Laser-Textured Rubbers with Carbon Nanotube Fillers

This paper describes a method of laser ablation for improving the hydrophobic properties of vulcanized rubber. The treatment was tested on acrylonitrile rubber (NBR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) containing carbon nanotubes and soot as fillers. The surface layer of the vulcanizates was modified using a nanosecond-pulsed laser at 1060 nm wavelength. The parameters of the ablation process were congruent, so no chemical changes in the polymeric material were observed. Evaluation of the surface condition of the laser-textured samples was performed using a Leica MZ6 stereoscopic microscope, operating with MultiScan 8.0 image analysis software. The contact angles were determined for all the samples before and after the surface modification process. Following modification of the surface morphology, with the best parameters of laser ablation, the contact angle increased, reaching 147°, which is very close to the threshold of superhydrophobicity (150°). On the basis of the results from several tests, laser ablation with a fiber-pulsed laser can be considered a very useful method for producing rubbers with superhydrophobic surfaces.

Download Full-text

Maleic Anhydride Modified Dicyclopentadiene Resin for Improving Wet Skid Resistance of Silica Filled SSBR/BR Composites

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10134478 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (13) ◽

pp. 4478 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ruoming Huang ◽

Qiwei Pan ◽

Zhaohui Chen ◽

Kunhao Feng

Keyword(s):

Maleic Anhydride ◽

Contact Angles ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Skid Resistance ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Maximum Enhancement ◽

Water Contact ◽

Tan Δ ◽

Styrene Butadiene ◽

Wet Skid Resistance

As commercial rubber in tires, silica-filled solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber (SSBR/BR) compounds exhibited preferable wet skid resistance (WSR) properties, which could be further enhanced by the incorporation of some oligomeric resins. However, the untreated dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) resin shows a slight improvement in wet friction even if the good compatibility between DCPD and SBR owing to their common cyclic structures. For this problem to be addressed, we aimed to enhance its resin-silica interaction by reaction with maleic anhydride (MAH). In detail, the effect of MAH content on WSR, curing characteristics, physical-mechanical properties of the silica-filled SSBR/BR composites was investigated. When the MAH content is 4 wt% in the modified DCPD resin, the maximum enhancement of about 15% in tan δ values at 0 °C, as well as that of 17% in British pendulum skidding tester (BPST) index is obtained, indicating a desirable improvement in WSR. In addition of these two commonly used methods, water contact angles of the vulcanizates increase gradually with increasing MAH content, further confirming the remarkable performance of modified DCPD resin in WSR.

Download Full-text

Study on Flexible Fatigue Properties of Nature Rubber with Different Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.717.57 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 717 ◽

pp. 57-61

Author(s):

Wei Liu ◽

Zhong Cun Bao ◽

Cheng Zhong Zong

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Service Life ◽

Special Structure ◽

Fatigue Properties ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Vulcanized Rubber ◽

Different Types ◽

Styrene Butadiene

Flexible fatigue properties is an important property of rubber, it can reflect the service life of rubber products. Different types of SSBR were used in the vulcanized rubber with NR contributed different to the flexible fatigue properties. In this paper, 5 different types of SSBR with special structure were used to study the mechanical properties, thermal properties and the flexible fatigue properties. In a result, with different types SSBR, the vulcanized rubber show different basic mechanical properties and flexible fatigue properties, but little effect to the hardness and stretching stress. Above all these SSBR, RC2564S is the best which contribute to flexible fatigue properties.

Download Full-text

A Novel Method to Recycle Scrap Tires: High-Pressure High-Temperature Sintering

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3547695 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 75 (5) ◽

pp. 955-968 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Jeremy E. Morin ◽

Drew E. Williams ◽

Richard J. Farris

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

High Pressure ◽

High Temperature ◽

Rubber Particle ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Scrap Tires ◽

Vulcanized Rubber ◽

High Pressure High Temperature ◽

Styrene Butadiene

Abstract High-pressure high-temperature sintering (HPHTS) is a novel recycling technique that makes it possible to recycle vulcanized rubber powders made from waste rubber (namely scrap tires) through only the application of heat and pressure. A brief look into the mechanism of sintering will be presented along with information about the influence of molding variables, such as time, temperature, pressure and rubber particle size on the mechanical properties of the produced parts. One of the most interesting observations is that powders of every crosslinked elastomer attempted sintered together via this technique, including silicone rubber (SI), sulfur cured [natural rubber (NR), ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)], peroxide cured butadiene rubber (BR), and fluoroelastomers (FKM). Early work on sintered rubber made from commercially available rubber powder had a modulus of 1 to 2 MPa, strength of 4 to 7 MPa and an elongation at break of 150–250%. Recently, in-house ground samples of SBR have had sintered values over 9.5 MPa strength and 275% elongation, or greater than 60% retention of the original properties. Many of these mechanical properties are comparable with industrially manufactured rubbers, and it is believed that recycled rubbers produced via HPHTS offer the potential to replace virgin rubber in numerous applications.

Download Full-text

The Migration of Extender Oil in Natural and Synthetic Rubber. IV. Effect of Saturates Geometry and Carbon Black Type on Diffusion Rates

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3547335 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

pp. 1349-1358 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

B. G. Corman ◽

M. L. Deviney ◽

L. E. Whittington

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Current Data ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Detectable Effect ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Migration Rates ◽

Vulcanized Rubber ◽

Styrene Butadiene

Abstract Migration of oils, curatives, antioxidants, and other compounding materials in a vulcanized rubber matrix is a general phenomenon. A continuing, long range program has been undertaken in these laboratories to understand better this effect, in order that ultimately the compounder can predict, from a knowledge of the molecular nature of the penetrant and the physico-chemical properties of the cured matrix, the distribution of the various components during the service life of the finished rubber product. A sensitive radiotracer approach with earbon—14 is being used to study this system. Earlier work in this program has established the general value of the diffusion coefficient for whole paraffinic oils and for aromatic oils and their fractions. In general, this has shown that moderate variations in the molecular composition of the aromatic portions of the oils have only minor effects on these migration rates. Using similar computer derived diffusion coefficients, the current data indicate that naphthenic molecules migrate at equal to slightly higher rates than aromatic molecules of similar boiling points. Thermal diffusion as a mode of separation of the oil gives fractions showing more selectivity (larger differences in migration rates) than the formerly used silica gel procedures. Variations in carbon black type and loading levels have no detectable effect on migration. The most important factor in diffusion is the polymer matrix, which for the oils studied is in the order : polybutadiene (D≃6.4×10−7 cm2 sec−1 at 100° C), natural rubber (D≃3.5×10−7 cm2 sec−1), ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (D≃2.6×10−7 cm2 sec−1) and styrene—butadiene rubber (D≃1.9×10−7 cm2 sec−1). Activation energies for the diffusion process were PBR, 3.1 ; NR, 7.8; EPDM, 10.3; and SBR, 9.9 (energies in kilocalories per mole).

Download Full-text

Fabrication of Sulfonated Bamboo Charcoal-Chitosan (sBC-CS) Hybrid and its Applications for Reinforcement of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.872.160 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 872 ◽

pp. 160-164

Author(s):

Xiang Xu Li ◽

Ur Ryong Cho

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Filling Ratio ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Bamboo Charcoal ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Vulcanized Rubber ◽

Styrene Butadiene ◽

Latex Compounding

Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) composites incorporated with different fillers with similar filling ratio, were fabricated by latex compounding method. The particle size, tensile strength, abrasion resistance of the vulcanized rubber composites were investigated. The sulfonated bamboo charcoal-chitosan hybrid (sBC-CS) showed great dispersion rate and smaller particle size compared with those of other fillers. In addition, this composite exhibited the best mechanical reinforcing performance among the four fillers.

Download Full-text

Preservation of Archaeological Leather by Reinforcement with Styrene Butadiene Rubber

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1064.15 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1064 ◽

pp. 15-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rushdya Rabee ◽

Mona F. Ali ◽

Abdel Gawaad Ali Fahmy ◽

Sawsan Fakhry Halim

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Ph Value ◽

Protective Layer ◽

Color Difference ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Infrared Spectrometry ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Before And After ◽

Styrene Butadiene

Leather has been used in Egypt since 4000 BC. Ancient Egyptians used leather as shrouds, bookbinding and manuscripts. This research aims to find a way to protect archeological leather from damage by environmental factors, without losing their archaeological appearance. Leather samples were subjected to ageing in order to simulate archaeological leather. Styrene butadiene rubber was used to coat the leather samples. Then the leather samples were dipped (immersed) in a bath containing SBR dissolved in toluene with concentrations varies from 1 to 5% by weight. The effect of leather/ SBR reinforcement was evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and measuring the mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break (%), color difference (ΔE) and lightness (L), pH value before and after ageing. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to study the surface morphology of samples. Finally, all samples were subjected to ageing after reinforcement. The results revealed that reinforcement of leather samples by SBR solutions having concentration 3 % gave the best results among other concentrations. The mechanical properties of treated samples were enhanced with reduction in the ΔE values. The results also showed that the pH values of the treated samples did not change even after further aging. SEM scans evidenced that SBR filled the leather surface cracks besides the formation of a protective layer on the leather surface.

Download Full-text

Reinforcement of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Employing Poly(isobornyl methacrylate) (PIBOMA) as High Tg Thermoplastic Polymer

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13101626 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1626

Author(s):

Abdullah Gunaydin ◽

Clément Mugemana ◽

Patrick Grysan ◽

Carlos Eloy Federico ◽

Reiner Dieden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Molar Mass ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Linear Polymers ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Vulcanized Rubber ◽

Rubber Compounds ◽

Styrene Butadiene

A set of poly(isobornyl methacrylate)s (PIBOMA) having molar mass in the range of 26,000–283,000 g mol−1 was prepared either via RAFT process or using free radical polymerization. These linear polymers demonstrated high glass transition temperatures (Tg up to 201 °C) and thermal stability (Tonset up to 230 °C). They were further applied as reinforcing agents in the preparation of the vulcanized rubber compositions based on poly(styrene butadiene rubber) (SBR). The influence of the PIBOMA content and molar mass on the cure characteristics, rheological and mechanical properties of rubber compounds were studied in detail. Moving die rheometry revealed that all rubber compounds filled with PIBOMA demonstrated higher torque increase values ΔS in comparison with rubber compositions without filler, independent of PIBOMA content or molar mass, thus confirming its reinforcing effect. Reinforcement via PIBOMA addition was also observed for vulcanized rubbers in the viscoelastic region and the rubbery plateau, i.e. from −20 to 180 °C, by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Notably, while at temperatures above ~125 °C, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) rapidly loses its ability to provide reinforcement due to softening/melting, all PIBOMA resins maintained their ability to reinforce rubber matrix up to 180 °C. For rubber compositions containing 20 phr of PIBOMA, both tensile strength and elongation at break decreased with increasing PIBOMA molecular weight. In summary, PIBOMA, with its outstanding high Tg among known poly(methacrylates), may be used in the preparation of advanced high-stiffness rubber compositions, where it provides reinforcement above 120 °C and gives properties appropriate for a range of applications.

Download Full-text

Synergistic Effect of Mica, Glass Frit and Melamine Cyanurate for Improving Fire Resistance of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Composites Destined for Ceramizable Coatings

10.20944/preprints201812.0285.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mateusz Imiela ◽

Rafał Anyszka ◽

Dariusz Bieliński ◽

Magdalena Lipińska ◽

Przemysław Rybiński ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Synergistic Effect ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Fire Resistance ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Glass Frit ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Melamine Cyanurate ◽

Before And After ◽

Styrene Butadiene

Synergistic effect of different fillers is widely utilized in polymer technology. The combination of various types of fillers is used to improve various properties of polymer composites. In this paper a synergistic effect of flame retardants was tested for the improvement of ceramizable composites performance. The composites were based of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) used as polymer matrix. Three different types of flame retardants were tested for synergistic effect: Mica (phlogopite) high aspect-ratio platelets along with low softening point temperature glass frit (featuring ceramization effect) and melamine cyanurate, a commonly used flame retardant promoting carbonaceous char. In order to characterize the properties of the composites, combustibility, viscoelastic properties and mechanical properties before and after ceramization were tested. The results obtained show that the synergistic effect of ceramization promoting fillers and melamine cyanurate is especially visible with respect to the flame retardant properties resulting in a significant improvement of fire resistance of the composites.

Download Full-text

Rubber-Solvent Interaction Parameter (χ1,2) of NR/SBR Rubber Blend Solution in Determination of Crosslink Concentration for Vulcanized Rubber Blend

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1134.75 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1134 ◽

pp. 75-81

Author(s):

Azreen Izzati Dzulkifli ◽

Che Mohd Som Said ◽

Chan Chin Han ◽

Ahmad Faiza Mohd

Keyword(s):

Interaction Parameter ◽

Relaxation Method ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Simple Extension ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Solvent Interaction ◽

Rubber Blends ◽

Rubber Blend ◽

Vulcanized Rubber ◽

Styrene Butadiene

Crosslink concentration is an important property affecting the major characteristic of cured rubber. One of the important parameter to determine the crosslink concentration of a vulcanized rubber by swelling measurement is the rubber-solvent interaction parameter known as ‘kai’ value denoted as χ. For single rubber, the χ value is known however, the χ1,2 for rubber blends are unknown. This research concerned with the investigation to determine the χ1,2 for rubber blends solution (uncured rubber). Natural rubber (NR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) rubber blends solution were blend at 7 different ratios of 100/0, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60 and 0/100 and were dissolved in toluene. The χ1,2 value of each rubber blends were determined based on the intrinsic viscosity measurement. Crosslink concentrations of vulcanized rubber blends obtained from the swelling measurement were then compared against the value determined from simple extension measurement (stress-relaxation method). This cross-checking was to ensure the accuracy and reliability of χ1,2 value for rubber blends solution.

Download Full-text

Ternary NR/BR/SBR rubber blend nanocomposites

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/0892705717697778 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 265-287 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Slaviša Jovanović ◽

Suzana Samaržija-Jovanović ◽

Gordana Marković ◽

Vojislav Jovanović ◽

Tijana Adamović ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Testing Machine ◽

Filler Loading ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Tensile Testing Machine ◽

Rubber Blends ◽

Rubber Blend ◽

Before And After ◽

Cure Time ◽

Styrene Butadiene

The goal of this work was to synthesize and characterize ternary rubber blends based on polyisoprene (natural rubber (NR)), polybutadiene rubber (BR), and styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) (NR/BR/SBR = 25/25/50) reinforced with different loading silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (0–100 part per hundred parts of rubber (phr)). The specimens were subjected to thermooxidative aging at 100°C, for two times: at 72 and 168 h, respectively, and then mechanically stretched to fracture by tension with a Zwick 1425 (Zwick GmbH, Ulm, Germany) universal tensile testing machine. Rheological and mechanical properties were used as characterization of the ternary rubber blends. The reinforcing performance of the filler was investigated using rheometric, mechanical, and swelling measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance. Hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, and swelling degree were assessed before and after thermal aging. There was a remarkable decrease in the optimum cure time ( tc90) and the scorch time ( ts2), which was associated with a decrease in the cure rate index of (NR/BR/SBR = 25/25/50) ternary rubber blend with 60 phr of filler loading. Interaction between rubber blend and SiO2 nano-filler is confirmed by moving absorption band from 1450 cm−1 to 1480 cm−1.

Download Full-text