scholarly journals ApiAP2 Transcription Factors in Apicomplexan Parasites

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Jeninga ◽  
Jennifer Quinn ◽  
Michaela Petter
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Transcription Factor Family ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Apicomplexan Parasites ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Parasite Biology

Apicomplexan parasites are protozoan organisms that are characterised by complex life cycles and they include medically important species, such as the malaria parasite Plasmodium and the causative agents of toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) and cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.). Apicomplexan parasites can infect one or more hosts, in which they differentiate into several morphologically and metabolically distinct life cycle stages. These developmental transitions rely on changes in gene expression. In the last few years, the important roles of different members of the ApiAP2 transcription factor family in regulating life cycle transitions and other aspects of parasite biology have become apparent. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of the different members of the ApiAP2 transcription factor family in apicomplexan parasites.

Autonomy and integration in complex parasite life cycles

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (14) ◽  
pp. 1824-1846 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL P. BENESH
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Free Living ◽  
New Host ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Life Cycle Stages

SUMMARYComplex life cycles are common in free-living and parasitic organisms alike. The adaptive decoupling hypothesis postulates that separate life cycle stages have a degree of developmental and genetic autonomy, allowing them to be independently optimized for dissimilar, competing tasks. That is, complex life cycles evolved to facilitate functional specialization. Here, I review the connections between the different stages in parasite life cycles. I first examine evolutionary connections between life stages, such as the genetic coupling of parasite performance in consecutive hosts, the interspecific correlations between traits expressed in different hosts, and the developmental and functional obstacles to stage loss. Then, I evaluate how environmental factors link life stages through carryover effects, where stressful larval conditions impact parasites even after transmission to a new host. There is evidence for both autonomy and integration across stages, so the relevant question becomes how integrated are parasite life cycles and through what mechanisms? By highlighting how genetics, development, selection and the environment can lead to interdependencies among successive life stages, I wish to promote a holistic approach to studying complex life cycle parasites and emphasize that what happens in one stage is potentially highly relevant for later stages.

scholarly journals Endocrine Control of Life-Cycle Stages: A Constraint on Response to the Environment?

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry D. Jacobs ◽  
John C. Wingfield
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Breeding Seasons

Abstract Most organisms live in seasonal environments that fluctuate on a predictable schedule and sometimes unpredictably. Individuals must, therefore, adjust so as to maximize their survival and reproductive success over a wide range of environmental conditions. In birds, as in other vertebrates, endocrine secretions regulate morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes in anticipation of future events. The individual thus prepares for predictable fluctuations in its environment by changing life-cycle stages. We have applied finite-state machine theory to define and compare different life-history cycles. The ability of birds to respond to predictable and unpredictable regimes of environmental variation may be constrained by the adaptability of their endocrine control systems. We have applied several theoretical approaches to natural history data of birds to compare the complexity of life cycles, the degree of plasticity of timing of stages within the cycle, and to determine whether endocrine control mechanisms influence the way birds respond to their environments. The interactions of environmental cues on the timing of life-history stages are not uniform in all populations. Taking the reproductive life-history stage as an example, arctic birds that have short breeding seasons in severe environments appear to use one reliable environmental cue to time reproduction and they ignore other factors. Birds having longer breeding seasons exhibit greater plasticity of onset and termination and appear to integrate several environmental cues. Theoretical approaches may allow us to predict how individuals respond to their environment at the proximate level and, conversely, predict how constraints imposed by endocrine control systems may limit the complexity of life cycles.

scholarly journals From Metabolite to Metabolome: Metabolomics Applications in Plasmodium Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyu Yu ◽  
Gaoqian Feng ◽  
Qingfeng Zhang ◽  
Jun Cao
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Disease Etiology ◽  
Malaria Research ◽  
Metabolic Mapping ◽  
The Past ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Parasite Biology ◽  
Host Parasite

Advances in research over the past few decades have greatly improved metabolomics-based approaches in studying parasite biology and disease etiology. This improves the investigation of varied metabolic requirements during life stages or when following transmission to their hosts, and fulfills the demand for improved diagnostics and precise therapeutics. Therefore, this review highlights the progress of metabolomics in malaria research, including metabolic mapping of Plasmodium vertebrate life cycle stages to investigate antimalarials mode of actions and underlying complex host-parasite interactions. Also, we discuss current limitations as well as make several practical suggestions for methodological improvements which could drive metabolomics progress for malaria from a comprehensive perspective.

Project Life-Cycle Planning and Methodologies

2003 ◽  
pp. 168-192
Author(s):  
Len Asprey ◽  
Michael Middleton
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Project Organization ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Project Deliverables ◽  
Life Cycle Development ◽  
Project Life

This chapter deals with the planning aspects of an IDCM project, including scope, feasibility, and life-cycle development. It reviews the typical project deliverables that may be used during planning and subsequent phases. The objectives are to consider and discuss: • The importance of planning to the successful implementation of an IDCM solution, and the need to distinguish between product development and project life-cycles; • A product development life-cycle that enterprises can use for an IDCM project; • The steps involved in initiating and defining an IDCM project; • An approach to aligning the development of a management framework with requirements for enabling an IDCM solution, including a review of key life-cycle stages; • Development of a project organization structure that may be applicable for an enterprise IDCM project; • Identification of a set of risks to form the basis of a Risk Management Plan; and • Methodologies suitable for an IDCM project.

Study on Life Cycle Assessment of Servo Press With Comparison to Flywheel Press

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suiran Yu ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Lu Li ◽  
Qingjin Peng
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Servo Press ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Tremendous Amount ◽  
Efficient Machine ◽  
Whole Life Cycle ◽  
Two Machines

Heavy duty machines consume a tremendous amount of energy during their life cycle. Therefore, designing an energy efficient machine is of great importance. This paper presents a method for the comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of two different types of press machines: servo press and flywheel press to understand quantitatively the environmental emissions during their life cycles. To make a fair comparison of the two machines, the same amount of production is used as the basis for comparison. Assessment scopes and boundaries are defined first, then detailed product structures and manufacturing processes are investigated. After data collection from visiting enterprises, related project reports, academic papers, and commercial software databases, analysis of the life cycle inventory is performed. Comparative inventory tables for each life cycle stages and whole life cycle are presented. The results of the study can be used for decision making during the product purchase, planning and design process.

Identification of life cycle stages of the nematode Echinocephalus overstreeti by allozyme electrophoresis

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Andrews ◽  
I. Beveridge ◽  
M. Adams ◽  
P. R. Baverstock
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Allozyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Larval Form ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Allelic Differences ◽  
Mollusc Species ◽  
Shared Alleles

ABSTRACTData presented in this study highlight the potential of allozyme electrophoresis in providing unequivocal genetic evidence for the identification of life cycle stages, particularly where species have complex life cycles. Adults of the nematode Echinocephalus overstreeti parasitize the elasmobranch Heterodontus portusjacksoni. The putative larval form which is morphologically dissimilar is found in two species of marine molluscs, Chlamys bifrons and Pecten albus. Electrophoretic analysis indicated that the adult and larval forms shared alleles at all of the 34 enzyme loci established. Furthermore, there were no fixed allelic differences between larval forms from different mollusc species.

scholarly journals Next-Generation Technologies and Systems Biology for the Design of Novel Vaccines Against Apicomplexan Parasites

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela Luján Tomazic ◽  
Virginia Marugan-Hernandez ◽  
Anabel Elisa Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Apicomplexan Parasites ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Parasite Biology ◽  
Potential Vaccine

Parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa are the causative agents of important diseases such as malaria, toxoplasmosis or cryptosporidiosis in humans, and babesiosis and coccidiosis in animals. Whereas the first human recombinant vaccine against malaria has been approved and recently recommended for wide administration by the WHO, most other zoonotic parasitic diseases lack of appropriate immunoprophylaxis. Sequencing technologies, bioinformatics, and statistics, have opened the “omics” era into apicomplexan parasites, which has led to the development of systems biology, a recent field that can significantly contribute to more rational design for new vaccines. The discovery of novel antigens by classical approaches is slow and limited to very few antigens identified and analyzed by each study. High throughput approaches based on the expansion of the “omics”, mainly genomics and transcriptomics have facilitated the functional annotation of the genome for many of these parasites, improving significantly the understanding of the parasite biology, interactions with the host, as well as virulence and host immune response. Developments in genetic manipulation in apicomplexan parasites have also contributed to the discovery of new potential vaccine targets. The present minireview does a comprehensive summary of advances in “omics”, CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, and in systems biology approaches applied to apicomplexan parasites of economic and zoonotic importance, highlighting their potential of the holistic view in vaccine development.

scholarly journals Diversity and life-cycle analysis of Pacific Ocean zooplankton by videomicroscopy and DNA barcoding: Crustacea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bryant ◽  
Timothy Arehart
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Molecular Taxonomy ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Small Element ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Life Cycle Stages

Crustacea larvae and adults make up a large fraction of the biomass and number of organisms in both holoplankton (organisms that spend their entire lives in the plankton) and meroplankton (organisms that spend their larval stages in the plankton). The life cycles of these animals can be studied by raising individuals and studying them longitudinally in the laboratory, but this method can be very laborious. Here we show that DNA sequencing of a small element in the mitochondrial DNA (DNA barcoding) makes it possible to easily link life-cycle phases without the need for laboratory rearing. It can also be used to construct taxonomic trees, although it is not yet clear to what extent this barcode-based taxonomy reflects more traditional morphological or molecular taxonomy. Collections of zooplankton were made using conventional plankton nets in Newport Bay and the Pacific Ocean near Newport Beach, California, and individual crustacean specimens were documented by videomicroscopy. Adult crustaceans were collected from solid substrates in the same areas. Specimens were preserved in ethanol and sent to the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada for sequencing of the COI DNA barcode. From 1042 specimens, 609 COI sequences were obtained falling into 169 Barcode Identification Numbers (BINs), of which 85 correspond to recognized species. The results show the utility of DNA barcoding for matching life-cycle stages as well as for documenting the diversity of this group of organisms.

scholarly journals Regulation of the Human Papillomavirus Life Cycle by DNA Damage Repair Pathways and Epigenetic Factors

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Albert ◽  
Laimonis Laimins
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Dna Damage Repair ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Human Papillomaviruses ◽  
Viral Transcription ◽  
Productive Life ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Repair Pathways

Human papillomaviruses are the causative agents of cervical and other anogenital cancers along with approximately 60% of oropharyngeal cancers. These small double-stranded DNA viruses infect stratified epithelia and link their productive life cycles to differentiation. HPV proteins target cellular factors, such as those involved in DNA damage repair, as well as epigenetic control of host and viral transcription to regulate the productive life cycle. HPVs constitutively activate the ATM and ATR DNA repair pathways and preferentially recruit these proteins to viral genomes to facilitate productive viral replication. In addition, the sirtuin deacetylases along with histone acetyltransferases, including Tip60, are targeted in HPV infections to regulate viral transcription and replication. These pathways provide potential targets for drug therapy to treat HPV-induced disease.

scholarly journals Organisational life cycle, business orientation and performances of architectural firms in Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-63
Author(s):  
Adedapo Adewunmi Oluwatayo ◽  
Dolapo Amole ◽  
Obioha Uwakonye
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Stage ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Business Orientation ◽  
Architectural Firms

This study sets out to investigate the relationships between the organisational life cycles, business orientation and performances of architectural firms, which often start with just the principal and little capital. In the study, the organisational life cycles stages of the firms were identified, and the way that business orientation emphasis changes with the firms’ life cycles were investigated. In addition, the business orientation dimensions that predict the architectural firms’ performance at each life cycle stage were identified. The study was carried out using data collected through self-administered questionnaires from architectural firms in Nigeria. The organisational life cycle stages of the firms were identified using cluster analysis, and the predictors of performances were identified using regression analysis. The results of the study show that only focus on prominence varied significantly with the organisational life cycles of the firms. Another important finding of the study is that market orientation led to better performance at some organisational life-cycle stages, while profit orientation led to better performance at some other stages. It was recommended that firms should choose business strategies that take into consideration their organisational life cycle stages to enhance their performances.

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