Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium, Enteritidis and Infantis from human infections, foodstuffs and farm animals in Italy

The antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates of Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium, Enteritidis, and Infantis isolated from humans, foodstuffs and farm animals in Italy between 1999 and 2001 was examined. All the isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin, but high rates of resistance were observed for several other drugs, especially for S. Typhimurium. The rates of resistance and multiresistance were generally higher among animal and food isolates than in human strains; conversely, no significant difference was observed between animal and food isolates. Among S. Typhimurium, multiresistance was more common in bovine, poultry and rabbit strains than in swine isolates, and was rare in strains from pigeon. Resistance to trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole was mainly found in isolates of swine and human origin. This study confirms the role of livestock as a reservoir of drug-resistant Salmonella spp. and underlines the need for integrated surveillance systems of antibiotic resistance that consider isolates not only from human disease but also from the animal reservoirs and the food vehicles.

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Epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky isolates from Tunisia: The new emergent multi-drug resistant serotype

Food Research International ◽

10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.044 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 925-930 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yousra Turki ◽

Ines Mehri ◽

Hanen Cherif ◽

Afef Najjari ◽

Ridha Ben Aissa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Drug Resistant

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Prevalence, Phylogroups, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and GE-Netic Diversity of Escherichia coli Isolates From Food Products

10.20944/preprints202108.0340.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Babak Pakbin ◽

Samaneh Allahyari ◽

Zahra Amani ◽

Wolfram Manuel Bruck ◽

Razzagh Mahmoudi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Ground Meat ◽

Phylogenetic Groups ◽

Safety Control ◽

E Coli ◽

Major Cluster

The emergence of multi-drug resistant E. coli is an important matter of increasing considerable concern to global public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, antibiotic resistance pattern, phylogroups and genetic variation of E. coli isolates from raw milk, vegetable salad and ground meat samples. Methods: Culture-based techniques, Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility testing, PCR and RAPD assays were used to determine the incidence rate, antimicrobial resistance pattern, phylogenetic groups and genetic diversity of the E. coli isolates. Results: E. coli isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin (79.16%), trime-thoprim-sulfamethoxazole (70.83%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (62.50%), tetracycline (54.16%), chloramphenicol (54.16%), nitrofurantoin (54.16%), ampicillin (45.83%), streptomycin (45.83%), and kanamycin (33.33%); and completely susceptible to norfloxacin and azithromycin. 70.83% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. Most E. coli isolates (46%) belonged to phylogroup A. RAPD with UBC245 primer categorized the isolates into 11 clusters. A high level of genetic di-versity was found among the isolates; however, 33.3% of the isolates were grouped in a major cluster (R5). Conclusions: Antibiotic resistance patterns are randomly distributed among the ge-netic clusters. Novel, practical, efficient food safety control and surveillance systems of multi-drug resistant foodborne pathogens are required to control the foodborne pathogen contamina-tion.

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Investigating colistin drug resistance: The role of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.18081.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 150 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dickson Aruhomukama ◽

Ivan Sserwadda ◽

Gerald Mboowa

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

High Throughput ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Health Concern ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Gram Negative

Bacterial infections involving antibiotic resistant gram-negative bacteria continue to increase and represent a major global public health concern. Resistance to antibiotics in these bacteria is mediated by chromosomal and/or acquired resistance mechanisms, these give rise to multi-drug resistant (MDR) or extensive drug resistant (XDR) bacterial strains. Most recently, a novel acquired plasmid mediated resistance mechanism to colistin, an antibiotic that had been set apart as the last resort antibiotic in the treatment of infections involving MDR and XDR gram-negative bacteria, has been reported. Plasmid mediated colistin resistant gram-negative bacteria have been described to be pan-drug resistant, implying a state devoid of alternative antibiotic therapeutic options. This review describes the evolution of antibiotic resistance to plasmid mediated colistin resistance, and discusses the potential role of high-throughput sequencing technologies, genomics and bioinformatics towards improving antibiotic resistance surveillance, the search for novel drug targets and precision antibiotic therapy focused at combating colistin resistance, and antimicrobial resistance as a whole.

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Chickens and Cattle as Sources of Sporadic Domestically Acquired Campylobacter jejuni Infections in Finland

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00374-09 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 75 (16) ◽

pp. 5244-5249 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Marjaana Hakkinen ◽

Ulla-Maija Nakari ◽

Anja Siitonen

Keyword(s):

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Host Species ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Temporal Association ◽

Animal Host ◽

Hygienic Measures ◽

Human Infections

ABSTRACT A substantial sampling among domestic human campylobacter cases, chicken process lots, and cattle at slaughter was performed during the seasonal peak of human infections. Campylobacter jejuni isolates (n = 419) were subtyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with SmaI, and isolates representing overlapping types (n = 212) were further subtyped using KpnI for restriction. The SmaI/KpnI profiles of 55.4% (97/175) of the human isolates were indistinguishable from those of the chicken or cattle isolates. The overlapping SmaI/KpnI subtypes accounted for 69.8% (30/43) and 15.9% (32/201) of the chicken and cattle isolates, respectively. The occurrence of identical SmaI/KpnI subtypes with human C. jejuni isolates was significantly associated with animal host species (P < 0.001). A temporal association of isolates from chickens and patients was possible in 31.4% (55/175) of the human infections. Besides chickens as sources of C. jejuni in the sporadic infections, the role of cattle appears notable. New approaches to restrict the occurrence of campylobacters in other farm animals may be needed in addition to hygienic measures in chicken production. However, only about half of the human infections were attributable to these sources.

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Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli Detected in Pig Faecal Samples from Anambra State

Microbiology Research Journal International ◽

10.9734/mrji/2021/v31i530320 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 56-63

Author(s):

E. A. Kyrian-Ogbonna ◽

I. A. Ekwealor ◽

E. N. Eze ◽

R. A. Eluba ◽

E. C. Nworji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Growth Promotion ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Anambra State ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Pig Farms

Aim: Pig farmers use antibiotics for therapeutic, metaphylaxis, prophylaxis and growth promotion in their farm animals. This work was aimed to determine the antibiogram of Escherichia coli isolated from pig faecal samples from pig farms in the three senatorial zones of Anambra State. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 faecal samples were collected from forty pig farms in the three senatorial zones (Anambra North, Anambra Central and Anambra South) of Anambra State from February, 2018-January, 2019 and analyzed microbiologically using MacConkey agar and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar and appropriate culture conditions. Recovered isolates were further characterized based on their morphological and biochemical features. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was tested to 10 conventional antibiotics using Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method. Results: A total of 140 Escherichia coli isolates were recovered and characterized. Percentage occurrences were 36.4, 30.1 and 33.5 in Anambra North, Anambra Central and Anambra South respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the bacterial isolates revealed that resistance of the isolates ranged from 7% resistance to Imipenem to 67% resistance to Streptomycin. A one way analysis of variance showed no significant difference (p >0.05) in resistance to imipenem, amoxicillin/clavulanic, ceftazidime, tetracycline, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol and significant difference (p < 0.05) in resistance to streptomycin and cefotaxime in the three senatorial zones studied. 51.4% of the isolates were multidrug resistant. Conclusion and Recommendation: Misuse and overuse of antibiotics in piggery have resulted in antibiotic resistance in isolates from pig faecal samples. Policies regarding prudent use of antibiotics in pig farms should be enforced to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance.

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The role of veterinarians in the One Health approach to antimicrobial resistance perspectives in Jordan (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.36375 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Randa Bazzi

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Study Data ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The One ◽

Definition Of ◽

Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

UNSTRUCTURED This study aims to evaluate the role of Jordanian veterinarians in terms of their knowledge, attitudes and common practices in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and summarize the registered veterinary drugs between 2017 2020. Descriptive study data were collected using a standardized questionnaire that focused on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Jordanian veterinarians. The findings were analyzed descriptively; 84% of the participants agreed with the statement on the definition of AMR. The majority (95.65%) of participants agreed that AMR is a challenge for the veterinary sector in Jordan and that it should be prioritized over other zoonotic diseases. Approximately 69% of the participants believed that the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials by unqualified, fraudulent, or unauthorized practitioners is the primary reason for the rise of cases associated with AMR and the challenges that accompany these. The most common practice among the respondents in this study was to recommend clients (e.g., farmers and owners) to practice good animal husbandry (80.00%). The study also revealed that there was a significant difference (p = 0.015) between attendance at AMR training sessions and the professional sector (private, public, and academic) of the veterinarians. This study underscores the importance of implementing a continuous education program on AMR so as to enhance the all-round knowledge of veterinarians and improve their advisory skills. In addition, laws should be enacted to ensure that veterinarians prescribe the correct antimicrobials and to improve surveillance systems for monitoring the use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR2-https://doi.org/10.1186/s44149-021-00033-5

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Prevalence and Serotype Diversity of Salmonella enterica in the Estonian Meat Production Chain in 2016–2020

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10121622 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1622

Author(s):

Kaisa Kuus ◽

Toomas Kramarenko ◽

Jelena Sõgel ◽

Mihkel Mäesaar ◽

Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Meat Production ◽

Public Concern ◽

Production Chain ◽

Farm Level ◽

Human Salmonellosis ◽

Salmonella Serotypes ◽

Human Infections ◽

Fattening Pigs

Background: Salmonella enterica represents a considerable public concern worldwide, with farm animals often recognised as an important reservoir. This study gives an overview of the prevalence and serotype diversity of Salmonella over a 5-year period in the meat production chain in Estonia. Data on human salmonellosis over the same period are provided. Methods: Salmonella surveillance data from 2016 to 2020 were analysed. Results: The prevalence of Salmonella at the farm level was 27.7%, 3.3% and 0.1% for fattening pigs, cattle and poultry, respectively. S. Derby was the most prevalent serotype at the farm level for fattening pigs and S. Dublin for cattle. The top three serotypes isolated at the slaughterhouse and meat cutting levels were S. Derby, monophasic S. Typhimurium and S. Typhimurium with proportions of 64.7%, 9.4% and 7.0%, respectively. These serotypes were the top five most common Salmonella serotypes responsible for human infections in Estonia. S. Enteritidis is the main cause (46.9%) of human salmonellosis cases in Estonia, but in recent years, Enteritidis has not been detected at the slaughterhouse or meat cutting level. Conclusion: In recent years, monophasic S. Typhimurium has become epidemiologically more important in Estonia, with the second-highest cause in human cases and third-highest among the most prevalent serotypes of Salmonella enterica in the meat chain.

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Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli from Farm Livestock and Related Analytical Methods: A Review

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.5740/jaoacint.17-0445 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 101 (4) ◽

pp. 916-922 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Giorgia Caruso

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Wide Range ◽

Spread Dynamics ◽

Global Threat ◽

Farm Livestock

Abstract The indiscriminate use of antibiotics for the treatment of human and animal infections has led to the rise of resistance in pathogens and in commensal bacteria. In particular, farm animals may act as vectors for the dissemination of drug-resistant genes because of the intensive use of antibiotics in animal production, enabling resistance to a wide range of antimicrobial agents, including those normally used in human medicine. Escherichia coli, being a widespread commensal, is considered a good indicator of antibiotic use. Ultimately, it is emerging as a global threat, developing dramatically high levels of antibiotic resistance to multiple classes of drugs. Its prevalence in food animals is hence alarming, and more studies are needed in order to ascertain the spread dynamics between the food chain and humans. In this context, great attention should be paid to the accurate detection of resistance by conventional and molecular methods. In this review, a comprehensive list of the most widely used testing methods is also addressed.

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Sequencing and Characterization of Five Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Isolates Implicated in Human Infections from Punjab, Pakistan

Microbiology Resource Announcements ◽

10.1128/mra.01466-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (13) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kaitlin A. Tagg ◽

Afreenish Amir ◽

Aamer Ikram ◽

Jessica C. Chen ◽

Justin Y. Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Outbreak Strain ◽

Content Type ◽

Extensively Drug Resistant ◽

Punjab Province ◽

Sindh Province ◽

Large Outbreak ◽

Human Infections

A large outbreak of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi infections is ongoing in Pakistan, predominantly in Sindh Province. Here, we report the sequencing and characterization of five XDR Salmonella Typhi isolates from the Punjab province of Pakistan that are closely related to the outbreak strain and carry the same IncY plasmid.

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The Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium lpf, bcf, stb, stc, std, and sth Fimbrial Operons Are Required for Intestinal Persistence in Mice

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.73.6.3358-3366.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 73 (6) ◽

pp. 3358-3366 ◽

Cited By ~ 111

Author(s):

Eric H. Weening ◽

Jared D. Barker ◽

Marijke C. Laarakker ◽

Andrea D. Humphries ◽

Renée M. Tsolis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Chain ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Cba Mice ◽

Time Period ◽

Human Infections ◽

Intestinal Persistence ◽

Infection Experiments

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium causes human infections that can frequently be traced back through the food chain to healthy livestock whose intestine is colonized by the pathogen. Little is known about the genes important for intestinal carriage of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium in vertebrate animals. Here we characterized the role of 10 fimbrial operons, agf, fim, lpf, pef, bcf, stb, stc, std, stf, and sth, using competitive infection experiments performed in genetically susceptible (BALB/c) and resistant (CBA) mice. Deletion of agfAB, fimAICDHF, lpfABCDE, pefABCDI, bcfABCDEFG, stbABCD, stcABCD, stdAB, stfACDEFG, or sthABCDE did not reduce the ability of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium to colonize the spleen and cecum of BALB/c mice 5 days after infection. Similarly, deletion of agfAB, fimAICDHF, pefABCDI, and stfACDEFG did not result in reduced recovery of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium from fecal samples collected from infected CBA mice over a 30-day time period. However, S. enterica serotype Typhimurium strains carrying deletions in lpfABCDE, bcfABCDEFG, stbABCD, stcABCD, stdAB, or sthABCDE were recovered at significantly reduced numbers from the feces of CBA mice. There was a good correlation (R 2 = 0.9626) between competitive indices in the cecum and fecal samples of CBA mice at 30 days after infection, suggesting that the recovery of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium from fecal samples closely reflected its ability to colonize the cecum. Collectively, these data show that six fimbrial operons (lpf, bcf, stb, stc, std, and sth) contribute to long-term intestinal carriage of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium in genetically resistant mice.

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