scholarly journals To What Inanimate Matter Are We Most Closely Related and Does the Origin of Life Harbor Meaning?

Philosophies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
William F. Martin ◽  
Falk S. P. Nagies ◽  
Andrey do Nascimento Vieira

The question concerning the meaning of life is important, but it immediately confronts the present authors with insurmountable obstacles from a philosophical standpoint, as it would require us to define not only what we hold to be life, but what we hold to be meaning in addition, requiring us to do both in a properly researched context. We unconditionally surrender to that challenge. Instead, we offer a vernacular, armchair approach to life’s origin and meaning, with some layman’s thoughts on the meaning of origins as viewed from the biologist’s standpoint. One can observe that biologists generally approach the concept of biological meaning in the context of evolution. This is the basis for the broad resonance behind Dobzhansky’s appraisal that “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”. Biologists try to understand living things in the historical context of how they arose, without giving much thought to the definition of what life or living things are, which for a biologist is usually not an interesting question in the practical context of daily dealings with organisms. Do humans generally understand life’s meaning in the context of history? If we consider the problem of life’s origin, the question of what constitutes a living thing becomes somewhat more acute for the biologist, though not more answerable, because it is inescapable that there was a time when there were no organisms on Earth, followed by a time when there were, the latter time having persisted in continuity to the present. This raises the question of where, in that transition, chemicals on Earth became alive, requiring, in turn, a set of premises for how life arose in order to conceptualize the problem in relation to organisms we know today, including ourselves, which brings us to the point of this paper: In the same way that cultural narratives for origins always start with a setting, scientific narratives for origins also always start with a setting, a place on Earth or elsewhere where we can imagine what happened for the sake of structuring both the problem and the narrative for its solution. This raises the question of whether scientific origins settings convey meaning to humans in that they suggest to us from what kind of place and what kinds of chemicals we are descended, that is, to which inanimate things we are most closely related.

Author(s):  
John Maynard Smith ◽  
Eors Szathmary

Imagine that, when the first spacemen step out of their craft onto the surface of one of the moons of Jupiter, they are confronted by an object the size of a horse, rolling towards them on wheels, and bearing on its back a concave disc pointing towards the Sun. They will at once conclude that the object is alive, or has been made by something alive. If all they find is a purple smear on the surface of the rocks, they will have to work harder to decide. This is the phenotypic approach to the definition of life: a thing is alive if it has parts, or ‘organs’, which perform functions. William Paley explained the machine-like nature of life by the existence of a creator: today, we would invoke natural selection. There are, however, dangers in assuming that any entity with the properties of a self-regulating machine is alive, or an artefact. In section 2.2, we tell the story of a self-regulating atomic reactor, the Oklo reactor, which is neither. This story can be taken in one of three ways. First, it shows the dangers of the phenotypic definition of life: not all complex entities are alive. Second, it illustrates how the accidents of history can give rise spontaneously to surprisingly complex machine-like entities. The relevance of this to the origin of life is obvious. In essence, the problem is the following. How could chemical and physical processes give rise, without natural selection, to entities capable of hereditary replication, which would therefore, from then on, evolve by natural selection? The Oklo reactor is an example of what can happen. Finally, section 2.2 can simply be skipped: the events were interesting, but do not resemble in detail those that led to the origin of life on Earth. There is an alternative to the phenotypic definition of life. It is to define as alive any entities that have the properties of multiplication, variation and heredity. The logic behind this definition, first proposed by Muller (1966), is that a population of entities with these properties will evolve by natural selection, and hence can be expected to acquire the complex adaptations for survival and reproduction that are characteristic of living things.


Author(s):  
Franklin M. Harold

Living things are truly strange objects. They stand squarely within the material world, but at the same time flaunt capacities that far exceed those of inanimate matter. Life is in some sense a singular phenomenon: astonishingly, all creatures from bacteria to elephants, redwoods and humans belong to a single enormous family. What life is, how living things work, how they mesh with the realm of physics and chemistry, and how they came to be as we find them—these are the questions that define the science of biology. A rational sense of the world requires finding in it a place for life. Many of the answers are known, but as knowledge expands relentlessly it becomes ever harder to grasp the phenomenon of life whole. This book aims to make the phenomenon of life intelligible to serious readers who are not professional biologists by giving them a sense of the biological landscape: presenting the principles as currently understood and the major issues that remain unresolved, as simply and concisely as may be. What emerges is a biology that is internally consistent and buttressed by a wealth of factual knowledge, but also inescapably historical and complex. The hallmark of life is organization, order that has purpose; and that sets biology apart from the physical sciences. Despite a century of spectacular progress the phenomenon of life remains tantalizingly beyond our grasp, bracketed by two stubborn mysteries: the origin of life at one end, the nature of mind at the other.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Addy Pross

Despite the considerable advances in molecular biology over the past several decades, the nature of the physical–chemical process by which inanimate matter become transformed into simplest life remains elusive. In this review, we describe recent advances in a relatively new area of chemistry, systems chemistry, which attempts to uncover the physical–chemical principles underlying that remarkable transformation. A significant development has been the discovery that within the space of chemical potentiality there exists a largely unexplored kinetic domain which could be termed dynamic kinetic chemistry. Our analysis suggests that all biological systems and associated sub-systems belong to this distinct domain, thereby facilitating the placement of biological systems within a coherent physical/chemical framework. That discovery offers new insights into the origin of life process, as well as opening the door toward the preparation of active materials able to self-heal, adapt to environmental changes, even communicate, mimicking what transpires routinely in the biological world. The road to simplest proto-life appears to be opening up.


Author(s):  
Souvik Das

Abstract: The word ‘life’ is a mysterious word with a chart of attributes that have neither been completed nor has been agreed upon by the race of humans. Probably the proper definition of life is impossible to identify for humans (the proof for this claim is given later) but the handbook to the secret shall be updated till the end, thanks to the inquisitive attitude of humans. For this piece, we shall adopt the description from the professional medical community of today. Though this topic falls midway between science and philosophy, this project is strictly technical. To quote dictionary.com, Life is the condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic objects and dead organisms, being manifested by growth through metabolism, reproduction and the power of adaptation to environment- through changes originating internally; cambridge.com teaches Life is the period between birth and death, or the experience or state of being alive; medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com states Life is the property or quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms and inanimate matter, manifested in functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction and response to stimuli or adaptation to the environment originating from within the organisms. There are several other definitions but to summarize, we can safely state that though the concept is somewhat vague, we could indeed point out some common principles. We shall, in this project, try to replicate the characteristics so as to attain life in medical terms. (The order does not base upon importance of the listed character since the characters, all of them are absolute essentials and cannot possibly be categorized as more or less important). 1) Metabolism 2) Growth 3) Adaptability 4) Birth 5) Death 6) Self-stimulated response to environment 7) Reproduction 8) Can sustain self without foreign intervention Keywords: artificial, life, intelligence, computer, programming, algorithm This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.


2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 157-169
Author(s):  
Damian Szymczak

On the threshold of the 21st century, the problem of poverty remains unresolved. Many still suffer from hunger, and many more have no access to running water, or education. This raises a fundamental question that has bothered economy researchers for centuries: What determines the wealth of some countries, and the poverty of others? One of the contemporary researchers analysing the causes of poverty and development barriers is Indian economist Amartya Kumar Sen. Referring to the socio-economic theory of Sen, the author indicates that modernity implies the need for reflection on the definition of poverty. The author attempts to justify the thesis which focuses on the discord between the evaluation concepts of good and evil with objective economic factors defining poverty. The author suggests that the definition of poverty should be grounded in considerations concerning good and evil in a specific time, as well as cultural and historical context.


Author(s):  
Fátima Maria BaBaptista Valentim Dias Cardoso ◽  
Maria do Carmo Martins Pires e Sousa

ResumoO contributo de diferentes ramos da ciência no desenvolvimento do conhecimento e no seu ensino em múltiplas áreas disciplinares é incontestável. No caso da Enfermagem de Saúde Infantil e Pediátrica, numa lógica de similitude, associamo-la à medicina, particularmente ao ramo da Pediatria. Cedo percebemos que essa associação é reducionista. A história mostra-nos que o seu desenvolvimento também se deve a ciências como biologia, antropologia, filosofia, psicologia, sociologia e ciências da educação entre outras. Este entendimento conduz-nos ao conhecimento do contexto histórico da definição de infância e adolescência, dois conceitos indissociáveis da necessidade de se ensinar enfermagem e medicina específicas para estes grupos etários. Até ao século XII era desconhecida a representação de crianças em obras de arte e segundo Aries (1981)1 tal deve-se à pouca importância dada a estes seres. Nos séculos seguintes operaram-se modificações. As mais consistentes datam dos séculos XVII e XVIII. É inegável o contributo de Rousseau (1762)2 com Émile não só pelo impacto cultural, mas pelas consequências daí resultantes quando explorados os aspetos filosóficos e pedagógicos da obra. Com a Revolução Industrial tiveram início medidas de proteção da criança contra trabalhos insalubres e para satisfazer as suas necessidades de saúde. Em França surgiram os primeiros conceitos e trabalhos sobre puericultura que se expandiram a outros países da Europa. Querendo aprofundar o conhecimento, através de análise bibliográfica, sobre a evolução do ensino de Enfermagem de Saúde Infantil e Pediátrica e das implicações de diferentes ramos da ciência na mesma, procurámos refletir sobre o contributo que, ao longo dos anos, as diferentes áreas científicas deram para esta área disciplinar. Palavras chave: Ensino; Enfermagem pediátrica. Abstract The contribution of different branches of science to the development of knowledge and its teaching in multiple subject areas is undeniable. In the case of Infant Health and Pediatric Nursing, in a logic of similarity, we associate it with medicine, particularly the branch of Pediatrics. We soon realize that this is a reductionist association. History shows us that its development is also due to sciences such as biology, anthropology, philosophy, psychology, sociology and the educational sciences, among others. This understanding leads us to the knowledge of the historical context of the definition of childhood and adolescence, two concepts inseparable from the need to teach nursing and medicine specific to these age groups. Until the 12th century the representation of children was unknown in works of art and according to Aries (1981)3 this is due to the little importance given to these beings. In the following centuries modifications took place. The most consistent date from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Rousseau's (1762)4 contribution with Émile is undeniable, not only for its cultural impact, but also for the consequences resulting from the examination of the work’s philosophical and pedagogical aspects. With the Industrial Revolution, measures began to protect children against unhealthy work and to meet their health needs. In France came the first concepts and works on childcare that expanded to other countries in Europe. Wanting to increase knowledge, through literature review, about the evolution of the Infant Health and Pediatric Nursing teaching and the implications of different branches of science in it, we tried to reflect on the contribution that these have made to this subject area over the years. Keywords: Teaching; Pediatric nursing


Author(s):  
Joseph E. Davis

The Introduction sets out the major themes of the book. These include medicine’s role in the moral and cultural agendas of contemporary society, challenges to the biomedical model represented by new regimes of disease and disorder, and the limitations of principlist bioethics for moving in a more holistic direction. In the working definition of the book, “reductionism” suggests a mechanistic and narrowly somatic understanding of disease, monocausal theories of disease, and an exclusive preoccupation with cure to the neglect of prevention. Meanwhile, “holism” refers to a contextual understanding of disease causation, intervention, or practice. A systemic concern with the whole organism, a focus on the interconnected effects of the larger environment, and ethical concerns with the clinical encounter, can all be characterized as holistic. The Introduction situates the struggle between these perspectives in historical context, and calls for a renewed focus on the social determinants of health and a more holistic ethical perspective.


2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Robert Lemon

This introduction places taco trucks within a historical context and presents geographical concepts that are used throughout the book. It briefly reviews Mexican street food origins, from the Aztec capital's cuisine to modern-day tacos in Los Angeles. It takes a close look at the advent of the taco truck in California and how taco trucks mirror Mexican immigration patterns across the nation. The chapter then discusses the ways taco trucks fit into contemporary geographic discourses related to landscape contestation, sociospatial practices, urban policy, city planning, food studies, and cultural landscape studies. It presents the friction of how taco trucks--as an expression of the informal economy--are emerging within rationally controlled cities, and that a community’s definition of “quality of life” most often determines a taco truck's place within a city.


2021 ◽  
pp. 186-207
Author(s):  
Alexey I. Popovich ◽  

The literary topoi and allusions to the victim and sacrifice in the biblical and historical context at the same time played a great role for Andrey Kurbsky as a traditionalist and innovator writer in the embodiment of the complex author’s intention of the History of the Grand Prince of Moscow (the second half of the 16th century). The article notes that the writer distinguishes, as opposites, the axiology of sacrificial feat for power doer and persecuted heroes. The article reveals the diverse reception of the author’s interpretation by readers and scribes of History. Kurbsky’s contemporaries and readers of the late 17th — early 18th century had different attitudes toward Kurbsky’s definition of the personality of Ivan the Terrible who makes unrighteous victims and the characterization of people affected by him as new martyrs. The rich handwritten tradition of History, including as part of the Kurbsky Collections, contributed to the emergence of new reader’s interpretations based on literary topoi and allusions used by Kurbsky. The intellectuals of the ‘transitional’ period A.S. Matveev, Evfimy Chudovsky, A.I. Lyzlov, V.V. Golitsyn and others were involved in this process. Textological and typological comparisons of certain monuments and Kurbsky’s History contributed to a deeper understanding of the literary context of the time when the prince’s writings spread. The study also helped to determine which Kurbsky’s ideas about the victim and sacrifice remained relevant for members of different class groups, and which were leveled out and outdated in the text interpretation process.


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