scholarly journals Review of the Biology, Distribution, and Management of the Invasive Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis Poir)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Kusinara Wijayabandara ◽  
Shane Campbell ◽  
Joseph Vitelli ◽  
Asad Shabbir ◽  
Steve Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Climatic Suitability ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Exotic Invasive Species ◽  
The World

Whilst exotic invasive species are a major threat to natural and modified ecosystems around the world, management programs to reduce their impacts often fail due to a lack of information about their biology and how best to control them in various situations. This paper reviews the currently available information on the biology, distribution, and management options for the invasive weed Senecio madagascariensis Poir. (fireweed). In addition, we developed a model to predict the climatic suitability of this weed around the world based on the current climate. Senecio madagascariensis originates from southern Africa but it has been introduced to several other countries including Australia. Climatic suitability suggests that there are large areas around the world suitable for the weed’s growth where it is currently not present. The weed poses a major threat to livestock industries in these countries through its ability to reduce pasture production and poison animals. A range of control techniques have been used to try and manage S. madagascariensis. This paper highlights how a better understanding of the biology of S. madagascariensis can help determine the most effective treatments to impose and to further develop integrated management strategies. Besides using traditional approaches, the use of competitive pastures and more tolerant livestock (such as sheep and goats) are some of the other options recommended as part of an integrated approach. On-going research to identify host-specific biological control agents is also considered a priority.

scholarly journals Biology, Ecology and Management of the Invasive Navua Sedge (Cyperus aromaticus)—A Global Review

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1851
Author(s):  
Boyang Shi ◽  
Olusegun O. Osunkoya ◽  
Aakansha Chadha ◽  
Singarayer K. Florentine ◽  
Kunjithapatham Dhileepan
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ecological Patterns ◽  
Cyperus Aromaticus ◽  
Management Approaches

Navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus (Ridley) Mattf. & Kukenth) is an invasive perennial sedge, native to tropical Africa, which is threatening many natural ecosystems and agroecosystems, especially in northern Queensland, Australia. Crop and pasture production have been impacted by Navua sedge and it is also directly causing reductions in dairy and beef production in affected regions. This review documents the biology, ecology and potential management options to minimise the spread and impact of Navua sedge. The weed reproduces both sexually (seeds) and vegetatively (via underground rhizomes). Its tiny seeds can be spread easily via wind, water, vehicles, farm machinery and animals, whilst the rhizomes assist with establishment of dense stands. The CLIMEX model (which uses distribution and climate data in native and novel ranges) indicates that in Australia, Navua sedge has the potential to spread further within Queensland and into the Northern Territory, New South Wales and Victoria. Several management strategies, including mechanical, chemical and agronomic methods, and their integration will have to be used to minimise agricultural production losses caused by Navua sedge, but most of these methods are currently either ineffective or uneconomical when used alone. Other management approaches, including biological control and mycoherbicides, are currently being explored. We conclude that a better understanding of the interaction of its physiological processes, ecological patterns and genetic diversity across a range of conditions found in the invaded and native habitats will help to contribute to and provide more effective integrated management approaches for Navua sedge.

Using Two-Sex Life Table Traits to Assess the Fruit Preference and Fitness of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 2936-2945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqar Jaleel ◽  
Xiaobing Tao ◽  
Desen Wang ◽  
Lihua Lu ◽  
Yurong He
Keyword(s):  
Life Table ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Fruit Preference ◽  
Basic Studies

Abstract Bactrocera flies are economic pests of agricultural crops all over the world. Among Bactrocera flies, oriental fruit fly is an economically important pest of fruit crops in the world. Basic studies of Bactrocera flies are very important and helpful to the development of integrated management strategies. However, basic studies regarding behavior and age-stage, two-sex life table traits for this pest, which are vital for designing effective control methods, are currently lacking. Considering the importance of B. dorsalis, this study aimed to evaluate the fruit preference and age-stage, two-sex life table traits of B. dorsalis on guava (Psidium guajava), papaya (Carica papaya), and banana (Musa acuminata) fruits in the laboratory. In choice and no-choice tests, the number of visits and oviposition punctures made by female B. dorsalis flies were significantly higher on guava than those on papaya and banana. The life cycle from eggs to male (146.95 ± 3.43 d) and female (164.94 ± 3.85 d) adults was significantly longer on papaya than those on banana and guava. Bactrocera dorsalis females produced significantly more eggs when fed on guava (623.30 eggs female−1) than on papaya (527.80 eggs female−1) or banana (399.60 eggs female−1). Guava was the more suitable fruit for B. dorsalis, and could be used as a bait fruit to manage the B. dorsalis during the fruiting season of papaya and banana.

scholarly journals FAW; AN EMERGING THREATS TO AGRICULTURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Prakriti Ghimire ◽  
Nikku Bhetwal
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Pest Population ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
The World

The fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a polyphagous crop pest which has a higher possibility of spreading all over the world, risking the agricultural potential yield by reducing the productivity and production. The rapid breeding ability with a speed migrating tendency along with the voracious feeding nature, has made the monitoring and control of this pest more difficult. With more than 80 host species, the agricultural devastation caused by FAW has been a threat to the agricultural sector. So, an integrated approach of pest management should be in our top priority while dealing with controlling of the pest. Various cultural practices like deep ploughing before the rain onset and intercropping with different leguminous crops has helped to decrease the faw population along with other physical, biological, mechanical and chemical methods. However, chemical methods should be applied below the economic threshold level and only when the pest population is growing in such a rapid form that the other methods has failed to affect the pest population. This review mainly focuses on the Insect distribution, its biology, host preference, field damage along with its management strategies that has been researched by various researchers from different corners of the world.

scholarly journals Deep reinforcement learning in World-Earth system models to discover sustainable management strategies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Strnad ◽  
Wolfram Barfuss ◽  
Jonathan Donges ◽  
Jobst Heitzig
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Management Options ◽  
System Models ◽  
The World ◽  
Earth System Models

<p>The identification of pathways leading to robust mitigation of dangerous anthropogenic climate change is nowadays of particular interest <br>not only to the scientific community but also to policy makers and the wider public. </p><p>Increasingly complex, non-linear World-Earth system models are used for describing the dynamics of the biophysical Earth system and the socio-economic and socio-cultural World of human societies and their interactions. Identifying pathways towards a sustainable future in these models is a challenging and widely investigated task in the field of climate research and broader Earth system science.  This problem is especially difficult when caring for both environmental limits and social foundations need to be taken into account.</p><p>In this work, we propose to combine recently developed machine learning techniques, namely deep reinforcement learning (DRL), with classical analysis of trajectories in the World-Earth system as an approach to extend the field of Earth system analysis by a new method. Based on the concept of the agent-environment interface, we develop a method for using a DRL-agent that is able to act and learn in variable manageable environment models of the Earth system in order to discover management strategies for sustainable development.</p><p>We demonstrate the potential of our framework by applying DRL algorithms to stylized World-Earth system models. The agent can apply management options to an environment, an Earth system model, and learn by rewards provided by the environment. We train our agent with a deep Q-neural network extended by current state-of-the-art algorithms. Conceptually, we thereby explore the feasibility of finding novel global governance policies leading into a safe and just operating space constrained by certain planetary and socio-economic boundaries.  </p><p>We find that the agent is able to learn novel, previously undiscovered policies that navigate the system into sustainable regions of the underlying conceptual models of the World-Earth system. In particular, the artificially intelligent agent learns that the timing of a specific mix of taxing carbon emissions and subsidies on renewables is of crucial relevance for finding World-Earth system trajectories that are sustainable in the long term. Overall, we show in this work how concepts and tools from artificial intelligence can help to address the current challenges on the way towards sustainable development.</p><p>Underlying publication</p><p>[1] Strnad, F. M.; Barfuss, W.; Donges, J. F. & Heitzig, J. Deep reinforcement learning in World-Earth system models to discover sustainable management strategies Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, AIP Publishing LLC, 2019, 29, 123122</p>

scholarly journals Stem Gall of Coriander: A Review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munish Leharwan ◽  
Meenu Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Growth Models ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Inoculum Potential ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
The World ◽  
Stem Gall ◽  
The Tropics

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an important highly nutritive crop belonging to family Apiaceae. To meet increasing global demand and consumption, coriander productivity must be enhanced. However, biotic stresses such as diseases have impeded coriander cultivation both in the tropics and subtropics. Of them, stem gall of coriander, incited by the fungus Protomyces macrosporus Unger, is one of the most common, widespread and serious diseases throughout the world and causes significant yield losses. Symptomatology, biology, and etiology of stem gall and its control through fungicides, bio-product and bio-control have not been widely studied, and substantial information is still required on the inoculum potential, growth models and epidemiological parameters of stem gall, the influence of changing the climate, impact of extensive use of fungicides and disease resistance. These critical factors may influence the development and emergence of stem gall. Because of the increasing demands of coriander in the world, control of stem gall is gaining importance. The present review deals briefly with different aspects of stem gall disease with major emphasis on its ecology, pathology, epidemiology, and management. Some new approaches such as biological control, integrated management strategies, and some other aspects are also discussed.

The water, food and energy nexus

2021 ◽  
pp. 175-204
Author(s):  
Shima Kheirinejad ◽  
Omid Bozorg-Haddad ◽  
Veera Gnaneswar Gude
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Tools And Methods

Abstract The water, food and energy nexus is a critical component for sustainable development as global population and industrialization escalate. Agriculture is responsible for the majority of freshwater consumption worldwide, while one quarter of the world's energy is spent on food production and consumption. The connections between such vital areas necessitates a profound and integrated approach to securing the water, food and energy sectors across the world. Such an integrated approach should be based upon understanding the nexus between the three individual sectors, and on coordinating the interactions between them. As the global population is expected to reach 8 billion (8 × 109) by 2030, demands for essential services and higher living standards are becoming prevalent, and the need for conscious protection of vital resources – without which, meeting those demands and desires would be impossible – is more palpable than ever. Considering the impact of water and environmental crises on food and energy security, the integrated management of water, food and energy with the collaboration of all stakeholders could result in a significant check on any detrimental changes. Due to the critical importance of food, water and energy security, policies should be implemented to conserve and protect these essential resources. Therefore, it is very important to understand the logic governing this issue, and, in this chapter, definitions and logical approaches that govern the concept of the water, food and energy nexus, the potential crises ahead, and the effective management solutions, tools, and methods used in this field are all discussed, using case studies and examples.

scholarly journals Integrated management of Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica in sorghum: A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Mrema ◽  
Hussein Shimelis ◽  
Mark Laing ◽  
Learnmore Mwadzingeni
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Striga Hermonthica ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Striga Resistance ◽  
Sorghum Breeding ◽  
Sorghum Production ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Economic Constraints

Potential yield of sorghum [Sorghum biocolor (L.) Moench] in the semi-arid agro-ecologies of East Africa is curtailed by several biotic, abiotic and socio-economic constraints. Striga is one of the major biotic constraints that causes up to 90% yield losses in sorghum in the region. In these regions Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica, are widely distributed, and severely affecting sorghum production and productivity. Several Striga management strategies are available that can be integrated to synergistically combat the weed. The use of resistant sorghum genotypes that are compatible with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae (FOS), a biocontrol agent of Striga, together with host plant resistance could promote integrated Striga management (ISM). This strategy is yet to be explored in most SSA countries where sorghum serves as a staple food crop for millions of households. This review discusses the management options available to control S. hermonthica and S. asiatica in sorghum. Breeding sorghum for Striga resistance and compatibility to FOS are highlighted as key components of integrated Striga management.

scholarly journals  ​Management Options of Mikania micrantha: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atiqur Rahman Bora ◽  
Dasi Sunil Babu ◽  
Sita Chetry ◽  
Sontara Kalita
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Interference Management ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Mikania Micrantha ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Long Run

The world’s problematic perennial weed Mikania micrantha hampers in crop production and causes enormous losses due to its interference. Management of M. micrantha by mechanical and chemical methods has not met with any reasonable success. So, it has become a target for classical biological control. Numerous natural indigenous plant species, fungi and insects were tried as bio-control agents for effective control of M. micrantha. However, along with bio-control, appropriate mechanical, chemical and cultural methods are required to be integrated for controlling it. Thus, integrated management approaches for control of M. micrantha should be evolved against this invasive weed in long run.

scholarly journals Biological management of allelopathic plant Parthenium sp.

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 252-261
Author(s):  
Rinzim Dukpa ◽  
Anupam Tiwari ◽  
Dhriti Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Crucial Aspect ◽  
Successful Management ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
The World ◽  
Biological Management ◽  
Biological Methods

AbstractGlobally, weeds have been considered as a major threat and act as a hindrance to crop production, even though the farmers put tremendous efforts to eliminate the weeds to get a better yield. Weeds stayed a steady threat to productivity and manageability of soil and environment, regardless of many years of research and advances in management practices. Parthenium hysterophorus is widely studied all around the world including India as a noxious and an unsafe weed responsible for many health risks in humans and animals. Many experts employed different biological methods using insects, beetle, microorganisms, and certain pathogens, which caused a broad dispersal damage to P. hysterophorus. Biorational weed control is also offered by allelopathy through the production of allelochemicals from the leaf, blossoms, grains, nuts, bud, berry, trunk, and organization of living or decaying plant substance. Allelopathy is the most realistic method to control the weeds as well as different plants. Lately, there has been a proliferation of curiosity to research on plant allelopathy to control weeds in agro-ecosystems. The successful management of this weed can only be achieved by an integrated approach with allelochemicals as a crucial aspect.

scholarly journals Management Options for Multiple Herbicide–Resistant Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) in Spain

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Rey-Caballero ◽  
Aritz Royo-Esnal ◽  
Jordi Recasens ◽  
Ignacio González ◽  
Joel Torra
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Tribenuron Methyl

Corn poppy is the most widespread broadleaf weed infesting winter cereals in Europe. Biotypes that are resistant (R) to both 2,4-D and tribenuron-methyl have evolved in recent decades, thus complicating their chemical control. In this study, field experiments at two locations over three seasons were conducted to evaluate the effects of different weed management strategies on corn poppy resistant to 2,4-D and tribenuron-methyl, including crop rotations, delayed sowing and different herbicide programs. After 3 yr, all integrated weed management (IWM) strategies reduced the initial density of corn poppy, although the most successful strategies were those which either included a suitable crop rotation (sunflower or field peas), or had a variation in the herbicide application timing (early POST or combining PRE or early POST and POST). The efficacy of IWM strategies differed between both locations, possibly due to different population dynamics and the genetic basis of herbicide resistance. Integrated management of multiple herbicide–resistant corn poppy is necessary in order to reduce selection pressure by herbicides, mitigate the evolution of new R biotypes, and reduce the weed density in highly infested fields.

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