Polymerizable Choline- and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids Reinforced with Bacterial Cellulose for 3D-Printing

In this work, a novel approach is demonstrated for 3D-printing of bacterial cellulose (BC) reinforced UV-curable ion gels using two-component solvents based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride or choline chloride combined with acrylic acid. Preservation of cellulose’s crystalline and nanofibrous structure is demonstrated using wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Rheological measurements reveal that cholinium-based systems, in comparison with imidazolium-based ones, are characterised with lower viscosity at low shear rates and improved stability against phase separation at high shear rates. Grafting of poly(acrylic acid) onto the surfaces of cellulose nanofibers during UV-induced polymerization of acrylic acid results in higher elongation at break for choline chloride-based compositions: 175% in comparison with 94% for imidazolium-based systems as well as enhanced mechanical properties in compression mode. As a result, cholinium-based BC ion gels containing acrylic acid can be considered as more suitable for 3D-printing of objects with improved mechanical properties due to increased dispersion stability and filler/matrix interaction.

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Strengthening Cellulose Nanopaper via Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ultrasound-Induced Surface Disordering of Nanofibers

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym14010078 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 78

Author(s):

Elizaveta V. Batishcheva ◽

Darya N. Sokolova ◽

Veronika S. Fedotova ◽

Maria P. Sokolova ◽

Alexandra L. Nikolaeva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Ethylene Glycol ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Cellulose Nanofibers ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽

Thermal Characteristics ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor ◽

Structural Investigations

The route for the preparation of cellulose nanofiber dispersions from bacterial cellulose using ethylene glycol- or glycerol-based deep eutectic solvents (DES) is demonstrated. Choline chloride was used as a hydrogen bond acceptor and the effect of the combined influence of DES treatment and ultrasound on the thermal and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BC-NFs) is demonstrated. It was found that the maximal Young’s modulus (9.2 GPa) is achieved for samples prepared using a combination of ethylene glycol-based DES and ultrasound treatment. Samples prepared with glycerol-based DES combined with ultrasound exhibit the maximal strength (132 MPa). Results on the mechanical properties are discussed based on the structural investigations that were performed using FTIR, Raman, WAXD, SEM and AFM measurements, as well as the determination of the degree of polymerization and the density of BC-NF packing during drying with the formation of paper. We propose that the disordering of the BC-NF surface structure along with the preservation of high crystallinity bulk are the key factors leading to the improved mechanical and thermal characteristics of prepared BC-NF-based papers.

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Embedding of Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers within PHEMA Hydrogel Matrices: Tunable Stiffness Composites with Potential for Biomedical Applications

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2018/5217095 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Radka Hobzova ◽

Jakub Hrib ◽

Jakub Sirc ◽

Evgeny Karpushkin ◽

Jiri Michalek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Composite Structures ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Cellulose Nanofibers ◽

Cellulose Fiber ◽

Wet Process ◽

Swelling Capacity ◽

Relaxation Modes ◽

Biocompatibility Test

Bacterial cellulose (BC) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) hydrogels are both considered as biocompatible materials with potential use in various biomedical applications including cartilage, cardiovascular stent, and soft tissue engineering. In this work, the “ever-wet” process based on in situ UV radical polymerization of HEMA monomer in BC nanofibrous structure impregnated with HEMA was used, and a series of BC-PHEMA composites was prepared. The composite structures were characterized by ATR FT-IR spectroscopy, WAXD, SEM, and TEM techniques. The strategy of using densified BC material of various cellulose fiber contents was applied to improve mechanical properties. The mechanical properties were tested under tensile, dynamic shear, and relaxation modes. The final composites contained 1 to 20 wt% of BC; the effect of the reinforcement degree on morphology, swelling capacity, and mechanical properties was investigated. The biocompatibility test of BC-PHEMA composites was performed using mouse mesenchymal stem cells.

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Fabrication and enhanced mechanical properties of porous PLA/PEG copolymer reinforced with bacterial cellulose nanofibers for soft tissue engineering applications

Polymer Testing ◽

10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.05.016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 ◽

pp. 114-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mustafa Abu Ghalia ◽

Yaser Dahman

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Soft Tissue ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Cellulose Nanofibers ◽

Engineering Applications ◽

Soft Tissue Engineering

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Physicochemical characterization of gelatin-immobilized, acrylic acid-bacterial cellulose nanofibers as cell scaffolds using gamma-irradiation

Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering ◽

10.1007/s12257-015-0175-0 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 942-947 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Youn-Mook Lim ◽

Sung In Jeong ◽

Young Min Shin ◽

Jong-Seok Park ◽

Hui-Jeong Gwon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acrylic Acid ◽

Gamma Irradiation ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Cellulose Nanofibers ◽

Physicochemical Characterization ◽

Cell Scaffolds

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UV-curable silicone materials with tuneable mechanical properties for 3D printing

Materials & Design ◽

10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109681 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 205 ◽

pp. 109681

Author(s):

Aleksandra Foerster ◽

Vinotharan Annarasa ◽

Anna Terry ◽

Ricky Wildman ◽

Richard Hague ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

3D Printing ◽

Uv Curable

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Bio-based poly (γ-glutamic acid) hydrogels reinforced with bacterial cellulose nanofibers exhibiting superior mechanical properties and cytocompatibility

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules ◽

10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.148 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 170 ◽

pp. 354-365

Author(s):

Chunyan Dou ◽

Zheng Li ◽

Jixian Gong ◽

Qiujin Li ◽

Changsheng Qiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Glutamic Acid ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Cellulose Nanofibers ◽

Superior Mechanical Properties

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Fabrication of Paper Sheets Coatings Based on Chitosan/Bacterial Nanocellulose/ZnO With Enhanced Antibacterial and Mechanical Properties

10.20944/preprints202105.0478.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joanna Jabłońska ◽

Magdalena Onyszko ◽

Maciej Konopacki ◽

Adrian Augustyniak ◽

Rafał Rakoczy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Cellulose Nanofibers ◽

Mechanical Activity ◽

Bacterial Nanocellulose ◽

E Coli ◽

Cellulose Nanofibres ◽

Tearing Resistance ◽

Shape And Size

Here, we designed the composition of the coating of the paper sheets composed of chitosan, bacterial cellulose (nanofibres), and ZnO with boosted antibacterial and mechanical activity. We investigated the compositions with ZnO exhibiting two different sizes/shapes: (1) rods and (2) irregular sphere-like particles. The proposed processing of bacterial cellulose resulted in the formation of nanofibers. Antimicrobial behavior was tested using E. coli ATCC® 25922™ following ASTM E2149-13a standard. Mechanical properties of the paper sheets were measured by comparison of tearing resistance, tensile strength, and bursting strength according to ISO 5270 standard. The increased antibacterial response is assigned to the combination of chitosan and ZnO (independently of its shape and size), while the boosted mechanical behavior is due to bacterial cellulose nanofibers. Therefore, the proposed composition is an interesting multifunctional mixture for coatings in food packaging applications.

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Effects of nanocellulose on alginate/gelatin bio-inks for extrusion-based 3D printing

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.15.4.7357-7373 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 7357-7373 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chenyang Han ◽

Xinyi Wang ◽

Zhongjin Ni ◽

Yihua Ni ◽

Weiwei Huan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Cellulose Nanofibers ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Property Testing ◽

Morphological Observation ◽

Shear Rates ◽

Good Biocompatibility ◽

Potential Use ◽

Better Than ◽

Low Shear

Cellulose nanofibers (NFC) have attracted special attention in the field of extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting due to their good biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties, and outstanding shear-thinning property. In this study, by mixing cellulose nanofibers suspension with sodium alginate (SA) and gelatin (GEL) solution, five groups of composite bio-inks with different NFC concentrations were prepared. The effects of NFC on the performance of the SA/GEL matrix hydrogels were analyzed by morphological observation, rheological property testing, mechanical property testing, swelling property testing, and printability analysis. The rheological results showed that the addition of NFC noticeably increased the viscosity of biological inks with low shear rates; therefore, the printed scaffolds maintained their structure better during the 3D printing process. After crosslinking with calcium chloride (CaCl2), the fidelity of the NFC/SA/GEL composite hydrogel structure was better than that of the SA/GEL hydrogel. Moreover, the structural properties were strengthened, and the mechanical stabilities of the composite hydrogels improved when NFC was added. Therefore, this study provided an easy way to improve the printability of extrusion-based 3D printing and the potential use of nanocellulose.

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3D Printing of UV-Curable Polyurethane Incorporated with Surface-Grafted Nanocellulose

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano9121726 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1726 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Denesh Mohan ◽

Mohd Shaiful Sajab ◽

Hatika Kaco ◽

Saiful Bahari Bakarudin ◽

An’amt Mohamed Noor

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Graphene Oxide ◽

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

3D Printing ◽

Cellulose Nanofibrils ◽

Polymer Nanocomposite ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Uv Curable ◽

Reduced Graphene

The recognition of nanocellulose has been prominent in recent years as prospect materials, yet the ineffectiveness of nanocellulose to disperse in an organic solvent has restricted its utilization, especially as a reinforcement in polymer nanocomposite. In this study, cellulose has been isolated and defibrillated as cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers. Subsequently, to enhance its compatibility with UV-curable polyurethane (PU)-based resin, the surface hydrophilicity of CNF has been tailored with polyethylene glycol (PEG), as well as reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The dispersibility of reinforced modified CNF in UV-curable PU was examined through the transmittance interruption of resin, chemical, and mechanical properties of the composite printed using the stereolithographic technique. Evidently, the enhanced compatibility of modified CNF and UV-curable PU was shown to improve the tensile strength and hardness of the composites by 37% and 129%, respectively.

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