scholarly journals Internal Polymerization of Epoxy Group of Epoxidized Natural Rubber by Ferric Chloride and Formation of Strong Network Structure

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4145
Author(s):  
Kriengsak Damampai ◽  
Skulrat Pichaiyut ◽  
Subhradeep Mandal ◽  
Sven Wießner ◽  
Amit Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Epoxy Group ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Crosslinking Density ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslinking Reaction ◽  
Ferric Ion ◽  
Efficient Manner

In this work, studies are carried out to understand the crosslinking reaction of epoxidized natural rubber (50 mol% epoxy, ENR-50) by metal ion namely ferric ion (Fe3+, FeCl3, ferric chloride). It is found that a small amount of FeCl3 can cure ENR to a considerable extent. A direct interaction of the ferric ion with the epoxy group as well as internal polymerization enable the ENR to be cured in an efficient manner. It was also found that with the increased concentration of FeCl3, the crosslinking density of the matrix increased and therefore, the ENR offers higher mechanical properties (i.e., modulus and tensile strength). In addition, the glass transition temperature (tg) of ENR vulcanizate is increased with increasing concentration of FeCl3. Moreover, the thermal degradation temperature (Td) of the ENR-FeCl3 compound was shifted toward higher temperature as increasing concentration FeCl3.

Toughness Enhancement of Polylactic Acid by Employing Glycolyzed Polylactic Acid-Cured Epoxidized Natural Rubber

2014 ◽  
Vol 1025-1026 ◽  
pp. 580-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phrutsadee Sukpuang ◽  
Mantana Opaprakasit ◽  
Atitsa Petchsuk ◽  
Pakorn Opaprakasit
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Chemical Recycling ◽  
Crosslinking Reaction ◽  
Solvent Fractionation ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Internal Mixer ◽  
Toughness Enhancement

Glycolyzed polylactic acid (GPLA)-cured epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) is developed for use as a toughening agent for PLA resin. GPLA is obtained from chemical recycling of PLA resin by a glycolysis reaction. GPLA-cured ENR is then prepared by the crosslinking reaction of ENR with GPLA in an internal mixer. Chemical structures of the cured products are characterized by solvent fractionation and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The cured ENR products are blended with PLA resin, by varying the cured ENR contents from 5 to 15% wt. Mechanical properties of the blends, and their toughening mechanisms are examined. The cured ENR materials has higher efficiency in improving toughness of PLA resin, compared to uncured ENR, likely due to their rubbery network nature and higher compatibility with the PLA matrix. The incorporation of 5% wt. GPLA-cured ENR also improves elongation at break with no adverse effect on tensile strength and modulus of PLA.

FTIR and NMR Studies on Crosslinking Reaction between Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene and Epoxidized Natural Rubber

1993 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Roychoudhury ◽  
P. P. De ◽  
N. K. Dutta ◽  
N. Roychoudhury ◽  
B. Haidar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Sulfonyl Chloride ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Crosslinking Reaction ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene ◽  
Epoxy Groups

Abstract A blend of chlorosulfonated polyethylene and epoxidized natural rubber undergoes a self-crosslinking reaction at elevated temperatures. Sulfonyl chloride groups of chlorosulfonated polyethylene react with epoxy groups of epoxidized natural rubber to give ether crosslinks between the two polymers. In addition to the self-crosslinking reaction, these two polymers undergo a number of side reactions as evidenced by spectroscopic studies.

Controlled Release of Metal Ion Cross-Linkers and Development of Self-Healable Epoxidized Natural Rubber

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1190-1202
Author(s):  
Subhradeep Mandal ◽  
Frank Simon ◽  
Shib Shankar Banerjee ◽  
Lewis B. Tunnicliffe ◽  
Charoen Nakason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber

scholarly journals Characterization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber for Coating Application

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3B) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thu Ha ◽  
Nguyen Hong Quan ◽  
Cao Hong Ha ◽  
Nguyen Pham Duy Linh ◽  
Phan Trung Nghia
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Epoxy Group ◽  
Angle Measurement ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Coating Application ◽  
Group Content

Epoxidized natural rubber was prepared by epoxidation of natural rubber with fresh peracetic acid in latex stage. The epoxidized natural rubbers with epoxy group content of 8, 15 and 27 mol% were prepared by adjusting the amount of fresh peracetic. The characterization of resulting materials was carried out through NMR spectroscopy, gel content determination and particle size measurement. The epoxidized natural rubber with various epoxy group contents were coated on the surface of the wood substrate by spin coating technique. The contact angle measurement and bending test were made for wood coated by epoxidized natural rubbers. The results show that the obtained epoxidized natural rubber is liquid resistance as is evident in high contact angle of water and poly(ethylene glycol) solution on the rubber surface. The bending strength of wood is improved by coating epoxidized natural rubber. The material with epoxy group content of 15 mol% is suitable for the protection of the wood surface.

PROBING THE POSTGELATION REACTIONS OF EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER CROSS-LINKED WITH DODECENYL SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leno Mascia ◽  
Pietro Russo ◽  
Letizia Verdolotti ◽  
Jane Clarke ◽  
Marino Lavorgna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Succinic Anhydride ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Epoxy Group ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Heat Of Reaction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Oh Groups

ABSTRACT Pregelled mixes of an epoxidized natural rubber, known as ENR50, containing dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA) as cross-linking agent and dimethyl benzyl amine (DMBA) as catalyst, were cured isothermally at 160 °C, and the progress of the reactions was followed by both thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis [TGA]) and infrared spectroscopy (Fourier transform near-infrared and attenuated total reflection). The curing reactions were found to be approximately first order for both heat of reaction associated with cross-linking and the disappearance of the epoxy groups, even though the reduction of epoxy group concentration was found to be substantially greater than the amount expected from reactions with the anhydride, because of the formation of large quantities of vicinal OH groups. The TGA data have indicated that the pregelled mixes undergo more extensive anaerobic degradation at higher temperatures than the un–cross-linked elastomer, which is accelerated by the presence of the DMBA catalyst.

scholarly journals Self-Healable Biocomposites Crosslinked with a Combination of Silica and Quercetin

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4028
Author(s):  
Olga Olejnik ◽  
Anna Masek ◽  
Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska-Jóźwik
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Crosslinking Density ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Healing Efficiency ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

In this publication, novel bio-based composites made of epoxidized natural rubber with 50 mol% of epoxidation (ENR-50) are presented. The obtained materials, partially cured with a totally environmentally friendly crosslinking system consisting of natural ingredients, including quercetin and silica, exhibit a self-healing ability resulting from the self-adhesion of ENR-50 and reversible physical forces between the curing agent and the matrix. The impact of natural components on the crosslinking effect in uncured ENR-50 matrix was analyzed based on rheometric measurements, mechanical tests and crosslinking density. The partially crosslinked samples were next cut into two separate pieces, which were instantly contacted together under a small manual press, left at room temperature for a few days for the healing process to occur and finally retested. The healing efficiency was estimated by measuring mechanical properties before and after the healing process and was also confirmed by photos taken using optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to the results, a combination of silica and quercetin is a totally safe, natural and effective crosslinking system dedicated to epoxidized natural rubber. The novel composites containing ingredients safe for human beings exhibit promising self-healing properties with a healing efficiency of up to 45% without any external stimuli and stand a chance of becoming innovative biomedical materials.

Preparation coated of urea beads from banana peel bioplastic and epoxidized natural rubber 50

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. K. Abdulkadir ◽  
S. A. Abdul Shukor ◽  
R. Hamzah ◽  
N. Z. Noriman ◽  
Omar S. Dahham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Banana Peel

scholarly journals Biocomposites of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Poly(lactic acid) Modified with Natural Fillers (Part I)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3150
Author(s):  
Anna Masek ◽  
Stefan Cichosz ◽  
Małgorzata Piotrowska
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Uv Aging ◽  
High Elasticity ◽  
Natural Fillers ◽  
Natural Additives

The study aimed to prepare sustainable and degradable elastic blends of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) that were reinforced with flax fiber (FF) and montmorillonite (MMT), simultaneously filling the gap in the literature regarding the PLA-containing polymer blends filled with natural additives. The performed study reveals that FF incorporation into ENR/PLA blend may cause a significant improvement in tensile strength from (10 ± 1) MPa for the reference material to (19 ± 2) MPa for the fibers-filled blend. Additionally, it was found that MMT employment in the role of the filler might contribute to ENR/PLA plasticization and considerably promote the blend elongation up to 600%. This proves the successful creation of the unique and eco-friendly PLA-containing polymer blend exhibiting high elasticity. Moreover, thanks to the performed accelerated thermo-oxidative and ultraviolet (UV) aging, it was established that MMT incorporation may delay the degradation of ENR/PLA blends under the abovementioned conditions. Additionally, mold tests revealed that plant-derived fiber addition might highly enhance the ENR/PLA blend’s biodeterioration potential enabling faster and more efficient growth of microorganisms. Therefore, materials presented in this research may become competitive and eco-friendly alternatives to commonly utilized petro-based polymeric products.

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