Comparative Study on the Flame-Retardant Properties and Mechanical Properties of PA66 with Different Dicyclohexyl Hypophosphite Acid Metal Salts

Three metal salts of dicyclohexyl hypophosphite, namely dicyclohexyl aluminum hypophosphite (ADCP), dicyclohexyl magnesium hypophosphite (MDCP), and dicyclohexyl zinc hypophosphite (ZDCP), were synthesized. These flame retardants were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis, and the results showed that ADCP and ZDCP had higher thermal stabilities than MDCP. They were then separately mixed with polyamide 66 (PA66)to prepare composite materials, of which the combustion properties were determined by the limiting oxygen index method and horizontal/vertical burning experiments. The mechanical properties of the materials were further evaluated using an electronic universal testing machine. The results showed that all the three flame retardants exerted a flame-retardant effect on PA66, but the flame-retardant effect of MDCP was inferior to those of ADCP and ZDCP. All the composites also showed similar mechanical properties. Among the three flame retardants, ADCP had the best overall performance for raw materials, showing good flame-retardant properties while maintaining the mechanical properties of the raw materials. The optimal dosage of ADCP was 15 wt %, at which a V-0 rating in the vertical burning test (UL 94 test) can be obtained.

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Flammability and mechanical properties of poly(styrene–butadiene–styrene) copolymer–containing intumescent flame retardants

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/0892705715614061 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 816-826 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Yiren Huang ◽

Jianwei Yang ◽

Zhengzhou Wang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Styrene Butadiene Styrene ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽

Styrene Butadiene ◽

Butadiene Styrene

Flame-retardant properties of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and its two microcapsules, APP with a shell of melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin (MFAPP) and APP with a shell of epoxy resin (EPAPP), were studied in styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS). The results indicate that APP after the microencapsulation leads to an increase in limiting oxygen index in SBS compared with APP. When dipentaerythritol is incorporated into the SBS composites containing the APP microcapsules, a further improvement in flame retardancy of the composites is observed. The microencapsulation does not result in much improvement of mechanical properties. Moreover, the effect of a compatibilizer (SBS grafted with maleic anhydride) on flame-retardant and mechanical properties of SBS/APP composites was investigated.

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Effect of a Novel Flame Retardant on the Mechanical, Thermal and Combustion Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12102407 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2407

Author(s):

Mingjun Niu ◽

Zhongzhou Zhang ◽

Zizhen Wei ◽

Wanjie Wang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Biobased Materials ◽

Cone Calorimeter Test ◽

Combustion Properties ◽

Ul 94

Poly(lactic) acid (PLA) is one of the most promising biobased materials, but its inherent flammability limits its applications. A novel flame retardant hexa-(DOPO-hydroxymethylphenoxy-dihydroxybiphenyl)-cyclotriphosphazene (HABP-DOPO) for PLA was prepared by bonding 9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) to cyclotriphosphazene. The morphologies, mechanical properties, thermal stability and burning behaviors of PLA/HABP-DOPO blends were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a universal mechanical testing machine, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) and a cone calorimeter test (CCT). The LOI value reached 28.5% and UL-94 could pass V-0 for the PLA blend containing 25 wt% HABP-DOPO. A significant improvement in fire retardant performance was observed for PLA/HABP-DOPO blends. PLA/HABP-DOPO blends exhibited balanced mechanical properties. The flame retardant mechanism of PLA/HABP-DOPO blends was evaluated.

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Nanoreinforcements of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardant Polymeric Composites: An Overview

Advances in Polymer Technology ◽

10.1155/2019/4273253 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shaolin Lu ◽

Wei Hong ◽

Xudong Chen

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Environmental Friendliness ◽

Fire Hazards ◽

Uniform Dispersion ◽

Physical Barriers ◽

Flame Retardant Properties

Polymer materials are ubiquitous in daily life. While polymers are often convenient and helpful, their properties often obscure the fire hazards they may pose. Therefore, it is of great significance in terms of safety to study the flame retardant properties of polymers while still maintaining their optimal performance. Current literature shows that although traditional flame retardants can satisfy the requirements of polymer flame retardancy, due to increases in product requirements in industry, including requirements for durability, mechanical properties, and environmental friendliness, it is imperative to develop a new generation of flame retardants. In recent years, the preparation of modified two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants has attracted wide attention in the field. Due to their unique layered structures, two-dimensional nanomaterials can generally improve the mechanical properties of polymers via uniform dispersion, and they can form effective physical barriers in a matrix to improve the thermal stability of polymers. For polymer applications in specialized fields, different two-dimensional nanomaterials have potential conductivity, high thermal conductivity, catalytic activity, and antiultraviolet abilities, which can meet the flame retardant requirements of polymers and allow their use in specific applications. In this review, the current research status of two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants is discussed, as well as a mechanism of how they can be applied for reducing the flammability of polymers.

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Study on the Synergies of Nanoclay and MWCNTs to the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2021/5536676 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Tuan Anh Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Organic Compounds ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Nanocomposite Materials ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Multiwalled Carbon ◽

Flame Retardant Properties

Modern flame retardants are organic compounds containing halogen or phosphorus groups and are not always well dispersed in polymers. Thus, by using a small amount of nanoclay and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), they can significantly reduce the number of conventional flame retardant additives, making the material with optimal flame retardant properties. Conventional flame retardants always have some negative effects on the mechanical properties of the polymer substrate, so by using nanoclay and MWCNTs, those adverse effects can be minimized and overcome. In this work, in order to improve the mechanical properties and flame retardant of nanocomposite materials, nanoclay I.30E and MWCNTs are mixed into epoxy, with the selected percentage of 2% and 0.02% by weight, respectively, stirring mechanically for 7, 8, and 9 hours at 3000 rpm at 80°C, then performing ultrasonic vibration for 6 hours at 65°C.

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Basalt Fiber Modified Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Magnesium Hydroxide Composites with Balanced Flame Retardancy and Improved Mechanical Properties

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12092107 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2107

Author(s):

Dongwei Yao ◽

Guangzhong Yin ◽

Qingqing Bi ◽

Xu Yin ◽

Na Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Vinyl Acetate ◽

Magnesium Hydroxide ◽

Performance Enhancement ◽

Basalt Fiber ◽

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Cone Calorimeter Test ◽

Flame Retardant Properties

In this study, we selected basalt fiber (BF) as a functional filler to improve the mechanical properties of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)-based flame retardant materials. Firstly, BF was modified by grafting γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (KH550). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to comprehensively prove the successful modification of the BF surface. Subsequently, the modified BF was introduced into the EVA/magnesium hydroxide (MH) composites by melt blending. The limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, cone calorimeter test, tensile test, and non-notched impact test were utilized to characterize both the flame retardant properties and mechanical properties of the EVA/MH composites. It was found that the mechanical properties were significantly enhanced without reducing the flame retardant properties of the EVA/MH composites. Notably, the surface treatment with silane is a simple and low-cost method for BF surface modification and the pathway designed in this study can be both practical and effective for polymer performance enhancement.

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Effects of Adding Method of a Novel Haxogen-Free Flame Retardant Agent on the Properties of Wood-Plastic Composites

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.818 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 268-270 ◽

pp. 818-822

Author(s):

Wang Wang Yu ◽

Tao Huang ◽

Dong Xue ◽

Lu Jing ◽

Wen Lei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Immersion Method ◽

Sem Images ◽

Wood Plastic Composites ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Plastic Composites ◽

Combustion Properties ◽

Thermal Degradation Behavior

Phosphoric acid, pentaerythritol and aniline were used to synthesize a novel intumescent flame retardant agent(IFR), then IFR was added into high density polyethylene based wood plastic composites(WPC) by three different ways. Thermal degradation behavior, combustion properties and mechanical properties of WPC were evaluated by means of limiting oxygen index(LOI), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), universal testing and scanning electron microscope(SEM) images of char formed after LOI tests. The results show that when IFR was added directly into WPC, the composite has the best flame resistant property, but the worst mechanical properties; when IFR is dissolved into solution, and the immersion method is adopted, the WPC has the best mechanical properties and better fire retardant property.

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Flame Retardance and Thermal Decomposition of EVA Composites Containing Melamine Phosphate and Dipentaerythritol

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1831 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 284-286 ◽

pp. 1831-1835

Author(s):

Zheng Zhou Wang ◽

Lin Liu ◽

Gan Xin Jie ◽

Ping Kai Jiang

Keyword(s):

Thermal Decomposition ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Melamine Phosphate ◽

Suitable Amount ◽

Flame Retarded ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Acetate Copolymer

Flame retarded ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) was prepared in a melt process containing melamine phosphate (MP), or MP in combination with dipentaerythritol (DPER) as flame retardants. The influence of MP and MP/DPER on flame retardant properties of EVA was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL 94 test. Thermal decomposition of the flame retardants and flame retarded EVA composites was studied by the thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that MP used alone in EVA does not exerts good flame retardancy, even at a loading of 50wt%. It is found that the flame retardant properties of the EVA/MP/DPER composites is greatly improved when a suitable amount of MP substituted by DPER. Moreover, mechanical properties of the EVA composites were studied.

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The Effects of Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Additives in Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.131 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1107 ◽

pp. 131-136

Author(s):

A.I.H.Dayang Habibah ◽

Abd Rahim Ruhida

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽

Standard Type ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

The Usa ◽

The Difference ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Halogen Free

Legislation on fire safety requirements especially in the USA and UK has been the driving force behind the use of halogen-free flame retardants (FR) in recent years. The present study describes the effect of inorganic fillers, namely aluminium hydroxides (ATH) on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) in order to increase its flame retardant capability. Two different types of ATH, a standard type Apyral 60 CD (ATH 60) and a submicron sized Apyral 200 SM (ATH 200) were used. The flame-retardant ENR composite was characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94V, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to study the combustion behavior and thermal stability. The finer particles size (ATH 200) as expected produced better flame retardant properties (measured by LOI) compared to ATH 60; however, the difference between the values is marginal. It was also observed that a combination of 100 pphr ATH 200 and 60 pphr ATH 60 gave the highest LOI value (29.4%) in ENR compounds. The compound was V0 rated in UL-94V burn test. Even at the higher loading, it was also found that the compound exhibited lower viscosity indicating its easier processability.

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Effect of Nanometric Metallic Hydroxides on the Flame Retardant Properties of HDPE Composites

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2014/969184 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

F. I. Beltrán-Ramírez ◽

L. F. Ramos-deValle ◽

E. Ramírez-Vargas ◽

S. Sánchez-Valdes ◽

A. B. Espinoza-Martínez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Cone Calorimeter ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Tensile Testing Machine ◽

Cone Calorimeter Test ◽

Ul 94 ◽

Flame Retardant Properties

The effect of nanometric magnesium and aluminum hydroxides on the flame retardancy of high density polyethylene was studied. Additionally, the effect of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PEgMA) and methyl acrylate grafted polyethylene (EMA) compatibilizers, on the tensile properties, was also studied. Morphological characterization of nanocomposites was carried out by means of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Flame retardant properties of nanocomposites were evaluated by the UL-94 horizontal and vertical tests as well as by cone calorimeter tests. Thermal degradation behavior was analyzed with a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Tensile tests were carried out according to ASTM D 638-03 in an Instron 4301 tensile testing machine. From STEM images, a good dispersion of flame retardants (MH and ATH) in the polymer matrix was observed, which was reflected in the flame retardant properties. Results showed that the combination of nanometric MH and ATH produced excellent flame retardant properties, achieving a classification of V0 in the UL-94-V test and producing the lowest peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and the lowest total heat released (THR) in the cone calorimeter test. Finally, the addition of compatibilizer, especially PEgMA, resulted in much better tensile properties as compared to the noncompatibilized composition, maintaining the flame retardant properties.

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A Green Water-Soluble Cyclophosphazene as a Flame Retardant Finish for Textiles

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24173100 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (17) ◽

pp. 3100 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mayer-Gall ◽

Plohl ◽

Derksen ◽

Lauer ◽

Neldner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Green Water ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Grafting Reaction ◽

Textile Finishing ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Textile Finishing Agents ◽

First Time

Poly- and cyclophosphazenes are excellent flame retardants but currently, are not used as textile finishing agents because water-soluble and permanent washing systems are missing. Here, we demonstrate for the first time, the successful usage of a water-soluble cyclotriphosphazene derivative for textile finishing for cotton, different cotton/polyester, and cotton/polyamide blend fabrics. A durable finish was achieved using a photoinduced grafting reaction. The flame retardant properties of the various fabrics were improved with a higher limiting oxygen index, a reduced heat release rate, and an exhibition of intumescent. Furthermore, the finished textiles passed several standardized flammability tests.

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