Coli ◽

Intervention Measures

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC beta-lactamase (AmpC) producing Enterobacteriaceae occur frequently in livestock animals and the subsequent stages of the meat production chain and are therefore considered a risk for human health. Strict biosecurity measures and optimal farm management should reduce or even prevent poultry flock colonization at farm level. This review summarizes and evaluates published information on the effectiveness of specific intervention measures and farm management factors aiming to reduce the occurrence and spread of ESBL/AmpC producing or commensal or pathogenic E. coli in broiler chicken farms. In this systematic literature review, a total of 643 publications were analyzed, and 14 studies with significant outcome about the effectiveness of specific measures against E. coli and ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli in broiler chicken farms were found. Different feed additives seem to have an impact on the occurrence of those microorganisms. The measures ‘cleaning and disinfection’ and ‘competitive exclusion’ showed strong effects in prevention in some studies. In summary, some intervention measures showed potential to protect against or eliminate ESBL/AmpC-producing, commensal or pathogenic E. coli at farm level. Due to the high variability in the outcome of the studies, more specific, detailed investigations are needed to assess the potential of the individual intervention measures.

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Non-typhoidal Salmonella in the Pig Production Chain: A Comprehensive Analysis of Its Impact on Human Health

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens8010019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 19 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Joana Campos ◽

Joana Mourão ◽

Luísa Peixe ◽

Patrícia Antunes

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Food Chain ◽

Health Concern ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Pork Meat ◽

Production Chain ◽

Pig Production ◽

Salmonella Serotypes ◽

Human Infections

Salmonellosis remains one of the most frequent foodborne zoonosis, constituting a worldwide major public health concern. The most frequent sources of human infections are food products of animal origin, being pork meat one of the most relevant. Currently, particular pig food production well-adapted and persistent Salmonella enterica serotypes (e.g., Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-, Salmonella Derby and Salmonella Rissen) are frequently reported associated with human infections in diverse industrialized countries. The dissemination of those clinically-relevant Salmonella serotypes/clones has been related to the intensification of pig production chain and to an increase in the international trade of pigs and pork meat. Those changes that occurred over the years along the food chain may act as food chain drivers leading to new problems and challenges, compromising the successful control of Salmonella. Among those, the emergence of antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with antimicrobials use in the pig production chain is of special concern for public health. The transmission of pig-related multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotypes, clones and/or genetic elements carrying clinically-relevant antibiotic resistance genes, frequently associated with metal tolerance genes, from pigs and pork meat to humans, has been reported and highlights the contribution of different drivers to the antibiotic resistance burden. Gathered data strengthen the need for global mandatory interventions and strategies for effective Salmonella control and surveillance across the pig production chain. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the role of pig and pork meat in human salmonellosis at a global scale, highlighting the main factors contributing to the persistence and dissemination of clinically-relevant pig-related Salmonella serotypes and clones.

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Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium, Enteritidis and Infantis from human infections, foodstuffs and farm animals in Italy

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268803001936 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 132 (2) ◽

pp. 245-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

L. BUSANI ◽

C. GRAZIANI ◽

A. BATTISTI ◽

A. FRANCO ◽

A. RICCI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Human Origin ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Human Infections ◽

Animal Reservoirs

The antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates of Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium, Enteritidis, and Infantis isolated from humans, foodstuffs and farm animals in Italy between 1999 and 2001 was examined. All the isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin, but high rates of resistance were observed for several other drugs, especially for S. Typhimurium. The rates of resistance and multiresistance were generally higher among animal and food isolates than in human strains; conversely, no significant difference was observed between animal and food isolates. Among S. Typhimurium, multiresistance was more common in bovine, poultry and rabbit strains than in swine isolates, and was rare in strains from pigeon. Resistance to trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole was mainly found in isolates of swine and human origin. This study confirms the role of livestock as a reservoir of drug-resistant Salmonella spp. and underlines the need for integrated surveillance systems of antibiotic resistance that consider isolates not only from human disease but also from the animal reservoirs and the food vehicles.

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0552 - Tracing microbial contamination sources in the meat production chain

10.26226/morressier.5b5199bfb1b87b000ecee2ad ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Benjamin Zwirzitz ◽

Stefanie Urimare Wetzels ◽

Beate Pinior ◽

Evelyne Mann

Keyword(s):

Microbial Contamination ◽

Meat Production ◽

Production Chain ◽

Contamination Sources

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Preferences of housed finishing beef cattle for different floor types

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200001253 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 2000 ◽

pp. 124-124

Author(s):

D.E. Lowe ◽

R.W.J. Steen ◽

V.E. Beattie

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Scientific Information ◽

Human Perception ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Public Concern ◽

Finishing Beef Cattle

There is increasing public concern about the welfare of farm animals and one of the issues recently raised has been the use of totally slatted floors for rearing and finishing beef cattle. However, human perception of the needs of animals may not necessarily reflect that of the animals' needs. The objective of this experiment was to examine beef cattle preferences for different floor types, in order to provide scientific information that will be valuable in formulating a policy on the housing requirements of beef cattle.

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Key Genes Regulating Skeletal Muscle Development and Growth in Farm Animals

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11030835 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 835

Author(s):

Mohammadreza Mohammadabadi ◽

Farhad Bordbar ◽

Just Jensen ◽

Min Du ◽

Wei Guo

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Meat Production ◽

Skeletal Muscle Development ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Myogenic Regulatory Factor

Farm-animal species play crucial roles in satisfying demands for meat on a global scale, and they are genetically being developed to enhance the efficiency of meat production. In particular, one of the important breeders’ aims is to increase skeletal muscle growth in farm animals. The enhancement of muscle development and growth is crucial to meet consumers’ demands regarding meat quality. Fetal skeletal muscle development involves myogenesis (with myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and fusion), fibrogenesis, and adipogenesis. Typically, myogenesis is regulated by a convoluted network of intrinsic and extrinsic factors monitored by myogenic regulatory factor genes in two or three phases, as well as genes that code for kinases. Marker-assisted selection relies on candidate genes related positively or negatively to muscle development and can be a strong supplement to classical selection strategies in farm animals. This comprehensive review covers important (candidate) genes that regulate muscle development and growth in farm animals (cattle, sheep, chicken, and pig). The identification of these genes is an important step toward the goal of increasing meat yields and improves meat quality.

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Heat Stress and Goat Welfare: Adaptation and Production Considerations

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11041021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1021

Author(s):

Veerasamy Sejian ◽

Mullakkalparambil V. Silpa ◽

Mini R. Reshma Nair ◽

Chinnasamy Devaraj ◽

Govindan Krishnan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Heat Exposure ◽

Stocking Density ◽

Production Performance ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Meat Production ◽

Important Species ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Tropical Climates

This review attempted to collate and synthesize information on goat welfare and production constraints during heat stress exposure. Among the farm animals, goats arguably are considered the best-suited animals to survive in tropical climates. Heat stress was found to negatively influence growth, milk and meat production and compromised the immune response, thereby significantly reducing goats’ welfare under extensive conditions and transportation. Although considered extremely adapted to tropical climates, their production can be compromised to cope with heat stress. Therefore, information on goat adaptation and production performance during heat exposure could help assess their welfare. Such information would be valuable as the farming communities are often struggling in their efforts to assess animal welfare, especially in tropical regions. Broadly three aspects must be considered to ensure appropriate welfare in goats, and these include (i) housing and environment; (ii) breeding and genetics and (iii) handling and transport. Apart from these, there are a few other negative welfare factors in goat rearing, which differ across the production system being followed. Such negative practices are predominant in extensive systems and include nutritional stress, limited supply of good quality water, climatic extremes, parasitic infestation and lameness, culminating in low production, reproduction and high mortality rates. Broadly two types of methodologies are available to assess welfare in goats in these systems: (i) animal-based measures include behavioral measurements, health and production records and disease symptoms; (ii) resources based and management-based measures include stocking density, manpower, housing conditions and health plans. Goat welfare could be assessed based on several indicators covering behavioral, physical, physiological and productive responses. The important indicators of goat welfare include agonistic behavior, vocalization, skin temperature, body condition score (BCS), hair coat conditions, rectal temperature, respiration rate, heart rate, sweating, reduced growth, reduced milk production and reduced reproductive efficiency. There are also different approaches available by which the welfare of goats could be assessed, such as naturalistic, functional and subjective approaches. Thus, assessing welfare in goats at every production stage is a prerequisite for ensuring appropriate production in this all-important species to guarantee optimum returns to the marginal and subsistence farmers.

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