scholarly journals Genotypic Variation in Resistance Gene-Mediated Calcium Signaling and Hormonal Signaling Involved in Effector-Triggered Immunity or Disease Susceptibility in the Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris–Brassica napus Pathosystem

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Md. Al Mamun ◽  
Md. Tabibul Islam ◽  
Bok-Rye Lee ◽  
Van Hien La ◽  
Dong-Won Bae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Calcium Signaling ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
R Gene ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Calcium Sensing ◽  
Effector Triggered Immunity ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris Pv Campestris

To characterize cultivar variation in resistance gene (R-gene)-mediated calcium signaling and hormonal regulation in effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and disease susceptibility, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) was inoculated in two Brassica napus cultivars (cvs. Capitol and Mosa). At 14 days post inoculation (DPI) with Xcc, there was a necrotic lesion in cv. Mosa along with the significant accumulation of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA), whereas no visual symptom was observed in cv. Capitol. The cultivar variations in the R-gene expressions were found in response to Xcc. ZAR1 is a coiled-coil-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR)-type R-gene that is significantly induced in cv. Capitol, whereas toll/interleukin-1 receptor-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NB-LRR)-type R-gene, TAO1, is significantly upregulated in cv. Mosa Xcc-inoculated plants. The defense-related gene’s non-race-specific disease resistance 1 (NDR1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MAPK6) were enhanced, whereas calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK5) and calcium-sensing protein 60g (CBP60g) were depressed in cv. Capitol Xcc inoculated plants, and opposite results were found in cv. Mosa. The calcium-sensing receptor (CAS), calmodulin (CaM), expression was induced in both the cultivars. However, the CAS induction rate was much higher in cv. Mosa than in cv. Capitol in response to Xcc. The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) levels were significantly higher in cv. Capitol along with the enhanced SA receptors (NPR3 and NPR4) and JA synthesis and signaling-related gene expression (LOX2, PDF1.2), whereas the JA level was significantly lower in cv. Mosa Xcc inoculated plants. The SA synthesis and signaling-related genes (ICS1, NPR1) and SA were present at higher levels in cv. Mosa; additionally, the SA level present was much higher in the susceptible cultivar (cv. Mosa) than in the resistant cultivar (cv. Capitol) in response to Xcc. These results indicate that ZAR1 mediated the coordinated action of SA and JA synthesis and signaling to confirm ETI, whereas TAO1 enhanced the synthesis of SA through CAS and CBP60g to antagonize JA synthesis and signaling to cause disease susceptibility in the Brassica napus–Xcc pathosystem.

scholarly journals Interactive Regulation of Hormone and Resistance Gene in Proline Metabolism Is Involved in Effector-Triggered Immunity or Disease Susceptibility in the Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris–Brassica napus Pathosystem

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Al Mamun ◽  
Md Tabibul Islam ◽  
Bok-Rye Lee ◽  
Dong-Won Bae ◽  
Tae-Hwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Proline Accumulation ◽  
R Gene ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Proline Metabolism ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Effector Triggered Immunity

To characterize cultivar variations in hormonal regulation of the transition between pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity or susceptibility (ETI or ETS), the responses of resistance (R-) genes, hydrogen peroxide, and proline metabolism in two Brassica napus cultivars to contrasting disease susceptibility (resistant cv. Capitol vs. susceptible cv. Mosa) were interpreted as being linked to those of endogenous hormonal levels and signaling genes based on a time course of disease symptom development. Disease symptoms caused by the Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) infections were much more developed in cv. Mosa than in cv. Capitol, as shown by an earlier appearance (at 3 days postinoculation [3 DPI]) and larger V-shaped necrosis lesions (at 9–15 DPI) in cv. Mosa. The cultivar variations in the R-genes, hormone status, and proline metabolism were found in two different phases (early [0–3 DPI] and later [9–15 DPI]). In the early phase, Xcc significantly upregulated PTI-related cytoplasmic kinase (Botrytis-induced kinase-1 [BIK1]) expression (+6.3-fold) with salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in cv. Capitol, while relatively less (+2.6-fold) with highly increased jasmonic acid (JA) level in cv. Mosa. The Xcc-responsive proline accumulation in both cultivars was similar to upregulated expression of proline synthesis-related genes (P5CS2 and P5CR). During the later phase in cv. Capitol, Xcc-responsive upregulation of ZAR1 (a coiled-coil-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat [CC-NB-LRR-type R-gene]) was concomitant with a gradual increase in JA levels without additional proline accumulation. However, in cv. Mosa, upregulation of TAO1 (a toll/interleukin-1 receptor-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat [TIR-NB-LRR-type R-gene]) was consistent with an increase in SA and abscisic acid (ABA) levels and resulted in an antagonistic depression of JA, which led to a proline accumulation. These results indicate that Xcc-induced BIK1- and ZAR1-mediated JA signaling interactions provide resistance and confirm ETI, whereas BIK1- and TAO1-enhanced SA- and/or ABA-mediated proline accumulation is associated with disease susceptibility (ETS).

scholarly journals Identification of Sources of Resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Brassica napus Crops

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lema ◽  
P. Soengas ◽  
P. Velasco ◽  
M. Francisco ◽  
M. E. Cartea
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Nonspecific Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Improved Cultivars ◽  
Race 4 ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris Pv Campestris

Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, is one of the most important diseases affecting Brassica crops worldwide. Nine races have been differentiated in X. campestris pv. campestris, with races 1 and 4 being the most virulent and widespread. The objective of this work was to identify sources of resistance to races 1 and 4 of X. campestris pv. campestris in different Brassica napus crops, mainly in the underexplored pabularia group. Seventy-six accessions belonging to four B. napus groups were screened for resistance to two X. campestris pv. campestris races (1 and 4). The strain of race 1 used in this study was more virulent on the tested materials than the strain of race 4. No race-specific resistance was found to race 1. Most cultivars were susceptible except Russian kale, from the pabularia group, which showed some resistant plants and some other accessions with some partially resistant plants. High levels of race-specific resistance to race 4 were found in the pabularia group, and great variability within accessions was identified. Three improved cultivars (Ragged Jack kale, Friese Gele, and Valle del Oro) and four landraces (Russian kale, MBG-BRS0037, MBG-BRS0041, and MBG-BRS0131) showed plants with some degree of resistance to both races, which may indicate that race-nonspecific resistance is involved. These accessions could be directly used in breeding programs, either as improved cultivars or as donors of race-specific resistance to other Brassica cultivars.

scholarly journals Terapia fotodinâmica no controle de Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in vitro e no tratamento de sementes de canola naturalmente contaminadas

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-332
Author(s):  
Nayara Lima Baute Zancan ◽  
Nilvanira Donizete Tebaldi
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris Pv Campestris

RESUMO A cultura da canola (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) foi recentemente introduzida na região do Triângulo Mineiro e Alta Paranaíba, MG. A podridão negra causada pela bactéria Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) é uma das principais doenças da cultura. A bactéria é disseminada pelas sementes e métodos alternativos de controle devem ser avaliados. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso da terapia fotodinâmica, com os corantes Azul de Metileno (AM) e Azul de Toluidina (AT), sob à irradiação, na inibição do crescimento de Xcc in vitro e no tratamento de sementes de canola naturalmente contaminadas com a bactéria. A suspensão bacteriana de Xcc foi tratada com os corantes AM, AT e associação deles (AM+AT) nas concentrações 25, 50 e 100 µmol L-1, irradiadas ou não, e cultivada em meio de cultura, em seguida foi avaliado o número de unidades formadoras de colônias. Sementes de três genótipos de canola foram tratadas com NaCl 0,45% (Testemunha), AM, AT e AM+AT, nas concentrações 100, 50 e 25 µmol L-1, respectivamente, irradiadas ou não. A porcentagem de germinação das sementes, índice de velocidade de emergência, porcentagem de emergência de plântulas e o controle da bactéria nas sementes foram avaliados. Os corantes AM, AT e AM+AT, nas concentrações 100, 50 e 25 µmol L-1 respectivamente, sob irradiação inibiram o crescimento de Xcc in vitro. A combinação dos corantes AM+AT a 25 µmol L-1 pode ser utilizada no tratamento das sementes de canola. O controle da bactéria Xcc em sementes de canola naturalmente contaminada não foi possível ser determinada com os diferentes corantes.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Black Rot Resistance and Development of Molecular Marker Linked to Xcc Races 6 and 7 Resistance in Cabbage

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1940
Author(s):  
Jeong-Eui Hong ◽  
Khandker Shazia Afrin ◽  
Md Abdur Rahim ◽  
Hee-Jeong Jung ◽  
Ill-Sup Nou
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Recessive Trait ◽  
R Gene ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
F2 Population ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris Pv Campestris

Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), produces V-shaped chlorotic lesions on the leaves of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), causing darkened veins and drastically reducing yield and quality. Of the 11 Xcc races identified, races 1, 4, and 6 are predominant globally. In the present study, we aimed to develop a molecular marker linked to black rot resistance against Xcc races 6 and 7. Crossed between black rot-resistant (‘SCNU-C-3470’) and -susceptible (‘SCNU-C-3328’) lines obtained 186 F2 plants. Resistance to Xcc race 6 segregated in a 3:1 (susceptible:resistant) ratio in the F2 population, which is consistent with a monogenic recessive trait. Nucleotide-binding site (NBS) leucine rich repeat (LRR)-encoding resistance (R) genes play a crucial role in plant defenses to various pathogens. The candidate R gene (Bol031422) located on chromosome C08, previously reported by our research group, was cloned and sequenced in resistant and susceptible cabbage lines. The R gene Bol031422 consisted of a single exon with a 3 bp insertion/deletions (InDels), a 292 bp polymorphism (an insertion in the exon of the resistant line relative to the susceptible line) and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Here, we developed the InDel marker BR6-InDel to assess linkage between variation at Bol031422 and resistance to Xcc races 6 and 7. This marker will help cabbage breeders develop cabbage cultivars resistant to Xcc races 6 and 7.

scholarly journals Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Analysis in Susceptible and Resistant Brassica napus Cultivars Infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Md Tabibul Islam ◽  
Bok-Rye Lee ◽  
Van Hien La ◽  
Dong-Won Bae ◽  
Woo-Jin Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Quantitative Proteomics ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Mitochondrial Outer Membrane ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris Pv Campestris

Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), is the main disease of cruciferous vegetables. To characterize the resistance mechanism in the Brassica napus–Xcc pathosystem, Xcc-responsive proteins in susceptible (cv. Mosa) and resistant (cv. Capitol) cultivars were investigated using gel-free quantitative proteomics and analysis of gene expression. This allowed us to identify 158 and 163 differentially expressed proteins following Xcc infection in cv. Mosa and cv. Capitol, respectively, and to classify them into five major categories including antioxidative systems, proteolysis, photosynthesis, redox, and innate immunity. All proteins involved in protein degradation such as the protease complex, proteasome subunits, and ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunits, were upregulated only in cv. Mosa, in which higher hydrogen peroxide accumulation concurred with upregulated superoxide dismutase. In cv. Capitol, photosystem II (PS II)-related proteins were downregulated (excepting PS II 22 kDa), whereas the PS I proteins, ATP synthase, and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, were upregulated. For redox-related proteins, upregulation of thioredoxin, 2-cys peroxiredoxin, and glutathione S-transferase occurred in cv. Capitol, consistent with higher NADH-, ascorbate-, and glutathione-based reducing potential, whereas the proteins involved in the C2 oxidative cycle and glycolysis were highly activated in cv. Mosa. Most innate immunity-related proteins, including zinc finger domain (ZFD)-containing protein, glycine-rich RNA-binding protein (GRP) and mitochondrial outer membrane porin, were highly enhanced in cv. Capitol, concomitant with enhanced expression of ZFD and GRP genes. Distinguishable differences in the protein profile between the two cultivars deserves higher importance for breeding programs and understanding of disease resistance in the B. napus–Xcc pathosystem.

scholarly journals Calcium-signaling proteins mediate the plant transcriptomic response during a well-established Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tortosa ◽  
Maria E. Cartea ◽  
Pablo Velasco ◽  
Pilar Soengas ◽  
Victor M. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Signaling ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Signaling Proteins ◽  
Transcriptomic Response ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Knockout Mutants ◽  
Effector Triggered Immunity ◽  
Plant Transcriptome ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Abstract The plant immune system is divided into two branches; one branch is based on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP-triggered immunity), and the other relies on pathogenic effector detection (effector-triggered immunity). Despite each branch being involved in different complex mechanisms, both lead to transcription reprogramming and, thus, changes in plant metabolism. To study the defense mechanisms involved in the Brassica oleracea–Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) interaction, we analyzed the plant transcriptome dynamics at 3 and 12 days postinoculation (dpi) by using massive analysis of 3′-cDNA ends. We identified more induced than repressed transcripts at both 3 and 12 dpi, although the response was greater at 12 dpi. Changes in the expression of genes related to the early infection stages were only detected at 12 dpi, suggesting that the timing of triggered defenses is crucial to plant survival. qPCR analyses in susceptible and resistant plants allowed us to highlight the potential role of two calcium-signaling proteins, CBP60g and SARD1, in the resistance against Xcc. This role was subsequently confirmed using Arabidopsis knockout mutants.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis cell surface LRR immune receptor signaling through the EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 node

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory N. Pruitt ◽  
Lisha Zhang ◽  
Svenja C. Saile ◽  
Darya Karelina ◽  
Katja Fröhlich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Receptor Kinases ◽  
Convergence Point ◽  
Nuclear Events ◽  
Effector Triggered Immunity

AbstractPlants use both cell surface and intracellular immune receptors with leucine rich-repeat (LRRs) to detect pathogens. LRR receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) and LRR receptor-like proteins (LRR-RPs) recognize extracellular microbe-derived molecules to confer pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), while nucleotide-binding LRR (NLR) proteins detect microbial effectors inside the cell to confer effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Despite PTI and ETI signaling being initiated in different compartments, both rely on the transcriptional activation of similar sets of genes, suggesting convergence in signaling upstream of nuclear events. Here we report that two sets of molecules, helper NLRs from the ADR1 (ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1) family as well as lipase-like proteins EDS1 (ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1) and PAD4 (PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4), are required not only for ETI, but also for PTI. A further similarity is seen in the evolutionary patterns of some PTI and ETI receptor genes, with both often being highly polymorphic, and with nevertheless distinct roles of LRR-RK and LRR-RP receptors in immunity. We find that the LRR-RK SOBIR1 directly links LRR-RPs with the ADR1 helper NLR as well as EDS1 and PAD4, suggesting the formation of constitutive supramolecular signalosome complexes at the inner side of the plasma membrane. We propose that the EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 node is an essential component and convergence point for immune signaling cascades activated by both surface-resident LRR-RP receptors and intracellular NLR receptors.

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