scholarly journals Stories from the Greenhouse—A Brief on Cotton Seed Germination

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2807
Author(s):  
Andrea B. Maeda ◽  
Leslie W. Wells ◽  
Monica A. Sheehan ◽  
Jane K. Dever
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Gossypium Spp ◽  
Cotton Species ◽  
Wild Cotton ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cotton Seed Coat

Seed germination is the basis for the proliferation of sexual-reproducing plants, efficient crop production, and a successful crop improvement research program. Cotton (Gossypium spp.), the subject of this review, can be often sensitive to germination conditions. The hardness of the cotton seed coat, storage, extreme temperatures, and dormancy are some of the factors that can influence cotton seed germination. Research programs conducting studies on exotic and wild cotton species are especially affected by those hurdles. Here, we briefly review the challenges of cotton seed germination and some of the approaches our cotton breeding program explored throughout the years.

scholarly journals The Gossypium stocksii genome as a novel resource for cotton improvement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corrinne E Grover ◽  
Daojun Yuan ◽  
Mark A Arick ◽  
Emma R Miller ◽  
Guanjing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
Cotton Leaf ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Cotton Leaf Curl Virus ◽  
Cotton Species ◽  
Wild Cotton ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Cotton is an important textile crop whose gains in production over the last century have been challenged by various diseases. Because many modern cultivars are susceptible to several pests and pathogens, breeding efforts have included attempts to introgress wild, naturally resistant germplasm into elite lines. Gossypium stocksii is a wild cotton species native to Africa, which is part of a clade of vastly understudied species. Most of what is known about this species comes from pest resistance surveys and/or breeding efforts, which suggests that G. stocksii could be a valuable reservoir of natural pest resistance. Here we present a high-quality de novo genome sequence for G. stocksii. We compare the G. stocksii genome with resequencing data from a closely related, understudied species (G. somalense) to generate insight into the relatedness of these cotton species. Finally, we discuss the utility of the G. stocksii genome for understanding pest resistance in cotton, particularly resistance to cotton leaf curl virus.

scholarly journals In vitro performance in cotton plants with different genetic backgrounds: the case of Gossypium hirsutum in Mexico, and its implications for germplasm conservation

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Hernández-Terán ◽  
Ana Wegier ◽  
Mariana Benítez ◽  
Rafael Lira ◽  
Tania Gabriela Sosa Fuentes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Germplasm Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Wild Germplasm ◽  
Wild Cotton

One of the best ex situ conservation strategies for wild germplasm is in vitro conservation of genetic banks. The success of in vitro conservation relies heavily on the micropropagation or performance of the species of interest. In the context of global change, crop production challenges and climate change, we face a reality of intensified crop production strategies, including genetic engineering, which can negatively impact biodiversity conservation. However, the possible consequences of transgene presence for the in vitro performance of populations and its implications for biodiversity conservation are poorly documented. In this study we analyzed experimental evidence of the potential effects of transgene presence on the in vitro performance of Gossypium hirsutum L. populations, representing the Mexican genetic diversity of the species, and reflect on the implications of such presence for ex situ genetic conservation of the natural variation of the species. We followed an experimental in vitro performance approach, in which we included individuals from different wild cotton populations as well as individuals from domesticated populations, in order to differentiate the effects of domestication traits dragged into the wild germplasm pool via gene flow from the effects of transgene presence. We evaluated the in vitro performance of five traits related to plant establishment (N = 300): propagation rate, leaf production rate, height increase rate, microbial growth and root development. Then we conducted statistical tests (PERMANOVA, Wilcoxon post-hoc tests, and NMDS multivariate analyses) to evaluate the differences in the in vitro performance of the studied populations. Although direct causality of the transgenes to observed phenotypes requires strict control of genotypes, the overall results suggest detrimental consequences for the in vitro culture performance of wild cotton populations in the presence of transgenes. This provides experimental, statistically sound evidence to support the implementation of transgene screening of plants to reduce time and economic costs in in vitro establishment, thus contributing to the overarching goal of germplasm conservation for future adaptation.

Water Use Efficiency as a Constraint and Target for Improving the Resilience and Productivity of C3and C4Crops

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 781-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D.B. Leakey ◽  
John N. Ferguson ◽  
Charles P. Pignon ◽  
Alex Wu ◽  
Zhenong Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Component Traits ◽  
Use Efficiency

The ratio of plant carbon gain to water use, known as water use efficiency (WUE), has long been recognized as a key constraint on crop production and an important target for crop improvement. WUE is a physiologically and genetically complex trait that can be defined at a range of scales. Many component traits directly influence WUE, including photosynthesis, stomatal and mesophyll conductances, and canopy structure. Interactions of carbon and water relations with diverse aspects of the environment and crop development also modulate WUE. As a consequence, enhancing WUE by breeding or biotechnology has proven challenging but not impossible. This review aims to synthesize new knowledge of WUE arising from advances in phenotyping, modeling, physiology, genetics, and molecular biology in the context of classical theoretical principles. In addition, we discuss how rising atmospheric CO2concentration has created and will continue to create opportunities for enhancing WUE by modifying the trade-off between photosynthesis and transpiration.

THE ROLE OF POLLINATING INSECTS IN ENSURING FOOD SECURITY IN POLAND

2017 ◽  
Vol XIX (3) ◽  
pp. 182-187
Author(s):  
Janusz Majewski
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Pollinating Insects ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
The Subject

The aim of the paper was to determinate the importance of pollinating insects for food security in Poland. To assess this, there was estimated crop production without pollinators. The information published by the Institute of Horticulture and the Central Statistical Office was used as well as the literature on the subject. The results of the study indicate that insect pollinators play a key role in fruit production, absence of pollinators may result in a crop yield reduction about 80%. In terms of physical availability of food, Polish food security will be preserved even in the absence of insect pollinators. However, at the level of economic availability, food security may not be preserved without such pollinators, in particular in terms of fruit and food security associated with the consumption of properly balanced rations.

scholarly journals Efficient Method of Transporting Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Zygotic Embryos for Cryopreservation of Plumules by Encapsulation/Dehydration

CORD ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
H D D Bandupriya
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Germplasm Storage ◽  
Germplasm Exchange ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Term Storage

Coconut is both socially and economically important crop in tropical and subtropical countries, thus the conservation of existing diversity of its germplasm is vital to maintain biodiversity, sustain crop production and utilisation of germplasm for crop improvement strategies. The recalcitrant storage behavior and large size of the coconut seed make it impossible to use as a germplasm storage material. Cryopreservation is an ideal means of long-term storage of germplasm which offers long-term storage capability with minimal storage space and maintenance requirements. The coconut embryo has been now adapted by various researchers for the purpose of germplasm exchange and it is now being routinely applied in germplasm collection and exchange activities with sufficient germination rates. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of different coconut embryo transport/ storage methods [as solid endosperm plugs under cold temperature, embryos cultured in Solidified Agar Medium (SAM) or KCl solution under room temperature] on cryopreservation of plumules using encapsulation/dehydration method. The results revealed that plumules excised from embryos transported/ stored in SAM and pretreated with 1.0M sucrose could be cryopreserved with 71.8% survival and 56% recovery rates. The survival and recovery could be further increased up to 77.5% and 65% respectively by supplementation of 1.0M sucrose with 20 µM ABA.

scholarly journals Farm Forestry in Agricultural Southern Ontario, ca. 1850-1940: Evolving Strategies in the Management and Conservation of Forests, Soils and Water on Private Lands

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Bowley
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Farm Forestry ◽  
Private Lands ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Public Property ◽  
Scientific Agriculture ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Privately Owned

Early settlers in southern Ontario aspired to become prosperous land-owning farmers; they began by cutting trees. Within a few decades, wind and water, unimpeded by forest cover, devastated soil and crops. Farmers were encouraged by groups such as the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association to reforest some of their land. Farm forestry, as part of scientific agriculture, had a strong beginning in the early 1900s with the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union, but that movement was poorly supported until the 1930s, when the relationship between deforestation and water supplies reached a crisis. The Ontario Conservation and Reforestation Association (OCRA) and the Ontario Crop Improvement Association (OCIA) were created in agricultural southern Ontario in 1937-8 after a disastrously hot dry summer. Each organization interpreted the conservation of natural resources in profoundly different ways: the OCRA as a movement to create forest resources on public property, and the OCIA as management of privately-owned farmlands to improve crop production.

scholarly journals Environmental issues of agriculture as a consequence of the intensification of the development of agricultural industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 215 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
Eleonora Tsoraeva ◽  
Alan Bekmurzov ◽  
Soslan Kozyrev ◽  
Alan Khoziev ◽  
Aslanbek Kozyrev
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Living Organisms

The paper deals with the environmental issues of agriculture. Examples are given that pose a threat to the vital activity of living organisms from various types of agricultural and human activities. The subject of the study is the analysis of environmental issues arising from the intensification of the development of agricultural industry. Intensive agricultural activity leads to pollution of surface rivers, lakes, seas and groundwater, soil degradation and aquatic ecosystems; violation of the water regime in large areas during drainage and irrigation; desertification due to wind erosion; destruction of natural habitats of living organisms of flora and fauna. An urgent problem of agriculture is a decrease in the content of vitamins and microelements in crop production and the accumulation of harmful substances in them. The reasons for these negative processes are soil degradation, intensification of agricultural production.

scholarly journals Morphological description of a novel synthetic allotetraploid(A1A1G3G3) of Gossypium herbaceum L.and G.nelsonii Fryx. suitable for disease-resistant breeding applications

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0242620
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Yin ◽  
Rulin Zhan ◽  
Yingdui He ◽  
Shun Song ◽  
Lixia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Tetraploid Cotton ◽  
Distant Hybridization ◽  
Cotton Species ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Wild Cotton ◽  
Diploid Cotton ◽  
Gossypium Herbaceum

Wild species of Gossypium ssp. are an important source of traits for improving commercial cotton cultivars. Previous reports show that Gossypium herbaceum L. and Gossypium nelsonii Fryx. have better disease resistance characteristics than commercial cotton varieties. However, chromosome ploidy and biological isolation make it difficult to hybridize diploid species with the tetraploid Gossypium hirsutum L. We developed a new allotetraploid cotton genotype (A1A1G3G3) using a process of distant hybridization within wild cotton species to create new germplasms. First of all, G. herbaceum and G. nelsonii were used for interspecific hybridization to obtain F1 generation. Afterwards, apical meristems of the F1 diploid cotton plants were treated with colchicine to induce chromosome doubling. The new interspecific F1 hybrid and S1 cotton plants originated from chromosome duplication, were tested via morphological and molecular markers and confirmed their tetraploidy through flowrometric and cytological identification. The S1 tetraploid cotton plants was crossed with a TM-1 line and fertile hybrid offspring were obtained. These S2 offsprings were tested for resistance to Verticillium wilt and demonstrated adequate tolerance to this fungi. The results shows that the new S1 cotton line could be used as parental material for hybridization with G. hirsutum to produce pathogen-resistant cotton hybrids. This new S1 allotetraploid genotype will contributes to the enrichment of Gossypium germplasm resources and is expected to be valuable in polyploidy evolutionary studies.

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