scholarly journals Generation of High Yielding and Fragrant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Lines by CRISPR/Cas9 Targeted Mutagenesis of Three Homoeologs of Cytochrome P450 Gene Family and OsBADH2 and Transcriptome and Proteome Profiling of Revealed Changes Triggered by Mutations

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babar Usman ◽  
Gul Nawaz ◽  
Neng Zhao ◽  
Yaoguang Liu ◽  
Rongbai Li
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Targeted Mutagenesis ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Target Sites ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Family

The significant increase in grain yield and quality are often antagonistic but a constant demand for breeders and consumers. Some genes related to cytochrome P450 family are known for rice organ growth but their role in controlling grain yield is still unknown. Here, we generated new rice mutants with high yield and improved aroma by simultaneously editing three cytochrome P450 homoeologs (Os03g0603100, Os03g0568400, and GL3.2) and OsBADH2 with the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and RNA-sequencing and proteomic analysis were performed to unveil the subsequent changes. High mutation efficiency was achieved in both target sites of each gene and the mutations were predominantly only deletions, while insertions were rare, and no mutations were detected in the five most likely off-target sites against each sgRNA. Mutants exhibited increased grain size, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) content, and grain cell numbers while there was no change in other agronomic traits. Transgene-DNA-free mutant lines appeared with a frequency of 44.44% and homozygous mutations were stably transmitted, and bi-allelic and heterozygous mutations followed Mendelian inheritance, while the inheritance of chimeric mutations was unpredictable. Deep RNA sequencing and proteomic results revealed the regulation of genes and proteins related to cytochrome P450 family, grain size and development, and cell cycle. The KEGG and hub-gene and protein network analysis showed that the gene and proteins related to ribosomal and photosynthesis pathways were mainly enriched, respectively. Our findings provide a broad and detailed basis to understand the role of CRISPR/Cas9 in rice yield and quality improvement.

scholarly journals Quality and Grain Yield Attributes of Rwandan Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars Grown in a Biotron Applying Two NPK Levels

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alphonsine Mukamuhirwa ◽  
Helena Persson Hovmalm ◽  
Rodomiro Ortiz ◽  
Obedi Nyamangyoku ◽  
Eva Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

High-yielding rice cultivars with good processing quality and rich in nutrition suitable to a changing climate are of particular importance for future rice-based food production. Here, seven Rwandan rice cultivars were grown in a climate chamber of the biotron facility at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, to be evaluated for their grain yield, nutritional composition, and dough mixing properties. Two different levels of inorganic fertilizer were applied weekly from the seedling stage until flowering. Significant differences for grain yield and quality attributes were found between cultivars. Jyambere showed significantly the highest yield while Ingwizabukungu, Nemeyubutaka, and Jyambere were high in mineral elements content. Ndamirabahinzi and Mpembuke had the highest levels of TPC and TAC. Generally, the lower fertilizer dose resulted in a better performance of the cultivars for both yield and quality attributes. Significantly higher content of Fe, Ca, and Ba was found in grains from the moderate fertilizer dose, whereas K, Na, P, S, Zn, Cd, and Pb increased in grains from the higher fertilizer dose. The cultivar Ndamirabahinzi showed less variability of evaluated characters across fertilizer doses. The results from this study may be used for rice breeding of cultivars with high yield and good grain quality.

scholarly journals Grain Size Selection Using Novel Functional Markers Targeting 14 Genes in Rice

Rice ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Bin Ma ◽  
Zhong Bian ◽  
Xiaoyuan Li ◽  
Changquan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Functional Markers ◽  
Rice Breeding ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Width ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Abstract Background Grain size is an extremely important aspect of rice breeding, affecting both grain yield and quality traits. It is controlled by multiple genes and tracking these genes in breeding schemes should expedite selection of lines with superior grain yield and quality, thus it is essential to develop robust, efficient markers. Result In this study, 14 genes related to grain size (GW2, GS2, qLGY3, GS3, GL3.1, TGW3, GS5, GW5, GS6, TGW6, GW6a, GLW7, GL7 and GW8) were selected for functional marker development. Twenty-one PCR-gel-based markers were developed to genotype the candidate functional nucleotide polymorphisms (FNPs) of these genes, and all markers can effectively recognize the corresponding allele types. To test the allele effects of different FNPs, a global collection of rice cultivars including 257 accessions from the Rice Diversity Panel 1 was used for allele mining, and four grain-size-related traits were investigated at two planting locations. Three FNPs for GW2, GS2 and GL3.1 were genotyped as rare alleles only found in cultivars with notably large grains, and the allele contributions of the remaining FNPs were clarified in both the indica and japonica subspecies. Significant trait contributions were found for most of the FNPs, especially GS3, GW5 and GL7. Of note, GW5 could function as a key regulator to coordinate the performance of other grain size genes. The allele effects of several FNPs were also tested by QTL analysis using an F2 population, and GW5 was further identified as the major locus with the largest contribution to grain width and length to width ratio. Conclusions The functional markers are robust for genotyping different cultivars and may facilitate the rational design of grain size to achieve a balance between grain yield and quality in future rice breeding efforts.

scholarly journals The Rho-family GTPase OsRac1 controls rice grain size and yield by regulating cell division

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (32) ◽  
pp. 16121-16126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Yan Xiong ◽  
Renyi Liu ◽  
Hong-Wei Xue ◽  
Zhenbiao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rop Gtpase ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Grain Width

Grain size is a key factor for determining grain yield in crops and is a target trait for both domestication and breeding, yet the mechanisms underlying the regulation of grain size are largely unclear. Here we show that the grain size and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) is positively regulated by ROP GTPase (Rho-like GTPase from plants), a versatile molecular switch modulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Overexpression of rice OsRac1ROP not only increases cell numbers, resulting in a larger spikelet hull, but also accelerates grain filling rate, causing greater grain width and weight. As a result, OsRac1 overexpression improves grain yield in O. sativa by nearly 16%. In contrast, down-regulation or deletion of OsRac1 causes the opposite effects. RNA-seq and cell cycle analyses suggest that OsRac1 promotes cell division. Interestingly, OsRac1 interacts with and regulates the phosphorylation level of OsMAPK6, which is known to regulate cell division and grain size in rice. Thus, our findings suggest OsRac1 modulates rice grain size and yield by influencing cell division. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the control of rice grain size and suggests that OsRac1 could serve as a potential target gene for breeding high-yield crops.

Responsiveness of barley cultivars to nitrogen fertiliser

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Fathi ◽  
G. K. McDonald ◽  
R. C. M. Lance
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
N Rates

Summary. Genotypic differences in responses to nitrogen (N) fertiliser of 6 cultivars of barley (Clipper, Stirling, Weeah, Schooner, Chebec, Skiff) grown at 8 different rates of N were examined in 2 seasons. Measurements of vegetative growth, N content, grain yield, grain protein concentration (GPC) and yield components were taken to identify traits that may contribute to high yield responsiveness. The optimum rates of N for dry matter production at ear emergence (DMee) were greater than 80 kg N/ha for all cultivars and often growth increased up to 105 kg N/ha. Optimum rates of N for grain yield (Nopt) were lower and ranged, on average, from 50 kg N/ha for Clipper to 96 kg N/ha for Chebec. The initial response to N varied from 13–14 kg/kg N in Chebec, Weeah and Schooner, to 36 kg/kg N in Skiff. The Nopt for the semi-dwarf cultivar Skiff was 71 kg N/ha and it tended to show the greatest yield response to N. It produced 19 kernels/g DMee, compared with 15–17 kernels/g DMee in the other cultivars. Unlike most other cultivars, Skiff’s yield was consistently and positively correlated with ears/m2; Stirling was the only other cultivar to show a similar relationship. However, the average kernel weight of Skiff was up to 5 mg lower than that of Clipper, Weeah and Schooner, and varied more than these cultivars between sites, suggesting that consistent grain size may be a problem in this cultivar. By comparison, Clipper and Schooner had lower Nopt (51 kg/ha) and a less variable kernel weight. There were no signs of differences in GPC of the 6 cultivars used here at 3 N-responsive sites. Adding N increased GPC up to the highest rate of N and the responses were generally linear, but GPC at Nopt exceeded the upper limit for malting quality of 11.8% in all cultivars. Average N rates of between 38 kg N/ha (Schooner) and 58 kg N/ha (Skiff) were sufficient to raise GPC above 11.8%. The experiments showed that the N rates for optimum yields varied considerably among cultivars, but applyi1ng rates to achieve maximum yields may cause GPC to exceed the maximum value for malting barley. The use of semi-dwarf cultivars, such as Skiff, which are very responsive to N, can provide some leeway in the choice of N, but there may be a trade-off in quality associated with reduced grain size.

scholarly journals Descriptive Statistics and Heritability for Agronomic Traits and Grain Micronutrient Content in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Avinash Kumar ◽  
Ashutosh Kumar ◽  
N. K. Singh ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
S. K. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Grain Zinc ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Breeding Programmes

In the present investigation, 10 parents and their 45 crosses (half diallel) along with 2 standard checks (Rajendra Nilam and Rajendra Mahsuri-1) were evaluated during Kharif, 2018 in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications at Rice Farm Section, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University (RPCAU), Pusa, Bihar. The objective of this study was to identify promising rice genotypes having desirable combination of morphological traits along with high grain iron and zinc content and high grain yield potential. The results of variability parameters indicated that ample amount of genetic variability was present for all the studied traits. Most of the traits showed high heritability coupled with high genetic advance indicating fruitfulness of selection for improvement of these traits. One genotype (P2×P7) with high grain iron (16.10 ppm) and grain zinc (26.40 ppm) content along with high yield (43.12 g/plant) was identified. Genotypes with high grain iron coupled with high grain yield (P7×P9, P8×P9, P5×P7 and P5×P9) and high  grain zinc content coupled with high grain yield (P4×P7, P9×P10, P8×P9 and P5×P7) were also identified. These promising genotypes identified can be used further in breeding programmes to obtain superior segregants with high grain micronutrient content and high grain yield.

Effects of Growth Duration on Grain Yield and Quality in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 528 ◽  
Author(s):  
You-Zhong LANG ◽  
Yong-Xiu DOU ◽  
Mei-E WANG ◽  
Zu-Jian ZHANG ◽  
Qing-Sen ZHU
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

scholarly journals Genetic Variation in Grain Yield and Quality Traits of Spring Malting Barley

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1177
Author(s):  
Yuncai Hu ◽  
Gero Barmeier ◽  
Urs Schmidhalter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Brewing Industry ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Cultivation of malting barley is particularly challenging as the requirements of growers, for high yield, and that of the brewing industry, seeking a specific quality criteria, must be met simultaneously. Furthermore, significant genotypic and environmental variations in grain yield and quality properties may occur. To investigate the relationships between grain yield and quality parameters of spring malting barley, a 2-year experiment was carried out in order to characterise the genotypic and year effects on grain yield, quality properties, and yield components of 23 high-yielding varieties of spring malting barley under optimal nitrogen (N) fertilisation. Compared to the grain quality properties of the grain protein content and the grain retention fraction of grain size >2.5 mm, less genotypic and environmental variation in grain yield was observed. Grain yield was closely related to spikes per m2, suggesting the importance of tiller formation and establishment as a decisive factor influencing malting barley yields. A major interactive effect of genotypes and year on grain size was observed. Regarding weather effects, the global radiation intensity during the post-anthesis phase was the major factor affecting the final grain size in this study. Grain protein content was primarily dependent on the year effect, suggesting that optimal N fertilisation levels must vary between years to ensure the correct protein content required for the needs of the brewing industry is met. Therefore, we recommend further development strategies addressing N fertilisation and soil N mineralisation to optimise the production of spring malting barley.

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