scholarly journals Transgenic Expression of dsRNA Targeting the Pentalonia nigronervosa acetylcholinesterase Gene in Banana and Plantain Reduces Aphid Populations

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 613
Author(s):  
Temitope Jekayinoluwa ◽  
Jaindra Nath Tripathi ◽  
Benjamin Dugdale ◽  
George Obiero ◽  
Edward Muge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Vector ◽  
Banana Bunchy Top Virus ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Transgenic Expression ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Essential Enzyme ◽  
Pentalonia Nigronervosa ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Gene ◽  
Aphid Populations

The banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa, is the sole insect vector of banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), the causal agent of banana bunchy top disease. The aphid acquires and transmits BBTV while feeding on infected banana plants. RNA interference (RNAi) enables the generation of pest and disease-resistant crops; however, its effectiveness relies on the identification of pivotal gene sequences to target and silence. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an essential enzyme responsible for the hydrolytic metabolism of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in animals. In this study, the AChE gene of the banana aphid was targeted for silencing by RNAi through transgenic expression of AChE dsRNA in banana and plantain plants. The efficacy of dsRNA was first assessed using an artificial feeding assay. In vitro aphid feeding on a diet containing 7.5% sucrose, and sulfate complexes of trace metals supported aphid growth and reproduction. When AChE dsRNA was included in the diet, a dose of 500 ng/μL was lethal to the aphids. Transgenic banana cv. Cavendish Williams and plantain cvs. Gonja Manjaya and Orishele expressing AChE dsRNA were regenerated and assessed for transgene integration and copy number. When aphids were maintained on elite transgenic events, there was a 67.8%, 46.7%, and 75.6% reduction in aphid populations growing on Cavendish Williams, Gonja Manjaya, and Orishele cultivars, respectively, compared to those raised on nontransgenic control plants. These results suggest that RNAi targeting an essential aphid gene could be a useful means of reducing both aphid infestation and potentially the spread of the disease they transmit.

scholarly journals PENGARUH WAKTU INFEKSI VIRUS KERDIL PISANG TERHADAP KERENTANAN TIGA KULTIVAR

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Dewi Widyastuti ◽  
Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Banana Bunchy Top Virus ◽  
Time Of Infection ◽  
Pentalonia Nigronervosa

Effects of time of infection of banana bunchy top virus on susceptibility of three banana cultivars. Banana Bunchy Top, caused by Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), is one of the most important banana diseases in Indonesia. Approach to reduce disease incidence involves prevention of early infection especially on susceptible cultivars. This study was conducted to evaluate the response of three banana cultivars, Ambon Kuning, Tanduk, and Kepok, to different time of infection of BBTV i.e., one week and three week after adaptation period, and one week during adaptation period. Banana plants used in the study were prepared through in vitro propagation (tissue culture) and virus transmission was done using aphid vector, Pentalonia nigronervosa.  In addition to observation on symptom expression, inhibition of plant height, and reduction of leaf size, conformation of virus infection was done through indirect ELISA. Virus concentration on different part of the plant, young leaf, stem, and root, tends to decrease over the time due to the ability of BBTV to move from cell to cell before replication takes place. It is evidenced that BBTV was able to infect banana in all growth stages although the younger plant is more susceptible to BBTV. Although concentration of the virus in the tested plant is considered high, symptoms expression of BBTV infection can be differentiated from moderate to very severe. Response of banana plants to infection of BBTV can be grouped into susceptible (Ambon Kuning), moderate tolerant (Tanduk), and tolerant (Kepok).  

Transgenic expression of gallerimycin, a novel antifungal insect defensin from the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella, confers resistance to pathogenic fungi in tobacco

2006 ◽  
Vol 387 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Langen ◽  
Jafargholi Imani ◽  
Boran Altincicek ◽  
Gernot Kieseritzky ◽  
Karl-Heinz Kogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Tobacco ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Transgenic Expression ◽  
Greater Wax Moth ◽  
Insect Defensin ◽  
Wax Moth

Abstract A cDNA encoding gallerimycin, a novel antifungal peptide from the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella, was isolated from a cDNA library of genes expressed during innate immune response in the caterpillars. Upon ectopic expression of gallerimycin in tobacco, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a vector, gallerimycin conferred resistance to the fungal pathogens Erysiphe cichoracearum and Sclerotinia minor. Quantification of gallerimycin mRNA in transgenic tobacco by real-time PCR confirmed transgenic expression under control of the inducible mannopine synthase promoter. Leaf sap and intercellular washing fluid from transgenic tobacco inhibited in vitro germination and growth of the fungal pathogens, demonstrating that gallerimycin is secreted into intercellular spaces. The feasibility of the use of gallerimycin to counteract fungal diseases in crop plants is discussed.

Banana Tree Infected with Banana Bunchy Top Virus Attracts Pentalonia nigronervosa Aphids Through Increased Volatile Organic Compounds Emission

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 755-767
Author(s):  
Ignace Safari Murhububa ◽  
Kévin Tougeron ◽  
Claude Bragard ◽  
Marie-Laure Fauconnier ◽  
Espoir Bisimwa Basengere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Banana Bunchy Top Virus ◽  
Banana Tree ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Pentalonia Nigronervosa

scholarly journals Understanding the Plant Aphid Interaction: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Waghmare Kranti ◽  
Ghayal Nivedita ◽  
Mahesh Shindikar
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Indirect Defense ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Strategic Ability ◽  
Genetically Engineered Crops ◽  
Plant Sap

The interaction between plant-aphid is phenomenal and complex. Aphids possess efficient mouthparts which feed on plant sap intensively. Adaptation to host plants and successful feeding is achieved through the strategic ability of aphids to reproduce sexually and asexually (parthenogenesis). Aphid infestation damages the plant in diverse ways and induces plant defense. Though plant elicit direct and indirect defense to resist aphid feeding, the effectiveness of plant resistance depends largely on the aphid infestation rate and quality of the host plant. To control aphid infestation and plant damage, dependency on insecticides is undesirable due to insecticidal resistance of aphids and environmental pollution. The approach towards the development of the genetically engineered crops which are aphid resistant can be the considerable potential to aphid control..

scholarly journals Biophysical principles predict fitness landscapes of drug resistance

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (11) ◽  
pp. E1470-E1478 ◽  
Author(s):  
João V. Rodrigues ◽  
Shimon Bershtein ◽  
Anna Li ◽  
Elena R. Lozovsky ◽  
Daniel L. Hartl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Fitness Landscape ◽  
Catalytic Efficiency ◽  
Fitness Landscapes ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Chlamydia Muridarum ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
Essential Enzyme

Fitness landscapes of drug resistance constitute powerful tools to elucidate mutational pathways of antibiotic escape. Here, we developed a predictive biophysics-based fitness landscape of trimethoprim (TMP) resistance for Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). We investigated the activity, binding, folding stability, and intracellular abundance for a complete set of combinatorial DHFR mutants made out of three key resistance mutations and extended this analysis to DHFR originated from Chlamydia muridarum and Listeria grayi. We found that the acquisition of TMP resistance via decreased drug affinity is limited by a trade-off in catalytic efficiency. Protein stability is concurrently affected by the resistant mutants, which precludes a precise description of fitness from a single molecular trait. Application of the kinetic flux theory provided an accurate model to predict resistance phenotypes (IC50) quantitatively from a unique combination of the in vitro protein molecular properties. Further, we found that a controlled modulation of the GroEL/ES chaperonins and Lon protease levels affects the intracellular steady-state concentration of DHFR in a mutation-specific manner, whereas IC50 is changed proportionally, as indeed predicted by the model. This unveils a molecular rationale for the pleiotropic role of the protein quality control machinery on the evolution of antibiotic resistance, which, as we illustrate here, may drastically confound the evolutionary outcome. These results provide a comprehensive quantitative genotype–phenotype map for the essential enzyme that serves as an important target of antibiotic and anticancer therapies.

Biochemical markers of oxidative stress in maize seedlings exposed to rose-grass aphids

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
I. Łukasik ◽  
S. Goławska
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Anion ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Carbonyl Groups ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Markers Of Oxidative Stress ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Superoxide Anion Radicals

We studied the influence of rose-grass aphid (Metopolophium dirhodum L.) infestation on the biochemical markers of oxidative stress in seedlings of two maize (Zea mays L.) varieties (relatively resistant Ambrozja and resistant Plomyk). We compared the generation of superoxide anion radicals O2-, level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation products (MDA) as well as markers of protein damage (protein-bound carbonyl groups). The studied parameters were measured at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-initial aphid infestation compared to the non-infested control seedlings. Our studies indicated that the rose-grass aphid feeding evoked oxidative stress in the maize seedlings. Investigated Z. mays cultivars exhibited excessive generation of superoxide anion radicals in response to insect treatments. Rose-grass aphid feeding increased the H2O2 level in maize tissues with similar levels observed at most periods post-infestation with M. dirhodum, also increased lipid peroxidation products with the maximal levels at 48 and 72 h for Ambrozja and 48, 72 and 96 h post-infestation for Plomyk varieties. Further at 48 and 72 h post-initial aphid infestation, there was an increase in protein bound carbonyl groups content in the maize seedlings after infestation with aphids.

Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (10) ◽  
pp. 3173-3183 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.L. Kroll ◽  
E. Amaya
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Neural Induction ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Dominant Negative Mutant ◽  
Mesoderm Induction ◽  
Fgf Signaling ◽  
Fgf Receptor ◽  
Transgenic Expression

We have developed a simple approach for large-scale transgenesis in Xenopus laevis embryos and have used this method to identify in vivo requirements for FGF signaling during gastrulation. Plasmids are introduced into decondensed sperm nuclei in vitro using restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI). Transplantation of these nuclei into unfertilized eggs yields hundreds of normal, diploid embryos per day which develop to advanced stages and express integrated plasmids nonmosaically. Transgenic expression of a dominant negative mutant of the FGF receptor (XFD) after the mid-blastula stage uncouples mesoderm induction, which is normal, from maintenance of mesodermal markers, which is lost during gastrulation. By contrast, embryos expressing XFD contain well-patterned nervous systems despite a putative role for FGF in neural induction.

scholarly journals RNA-seq data of banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) viruliferous and non-viruliferous banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa)

Data in Brief ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 104860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Subandiyah ◽  
Ruth Feti Rahayuniati ◽  
Sedyo Hartono ◽  
Susamto Somowiyarjo ◽  
Afiahayati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Seq ◽  
Banana Bunchy Top Virus ◽  
Pentalonia Nigronervosa

scholarly journals Advanced Resistance Studies Identify Two Discrete Mechanisms in Staphylococcus aureus to Overcome Antibacterial Compounds that Target Biotin Protein Ligase

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Hayes ◽  
Jiulia Satiaputra ◽  
Louise M. Sternicki ◽  
Ashleigh S. Paparella ◽  
Zikai Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Biotin Protein Ligase ◽  
Essential Enzyme

Biotin protein ligase (BPL) inhibitors are a novel class of antibacterial that target clinically important methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In S. aureus, BPL is a bifunctional protein responsible for enzymatic biotinylation of two biotin-dependent enzymes, as well as serving as a transcriptional repressor that controls biotin synthesis and import. In this report, we investigate the mechanisms of action and resistance for a potent anti-BPL, an antibacterial compound, biotinyl-acylsulfamide adenosine (BASA). We show that BASA acts by both inhibiting the enzymatic activity of BPL in vitro, as well as functioning as a transcription co-repressor. A low spontaneous resistance rate was measured for the compound (<10−9) and whole-genome sequencing of strains evolved during serial passaging in the presence of BASA identified two discrete resistance mechanisms. In the first, deletion of the biotin-dependent enzyme pyruvate carboxylase is proposed to prioritize the utilization of bioavailable biotin for the essential enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In the second, a D200E missense mutation in BPL reduced DNA binding in vitro and transcriptional repression in vivo. We propose that this second resistance mechanism promotes bioavailability of biotin by derepressing its synthesis and import, such that free biotin may outcompete the inhibitor for binding BPL. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms governing antibacterial activity and resistance of BPL inhibitors in S. aureus.

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