scholarly journals Lipid Metabolism in Plants

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 871
Author(s):  
Hyun Uk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Chloroplast Biogenesis ◽  
Lipid Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Plant Lipid ◽  
The Core ◽  
Triacylglycerol Synthesis

In plants, lipids function in a variety of ways. Lipids are a major component of biological membranes and are used as a compact energy source for seed germination. Fatty acids, the major lipids in plants, are synthesized in plastid and assembled by glycerolipids or triacylglycerols in endoplasmic reticulum. The metabolism of fatty acids and triacylglycerols is well studied in most Arabidopsis model plants by forward and reverse genetics methods. However, research on the diverse functions of lipids in plants, including various crops, has yet to be completed. The papers of this Special Issue cover the core of the field of plant lipid research on the role of galactolipids in the chloroplast biogenesis from etioplasts and the role of acyltransferases and transcription factors involved in fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis. This information will contribute to the expansion of plant lipid research.

scholarly journals A militant defence of democracy: A few replies to my critics

2020 ◽  
pp. 019145372097472
Author(s):  
Cristina Lafont
Keyword(s):  
Deliberative Democracy ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Core ◽  
Difficult Question ◽  
Proper Role

In this essay, I address some questions and challenges brought about by the contributors to this special issue on my book ‘ Democracy without Shortcuts’. First, I clarify different aspects of my critique of deep pluralist conceptions of democracy to highlight the core incompatibilities with the participatory conception of deliberative democracy that I defend in the book. Second, I distinguish different senses of the concept of ‘blind deference’ that I use in the book to clarify several aspects and consequences of my critique of epistocratic conceptions of democracy and their search for ‘expertocratic shortcuts’. This in turn helps me briefly address the difficult question of the proper role of experts in a democracy. Third, I address potential uses of empowered minipublics that I did not discuss in the book and highlight some reasons to worry about their lack of accountability. This discussion in turn leads me to address the difficult question of which institutions are best suited to represent the transgenerational collective people who are supposed to own a constitutional project. Finally, I address some interesting suggestions for how to move the book’s project forward.

scholarly journals Theoretical and empirical links between trade unions and democracy

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19
Author(s):  
Lucio Baccaro ◽  
Chiara Benassi ◽  
Guglielmo Meardi
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Political Democracy ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Core ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
Union Democracy ◽  
The University

This special issue wants to honour the memory of Giulio Regeni, a PhD student at the University of Cambridge who was assassinated while he was conducting field research on independent trade unions in Egypt. This introduction and the following articles focus on the theoretical, empirical and methodological questions at the core of Regeni’s research. Unions have traditionally been regarded as crucial for representing the interests of the working class as a whole and for building and sustaining industrial and political democracy; however, there is a debate about the conditions under which unions can be effective, and the role of unions’ internal democracy is particularly controversial. The article discusses the theoretical linkages between trade unions, democratization and union democracy and concludes with a reflection on the new concerns about the risk of conducting field research on these issues raised by Regeni’s death.

The End of the Cold War as a Hard Case for Ideas

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Wohlforth
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Hard Case ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Cold War

The articles in this special issue of the journal succeeded in meeting the core objective set out in the introduction: to refine, deepen, and extend previous studies of the role of ideas in the end of the Cold War. In particular, they confront more forthrightly than past studies a major challenge of studying ideas in this case; namely, that ideas, material incentives, and policy all covaried. Two other important problems for those seeking to establish an independent role for ideas remain to be addressed in future studies. Facing those problems as squarely as the contributors to this issue have faced the covariation problem will yield major benefits for the study of ideas in this case and in international relations more generally.

scholarly journals INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL ISSUE: PAPERS FROM THE SESSION ON MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE INDO-PACIFIC PREHISTORIC ASSOCIATION 2014 CONFERENCE

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Veronica Walker-Vadillo ◽  
JLO Craig ◽  
Charlotte Minh Ha Pham
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Trade Winds ◽  
The Core ◽  
Fields Of Study

<p>Compared to other fields of study, maritime archaeology is relatively new to a world of archaeological studies that have up to now mostly focused on land resources. Often, waterways are perceived by archaeologists as barriers between communities, and the seas are seen as delimiting nation’s boundaries; their use by ancient communities is often oversimplified in archaeological theories. In other cases where the role of water bodies is mentioned, fundamental factors such as trade winds, currents, nautical technology and seafaring capacities are not examined thoroughly. For the maritime archaeologists, these are at the core of their approach. Shipwrecks are not the sole focus of the maritime archaeologists, whose aim is to apprehend maritime material culture from a maritime perspective.</p>

scholarly journals Lipids Composition in Plant Membranes

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-414
Author(s):  
Emilia Reszczyńska ◽  
Agnieszka Hanaka
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Lipid Research ◽  
Plant Lipid ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
High Level ◽  
Industrial Needs ◽  
Plant Membranes

Abstract The paper focuses on the selected plant lipid issues. Classification, nomenclature, and abundance of fatty acids was discussed. Then, classification, composition, role, and organization of lipids were displayed. The involvement of lipids in xantophyll cycle and glycerolipids synthesis (as the most abundant of all lipid classes) were also discussed. Moreover, in order to better understand the biomembranes remodeling, the model (artificial) membranes, mimicking the naturally occurring membranes are employed and the survey on their composition and application in different kind of research was performed. High level of lipids remodeling in the plant membranes under different environmental conditions, e.g., nutrient deficiency, temperature stress, salinity or drought was proved. The key advantage of lipid research was the conclusion that lipids could serve as the markers of plant physiological condition and the detailed knowledge on lipids chemistry will allow to modify their composition for industrial needs.

Role of ketone bodies in nonshivering thermogenesis in cold-acclimated rats

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Maekubo ◽  
K. Moriya ◽  
T. Hiroshige
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Perfused Liver ◽  
Nonshivering Thermogenesis ◽  
Endogenous Substrate ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

The role of ketone bodies (KB) in nonshivering thermogenesis was investigated in warm- and cold-acclimated rats with and without norepinephrine (NE) loads. NE-induced calorigenesis, as evidenced by changes in rectal temperature, was highly developed in cold-acclimated rats, but the levels of blood KB and free fatty acids (FFA) remained almost unaltered. In contrast, FFA turnover rate in cold-acclimated rats under NE load was much greater than in warm-acclimated rats. Similarly, turnover rate of beta-hydroxybutyrate estimated from decay curves of the endogenous substrate in functionally eviscerated rats was significantly higher in cold- than warm-acclimated rats. Perfused livers from cold-acclimated rats produced more KB than warm-acclimated ones. No significant effect of NE load was observed in either group. Quantitative analysis shows that the turnover rate of KB in vivo essentially equals the production rate in the perfused liver when no exogenous NE is added. In contrast, under constant NE infusion the turnover rate in vivo was almost double that of the perfused liver. These results indicate that KB are an energy source as important as FFA in nonshivering thermogenesis. It may be further surmised that increased KB production in vivo, particularly in the cold-acclimated state, is affected by factor(s) other than NE.

scholarly journals The Controversial Role of Human Gut Lachnospiraceae

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirco Vacca ◽  
Giuseppe Celano ◽  
Francesco Maria Calabrese ◽  
Piero Portincasa ◽  
Marco Gobbetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
The Core ◽  
Host Diet ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Host Physiology

The complex polymicrobial composition of human gut microbiota plays a key role in health and disease. Lachnospiraceae belong to the core of gut microbiota, colonizing the intestinal lumen from birth and increasing, in terms of species richness and their relative abundances during the host’s life. Although, members of Lachnospiraceae are among the main producers of short-chain fatty acids, different taxa of Lachnospiraceae are also associated with different intra- and extraintestinal diseases. Their impact on the host physiology is often inconsistent across different studies. Here, we discuss changes in Lachnospiraceae abundances according to health and disease. With the aim of harnessing Lachnospiraceae to promote human health, we also analyze how nutrients from the host diet can influence their growth and how their metabolites can, in turn, influence host physiology.

scholarly journals The role of chloroplasts and microsomal fractions in polar-lipid synthesis from [1-14C]acetate by cell-free preparations from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves

1980 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
P G Roughan ◽  
R Holland ◽  
C R Slack
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Microsomal Fraction ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Plant Lipid ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Isolated Chloroplasts

1. Isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts were incapable of accumulating polar lipids when incubated with [1-14C]acetate in a cofactor-free medium. When CoA, ATP and glycerol 3-phosphate were added to incubation media, the accumulated products were non-esterified fatty acids, acyl-CoA and 1,2-diacylglycerol, all intermediates of lipid metabolism. 2. Chloroplast acyl-CoA was used to synthesize phosphatidylcholine only when a microsomal fraction was added back to the incubation medium. 3. The 1,2-diacylglycerol synthesized by isolated chloroplasts was converted almost quantitatively into diacylgalactosylglycerol when exogenous UDP-galactose was available. 4. Stereospecific analyses of the isolated lipids suggested that the diacylglycerol synthesized by isolated chloroplasts may be an important precursor for the synthesis in vivo of diacylgalactosylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol but was unlikely to be a precursor of phosphatidylcholine. 5. A scheme for plant-lipid biosynthesis is presented that integrates the functions of chloroplasts, the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum.

scholarly journals Dissecting Sites of Punishment: Penal Colonies and Their Borders

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-425
Author(s):  
Zhanna Popova ◽  
Francesca Di Pasquale
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Penal Colony ◽  
The Core ◽  
Penal Colonies ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Prison Systems

AbstractAlthough a crucial element of imperial architecture, non-metropolitan penal colonies remain relatively understudied, compared with the richness of historical scholarship on modern prison systems in Western Europe and its offshoots. Complementing the perspective chosen in the recent International Review of Social History Special Issue 26, “Transportation, Deportation and Exile: Perspectives from the Colonies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries”, the four articles in this Special Theme propose an additional angle of investigation of the role of convicts in the incorporation of new territories into colonial empires. The authors place sites of punishment, rather than flows of convicts, at the core of their reflection, and provide a close-up analysis of circulations of information and people across the borders of penal sites on various scales: local, trans-regional, and international. They problematize the notion of “border”, and consider it as a vantage point that leads to a new conceptualization of the penal colony as a system that expands in its surroundings and, in turn, assimilates external political, social, and economic stimuli. Relying on several distinct methodological approaches, the authors foreground the specificities of colonial punishment and demonstrate how punishment became part of the creation and maintenance of power inequalities between the colonies and the metropoles.

scholarly journals Introduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Marie Borrelli ◽  
Sophie Andreetta
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
State Laws ◽  
The Core ◽  
Ethnographic Studies ◽  
Case Files ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
Limit Access

In order to better understand migration governance and the concrete, daily practices of civil servants tasked to enforce state laws and policies, this special issue focuses on the core artefact of bureaucratic work: documents, in their diverse manifestations, including certificates, letters, reports, case files, decisions, internal guidelines and judgements. Based on ethnographic studies in various contexts, we show how civil servants produce statehood, restrict migrants’ movements, and engage with migrants’ strategies to make themselves legible. State actors simultaneously limit access to legal statutes and benefits, question their own practices, and use their discretion in order to help themselves as well as migrant individuals. We also highlight organisational and professional differences in the way civil servants deal with migrants, relate to the state and its policies and define their obligations towards both, migrants and the state. This special issue therefore contributes to the study of the state as documentary practice and highlights the role of paperwork as serious practice of migration control.

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