natural fillers
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Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Natalia Sienkiewicz ◽  
Midhun Dominic ◽  
Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai

Epoxy resins as important organic matrices, thanks to their chemical structure and the possibility of modification, have unique properties, which contribute to the fact that these materials have been used in many composite industries for many years. Epoxy resins are repeatedly used in exacting applications due to their exquisite mechanical properties, thermal stability, scratch resistance, and chemical resistance. Moreover, epoxy materials also have really strong resistance to solvents, chemical attacks, and climatic aging. The presented features confirm the fact that there is a constant interest of scientists in the modification of resins and understanding its mechanisms, as well as in the development of these materials to obtain systems with the required properties. Most of the recent studies in the literature are focused on green fillers such as post-agricultural waste powder (cashew nuts powder, coconut shell powder, rice husks, date seed), grass fiber (bamboo fibers), bast/leaf fiber (hemp fibers, banana bark fibers, pineapple leaf), and other natural fibers (waste tea fibers, palm ash) as reinforcement for epoxy resins rather than traditional non-biodegradable fillers due to their sustainability, low cost, wide availability, and the use of waste, which is environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the advantages of natural fillers over traditional fillers are acceptable specific strength and modulus, lightweight, and good biodegradability, which is very desirable nowadays. Therefore, the development and progress of “green products” based on epoxy resin and natural fillers as reinforcements have been increasing. Many uses of natural plant-derived fillers include many plant wastes, such as banana bark, coconut shell, and waste peanut shell, can be found in the literature. Partially biodegradable polymers obtained by using natural fillers and epoxy polymers can successfully reduce the undesirable epoxy and synthetic fiber waste. Additionally, partially biopolymers based on epoxy resins, which will be presented in the paper, are more useful than commercial polymers due to the low cost and improved good thermomechanical properties.


Author(s):  
Karolina E. Mazur ◽  
Aleksandra Borucka ◽  
Paulina Kaczor ◽  
Szymon Gądek ◽  
Rafał Bogucki ◽  
...  

AbstractIn the study, polylactide-based (PLA) composites modified with natural particles (wood, bamboo, and cork) and with different levels of infilling (100%, 80%, and 60%) obtained by fused deposition modeling were tested. The effect of fiber type, infill level and crystallization rate on the mechanical properties were investigated by using tensile, flexural, and impact tests. The materials were subjected to mechanical tests carried out at 23 and 80 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry were employed to analyze crystallization behavior of composite. Furthermore, hydrothermal degradation was performed, and its effect on the properties was analyzed. The addition of natural fillers and different levels of infilling result in a similar level of reduction in the properties. However, the addition of natural fillers resulted in a slightly lower drop than the lowered infilling rate − 40% and 50% for tensile strength, respectively. Moreover, it was found that, composites made of PLA are more sensitive to high temperatures than to water. The decrease in Young's modulus of PLA at 80 °C was 90%, while after 28 days of hydrodegradation ~ 9%. The addition of fibers reduced this decrease at elevated temperatures. Importantly, in the case of a brittle material such as PLA, the impact strength has been improved by 50% for composites with cork particles and other lignocellulosic composites remained at the same level as for resin. Generally, the thermal treatment of composites increased the degree of crystallinity of the materials, as reflected in the higher results of mechanical tests.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Danuta Matykiewicz ◽  
Mateusz Barczewski ◽  
Marwan Suleiman Mousa ◽  
Mavinkere Rangappa Sanjay ◽  
Suchart Siengchin

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of mineral and natural additives (2.5; 5; 10 wt.%) on the impact strength of epoxy–basalt composites. Three types of filler were used to modify the epoxy matrix: basalt powder (BP), basalt microfiber (BF) and sunflower husk ash (SA). The impact strength and the maximum force were determined for the materials. The results of the conducted research confirm that the addition of a powder fillers to the epoxy matrix of basalt fiber reinforced composites is an effective method of improving their impact characteristic. The introduction of fillers to epoxy resin allowed to improve the impact properties of all tested groups of laminates. Moreover, in all cases, the introduction of the filler increased the maximum force needed to damage the composite sample and their hardness. For the modified materials, an increase in impact strength was recorded, respectively: by 44% for composites with BP, by 7.5% for composites with BF and by 2.5% for composites with SA.


Author(s):  
Т.А. СИМОНЕНКО ◽  
Н.Т. ШАМКОВА ◽  
А.С. БАРАНОВ

Приведен анализ существующих рецептур замороженных десертов. Описаны национальные традиции их производства. Представлены результаты маркетинговых исследований потребительских предпочтений в отношении замороженных десертов среди 135 посетителей предприятий общественного питания Краснодара. Большинство респондентов – женщины (39%) и мужчины (48%) в возрасте от 18 до 25 лет употребляют замороженные десерты, %: несколько раз в неделю 8, один раз в неделю 12, несколько раз в месяц 42, один раз в два – три месяца 34. Вообще не употребляют 0,4%. Более половины опрошенных выбирали замороженные десерты с натуральными наполнителями, при этом ориентировались на цену, вид продукта и производителя. Положительное отношение к новой продукции отмечено у 63% женщин и 59% мужчин. При выборе замороженных десертов в приоритете у потребителей, женщин и мужчин соответственно, %: доступность продукции, включая невысокую стоимость 64 и 77; соответствие продукции требованиям здорового питания 50 и 40; высокая пищевая ценность 68 и 52; срок хранения 93 и 69. Показана зона роста для производителей данной группы продукции – это разработка рецептур и технологий низкокалорийных замороженных десертов с высокими потребительскими характеристиками. The analysis of the existing recipes of frozen desserts is given and the national traditions of their production are described. The results of marketing research of preferences consumer for frozen desserts among 135 visitors of public catering enterprises in Krasnodar are presented. The majority of respondents – women 39% and men 48% aged 18 to 25 years consume frozen desserts, %: several times a week 8, once a week 12, several times a month 42, once every two to three months 34; 0,4% do not consume ice cream at all. More than half of the respondents chose frozen desserts with natural fillers, while focusing on the price, type of product and manufacturer. A positive attitude to new products was noted in 63% of women and 59% of men. When choosing frozen desserts, the priority for consumers, women and men, respectively, is %: availability of products, including low cost 64 and 77; compliance of products with the requirements of healthy nutrition 50 and 40; high nutritional value 68 and 52; shelf life 93 and 69. The growth zone for the producers of this product group is shown – it is the development of recipes and technologies for low-calorie frozen desserts with high consumer characteristics.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Olesja Starkova ◽  
Oskars Platnieks ◽  
Alisa Sabalina ◽  
Sergejs Gaidukovs

Biobased polymers and composites have gained increased global attention due to their abundance, renewability, and biodegradability. Natural fillers such as cellulose-based fillers improve the mechanical properties of biopolymers, extending their application range, while maintaining the eco-friendly characteristics of the materials. Mowing towards engineering applications, requirements imposed on materials’ durability with regard to their environmental impact and high performance is necessary. Variations of ambient humidity and temperature could essentially reduce the service lifetime of biobased polymer composites. This study is focused on the hydrothermal degradation of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) filled with nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) by up to 50 wt.% aimed at identifying the most efficient PBS/NFC composition, while maintaining a reasonable balance between the reinforcement effect and accelerated degradation that is inherent for most natural fillers. Water absorption and its effect on the structure, thermal, mechanical, and thermomechanical properties were studied. High reinforcement and adhesion efficiency is obtained for PBS/NFC composites and their properties are reasonably retained after hydrothermal ageing. Their water absorption capacity and diffusivity increased significantly with the NFC content in PBS. The degradation of the mechanical properties occurs to a greater extent with an increased NFC content in the polymer matrix. PBS, filled with 20 wt.% of NFC, is identified as the most efficient composition, for which the negative environmental degradation effects are counterbalanced by the positive reinforcement effect.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4757
Author(s):  
Karolina Miedzińska ◽  
Sylwia Członka ◽  
Anna Strąkowska ◽  
Krzysztof Strzelec

In the following study, ground plum stones and silanized ground plum stones were used as natural fillers for novel polyurethane (PUR) composite foams. The impact of 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of fillers on the cellular structure, foaming parameters, and mechanical, thermomechanical, and thermal properties of produced foams were assessed. The results showed that the silanization process leads to acquiring fillers with a smoother surface compared to unmodified filler. The results also showed that the morphology of the obtained materials is affected by the type and content of filler. Moreover, the modified PUR foams showed improved properties. For example, compared with the reference foam (PUR_REF), the foam with the addition of 1 wt.% of unmodified plum filler showed better mechanical properties, such as higher compressive strength (~8% improvement) and better flexural strength (~6% improvement). The addition of silanized plum filler improved the thermal stability and hydrophobic character of PUR foams. This work shows the relationship between the mechanical, thermal, and application properties of the obtained PUR composites depending on the modification of the filler used during synthesis.


Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1361
Author(s):  
Roberto Scaffaro ◽  
Andrea Maio ◽  
Emmanuel Fortunato Gulino ◽  
Giuseppe Alaimo ◽  
Marco Morreale

Three dimensional-printability of green composites is recently growing in importance and interest, especially in the view of feasibility to valorize agricultural and marine waste to attain green fillers capable of reducing bioplastic costs, without compromising their processability and performance from an environmental and mechanical standpoint. In this work, two lignocellulosic fillers, obtained from Opuntia ficus indica and Posidonia oceanica, were added to PLA and processed by FDM. Among the 3D printed biocomposites investigated, slight differences could be found in terms of PLA molecular weight and filler aspect ratio. It was shown that it is possible to replace up to 20% of bioplastic with low cost and ecofriendly natural fillers, without significantly modifying the processability and the mechanical performance of the neat matrix; at the same time, an increase of surface hydrophilicity was found, with possible positive influence on the biodegradability of such materials after disposal.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (no 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sharmila ◽  
P. Ravi Teja ◽  
D. Vijay Chandra Gangadhar Gupta ◽  
P. Kaviya Lakshmi ◽  
R. Kamalambigeswari ◽  
...  

Due to the negative environmental impacts of synthetic plastics, the development of biodegradable plastics for both industrial and commercial applications is essential today. Researchers have developed various starch-based composites for different applications. The present work investigates the corn starch based bio plastic with filler. Glycerol was used as a plasticizing agent. Different parameters such as elongation, solubility in different solvents such as chloroform, ethanol, water, diethyl ether and folding endurance were tested. Morphological characteristics of produced bio plastic was also analyzed by SEM-EDS. Results showed that the bio plastics were completely soluble in water and partially soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether and chloroform and it has only one folding ability. SEM report shows that the surface is homogenous and crystal formation is visible.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3150
Author(s):  
Anna Masek ◽  
Stefan Cichosz ◽  
Małgorzata Piotrowska

The study aimed to prepare sustainable and degradable elastic blends of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) that were reinforced with flax fiber (FF) and montmorillonite (MMT), simultaneously filling the gap in the literature regarding the PLA-containing polymer blends filled with natural additives. The performed study reveals that FF incorporation into ENR/PLA blend may cause a significant improvement in tensile strength from (10 ± 1) MPa for the reference material to (19 ± 2) MPa for the fibers-filled blend. Additionally, it was found that MMT employment in the role of the filler might contribute to ENR/PLA plasticization and considerably promote the blend elongation up to 600%. This proves the successful creation of the unique and eco-friendly PLA-containing polymer blend exhibiting high elasticity. Moreover, thanks to the performed accelerated thermo-oxidative and ultraviolet (UV) aging, it was established that MMT incorporation may delay the degradation of ENR/PLA blends under the abovementioned conditions. Additionally, mold tests revealed that plant-derived fiber addition might highly enhance the ENR/PLA blend’s biodeterioration potential enabling faster and more efficient growth of microorganisms. Therefore, materials presented in this research may become competitive and eco-friendly alternatives to commonly utilized petro-based polymeric products.


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