scholarly journals End-Point Prediction of Granule Moisture in a ConsiGmaTM-25 Segmented Fluid Bed Dryer

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 452
Author(s):  
Jakob Rehrl ◽  
Stephan Sacher ◽  
Martin Horn ◽  
Johannes Khinast
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing ◽  
Wet Granulation ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Fluid Bed ◽  
Continuous Dryer ◽  
Process Measurements ◽  
Validation Experiments

Continuously operated pharmaceutical manufacturing lines often consist of a wet granulation unit operation, followed by a (semi-) continuous dryer. The operating conditions of the dryer are crucial for obtaining a desired final granule moisture. Commercially available dryers lack of a thorough online measurement of granule moisture during the drying process. However, this information could improve the operation of the equipment considerably, yielding a granule moisture close to the desired value (e.g., by drying time and process parameter adjustments in real-time). The paper at hand proposes a process model, which can be parameterized from a very limited number of experiments and then be used as a so-called soft sensor for predicting granule moisture. It utilizes available process measurements for the estimation of the granule moisture. The development of the model as well as parameter identification and validation experiments are provided. The proposed model paves the way for the application of sophisticated observer concepts. Possible future activities on that topic are outlined in the paper.

scholarly journals The Influence of Equipment Design and Process Parameters on Granule Breakage in a Semi-Continuous Fluid Bed Dryer after Continuous Twin-Screw Wet Granulation

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Alexander Ryckaert ◽  
Michael Ghijs ◽  
Christoph Portier ◽  
Dejan Djuric ◽  
Adrian Funke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Development ◽  
Wet Granulation ◽  
Major Goal ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Manufacturing Line ◽  
Fluid Bed ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Filling Phase ◽  
Twin Screw Granulation

The drying unit of a continuous from-powder-to-tablet manufacturing line based on twin-screw granulation (TSG) is a crucial intermediate process step to achieve the desired tablet quality. Understanding the size reduction of pharmaceutical granules before, during, and after the fluid bed drying process is, however, still lacking. A first major goal was to investigate the breakage and attrition phenomena during transport of wet and dry granules, the filling phase, and drying phase on a ConsiGma-25 system (C25). Pneumatic transport of the wet granules after TSG towards the dryer induced extensive breakage, whereas the turbulent filling and drying phase of the drying cells caused rather moderate breakage and attrition. Subsequently, the dry transfer line was responsible for additional extensive breakage and attrition. The second major goal was to compare the influence of drying air temperature and drying time on granule size and moisture content for granules processed with a commercial-scale ConsiGma-25 system and with the R&D-scale ConsiGma-1 (C1) system. Generally, the granule quality obtained after drying with C1 was not predictive for the C25, making it challenging during process development with the C1 to obtain representative granules for the C25.

scholarly journals Energetic and exergetic analysis of a convective drier: A case study of potato drying process

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 563-572
Author(s):  
Iman Golpour ◽  
Mohammad Kaveh ◽  
Reza Amiri Chayjan ◽  
Raquel P. F. Guiné
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Convective Drying ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Energy And Exergy ◽  
Exergy Losses

AbstractThis research work focused on the evaluation of energy and exergy in the convective drying of potato slices. Experiments were conducted at four air temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70°C) and three air velocities (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s) in a convective dryer, with circulating heated air. Freshly harvested potatoes with initial moisture content (MC) of 79.9% wet basis were used in this research. The influence of temperature and air velocity was investigated in terms of energy and exergy (energy utilization [EU], energy utilization ratio [EUR], exergy losses and exergy efficiency). The calculations for energy and exergy were based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Results indicated that EU, EUR and exergy losses decreased along drying time, while exergy efficiency increased. The specific energy consumption (SEC) varied from 1.94 × 105 to 3.14 × 105 kJ/kg. The exergy loss varied in the range of 0.006 to 0.036 kJ/s and the maximum exergy efficiency obtained was 85.85% at 70°C and 0.5 m/s, while minimum exergy efficiency was 57.07% at 40°C and 1.5 m/s. Moreover, the values of exergetic improvement potential (IP) rate changed between 0.0016 and 0.0046 kJ/s and the highest value occurred for drying at 70°C and 1.5 m/s, whereas the lowest value was for 70°C and 0.5 m/s. As a result, this knowledge will allow the optimization of convective dryers, when operating for the drying of this food product or others, as well as choosing the most appropriate operating conditions that cause the reduction of energy consumption, irreversibilities and losses in the industrial convective drying processes.

Calculation of Effective Ground Depth of Cut by Means of Grinding Process Model

2011 ◽  
Vol 496 ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takazo Yamada ◽  
Michael N. Morgan ◽  
Hwa Soo Lee ◽  
Kohichi Miura
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Grinding Wheel ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Wheel Wear ◽  
Elastic Deformations ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Effective Depth ◽  
Grinding Machine

In order to obtain the effective depth of cut on the ground surface, a new grinding process model taking into account thermal expansions of the grinding wheel and the workpiece, elastic deformations of the grinding machine, the grinding wheel and the workpiece and the wheel wear was proposed. Using proposed model, the effective depth of cut was calculated using measured results of the applied depth of cut and the normal grinding force.

NUMERICAL ESTIMATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT IN SPRAY DRIED JUICE POWDER

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (8-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliyu Bello A. ◽  
Arshad Ahmad ◽  
Adnan Ripin ◽  
Olagoke Oladokun
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Small Error ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Pineapple Juice ◽  
Droplet Drying ◽  
Spray Dried

The moisture contents of powders is an important parameter that affects the quality and commercial value of spray dried products. The utility of predicted moisture content values from two droplet drying models were compared with experimental data for spray dried pineapple juice, using the Ranz-Marshal and its modified variants for the heat and mass transfer correlations. The droplet Diffusion model, using the Zhifu correlation, gave estimates with errors of about 8% at 165 oC, 9% at 171 oC, 26% at 179 oC and 2% at 185 oC. The Ranz-Marshal correlation also gave comparable results with this model while results using the Downing and modified Ranz-Marshall correlations widely diverged. The Energy balance model predicted completely dried juice particles, and short drying times, in contrast to the experimental data. The small error sizes of the Diffusion model improves on the wide error sizes of an earlier process model, making is useful as a first approximation choice, for spray drier design and simulation, especially for juices under comparable operating conditions.

scholarly journals Design and Analysis of High-Efficient Driver Model for LED Luminaires

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-106
Author(s):  
Onur Akalp ◽  
Harun Ozbay ◽  
Serhat Berat Efe
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Driver Model ◽  
Zero Voltage Switching ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
High Efficient ◽  
Driver Circuit ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Zero Voltage

LED luminaires need a driver circuit for working properly. Most of the drivers have disadvantages such as losses during operation. This issue becomes more important while supplying with limited sources such as renewables. To overcome the problem, this study proposes a novel energy efficient driver for LED luminaires based on zero voltage switching (ZVS) single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) technology. Driver and hence luminaires were designed to be fed from photovoltaic (PV) panels. In addition, an adaptive MPPT algorithm was developed to obtain optimum efficiency from supply system. SEPIC approach was preferred for MPPT application due to its advantages such as non-reversing polarity. This feature allows energy efficiency in corporation with ZVS. Proposed model was designed under PSIM platform with all components; PV panels, ZVS, SEPIC, and LED luminaires. A detailed analysis was performed by using system graphs under various operating conditions as different irradiance levels. Results show that proposed model is energy efficient and modular because of its low-volume structure. Therefore the model can lead smaller driver circuits with minimum losses.

scholarly journals Drying of suspension and pastes in fluidized bed of inert particles

2000 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 963-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeljko Grbavcic ◽  
Zorana Arsenijevic ◽  
Radmila Garic-Grulovic
Keyword(s):  
Pure Water ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Mechanical Agitation ◽  
Inert Particles ◽  
Fluid Bed ◽  
Drying Efficiency

A fluid bed dryer with inert particles was used for the drying of suspensions and pastes. The effects of the operating conditions on the dryer throughput and on the product quality were investigated. Experiments were performed in a cylindrical column 215 mm in diameter and 1200 mm in height with 0.925 mm diameter glass spheres as the fluidizing media. Cineb fungicide, copper hydroxide and pure water were used as the feed material. With respect to the main efficiency criteria, i.e., specific water evaporation rate, specific heat consumption and specific air consumption, a fluid bed dryer with inert particles represents a very attractive alternative to other drying technologies. A high drying efficiency results from the large contact area and from the large temperature difference between the inlet and outlet air. A rapid mixing of the particles, due to aggregative fluidization and mechanical agitation, leads to nearly isothermal conditions throughout the bed. In our experiments, suspensions and very dense pastes were successfully treated. Suspension and product hold-up in the bed varies between 6 and 8 % by mass and a product with the same particle size as the raw material is obtained.

scholarly journals Base Case Simulation of a Semi-Batch Emulsion Copolymerization Process

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Iwan Harsono ◽  
Herman Hindarso ◽  
Nani Indraswati
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Emulsion Copolymerization ◽  
Process Understanding ◽  
Case Simulation ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

It has been long recognized that emulsion polymerization is a complex heterogeneous process involving transport of monomers and other species and free radicals between aqueous phase and organic phases. Though there are a number of models available in the literature, most of them deal only with specific aspects in emulsion polymerization and are far from being general. To simulate this complicated process and to achieve an adequate level of understanding, a Polymer Plus' software from Aspen Technology, Inc. has been used. The objective of this work is to illustrate the principle use of Polymers Plus' and to simulate and analysis the free-radical seeded emulsion copolymerization of styrene-butadiene process model in a semi-batch reactor. The base case simulation can be used to gain process understanding by analyzing how process variables and operating conditions during the course of a semi-batch reactor affect product quality.

scholarly journals Examination of physical properties of final product and drying properties of combined (convective pre-drying and freeze finish-drying) dehydration method

2014 ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Tamás Antal
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Case Hardening ◽  
Degree Polynomial ◽  
Hot Air Drying ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Drying Characteristics ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Drying Properties

In this study, the effects of freeze drying (FD), hot-air drying (HAD) and combined drying (HAD-FD) on drying characteristics, energy uptake, texture, rehydration and color of carrot were investigated. Results showed that HAD-FD significantly improved the drying time compared with FD under the same operating conditions, and the HAD-FD can reduce the total cost of dehydration. The drying kinetics was described by the Henderson-Pabis and the third degree polynomial models in the case of HAD, FD and HAD-FD. The HAD carrot samples were exhibited shrinkage, case hardening, poor rehydration and brown surface. The FD carrot cubes appeared porous structure, excellent rehydration, soft texture and loose color. The HAD-FD samples were superior to HAD products and was nearer in quality to FD products with respect to appearance, rehydration and surface resistance (texture). Finally, it is concluded that HAD-FD is effective in improving the FD drying rate. However, the combined drying has a small-scale adverse effect on product quality.

A combined experimental and computational study of wet granulation in a Wurster fluid bed granulator

2009 ◽  
Vol 189 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rajniak ◽  
F. Stepanek ◽  
K. Dhanasekharan ◽  
R. Fan ◽  
C. Mancinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computational Study ◽  
Wet Granulation ◽  
Fluid Bed

Enhanced Evaporation of Microscale Droplets With an Infrared Laser

2016 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Ferraz-Albani ◽  
Alberto Baldelli ◽  
Chrissy J. Knapp ◽  
Wolfgang Jäger ◽  
Reinhard Vehring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Droplet ◽  
Droplet Evaporation ◽  
Radiant Flux ◽  
Droplet Temperature ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Surface Area Change

Enhancement of water droplet evaporation by added infrared radiation was modeled and studied experimentally in a vertical laminar flow channel. Experiments were conducted on droplets with nominal initial diameters of 50 μm in air with relative humidities ranging from 0% to 90% RH. A 2800 nm laser was used with radiant flux densities as high as 4 × 105 W/m2. Droplet size as a function of time was measured by a shadowgraph technique. The model assumed quasi-steady behavior, a low Biot number liquid phase, and constant gas–vapor phase material properties, while the experimental results were required for model validation and calibration. For radiant flux densities less than 104 W/m2, droplet evaporation rates remained essentially constant over their full evaporation, but at rates up to 10% higher than for the no radiation case. At higher radiant flux density, the surface-area change with time became progressively more nonlinear, indicating that the radiation had diminished effects on evaporation as the size of the droplets decreased. The drying time for a 50 μm water droplet was an order of magnitude faster when comparing the 106 W/m2 case to the no radiation case. The model was used to estimate the droplet temperature. Between 104 and 5 × 105 W/m2, the droplet temperature changed from being below to above the environment temperature. Thus, the direction of conduction between the droplet and the environment also changed. The proposed model was able to predict the changing evaporation rates for droplets exposed to radiation for ambient conditions varying from dry air to 90% relative humidity.

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