Rice Husk Ash-Based Geopolymer Binder: Compressive Strength, Optimize Composition, FTIR Spectroscopy, Microstructural, and Potential as Fire-Retardant Material

Compressive strength is an important property in construction material, particularly for thermal insulation purposes. Although the insulation materials possess high fire-retardant characteristics, their mechanical properties are relatively poor. Moreover, research on the correlation between fire-retardant and compressive strength of rice husk ash (RHA)-based geopolymer binder (GB) is rather limited. In addition, previous studies on RHA-based GB used the less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. In understanding the optimum value and significant effect of factors on the compressive strength, it was deemed necessary to employ statistical analysis and a regression coefficient model (mathematical model). The objective of the study is to determine the effect of different material behavior, namely brittle and ductile, on the compressive strength properties and the optimum material formulation that can satisfy both compressive strength and fire-retardant properties. The factors chosen for this study were the rice husk ash/activated alkaline solution (RHA/AA) ratio and the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration. Compressive strength and fire-retardant tests were conducted as part of the experiments, which were designed and analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM). The microstructure of geopolymer samples was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results showed that RHA/AA ratio was highly significant (p < 0.000) followed by NaOH concentration (p < 0.024). When the RHA/AA ratio was at 0.7 to 0.8 and the NaOH concentration was between 12 and 14 M, high compressive strength above 28 MPa was recorded. Optimum compressive strength of approximately 47 MPa was achieved when the RHA/AA ratio and NaOH concentration were 0.85 and 14 M, respectively. Brittle samples with low Si/Al ratio of 88.95 were high in compressive strength, which is 33.55 MPa, and showed a high degree of geopolymerization. Inversely, ductile samples showed low compressive strength and degree of geopolymerization. Water content within the geopolymer binder had a major effect on its fire-retardant properties. Semi-ductile GB showed the best fire-retardant properties, followed by semi-brittle and brittle GB. Using RHA as an aluminosilicate source has proven to be a promising alternative.

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Rice-Husk-Ash-Based Geopolymer Coating: Fire-Retardant, Optimize Composition, Microstructural, Thermal and Element Characteristics Analysis

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13213747 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 3747

Author(s):

Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri ◽

Faizal Mustapha ◽

Norkhairunnisa Mazlan ◽

Mohd Ridzwan Ishak

Keyword(s):

Thermal Properties ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Coating Materials ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Low Thermal Expansion ◽

Characteristics Analysis ◽

Fire Retardant Properties ◽

Furnace Slag

Geopolymer using aluminosilicate sources, such as fly ash, metakaolin and blast furnace slag, possessed excellent fire-retardant properties. However, research on the fire-retardant properties and thermal properties of geopolymer coating using rice husk ash (RHA) is rather limited. Additionally, the approach adopted in past studies on geopolymer coating was the less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT). A better approach is to employ statistical analysis and a regression coefficient model (mathematical model) in understanding the optimum value and significant effect of factors on fire-retardant and thermal properties of the geopolymer coating. This study aims to elucidate the significance of rice husk ash/activated alkaline solution (RHA/AA) ratio and NaOH concentration on the fire-retardant and thermal properties of RHA-based geopolymer coating, determine the optimum composition and examine the microstructure and element characteristics of the RHA-based geopolymer coating. The factors chosen for this study were the RHA/AA ratio and the NaOH concentration. Rice husk was burnt at a temperature of approximately 600 °C for 24 h to produce RHA. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiments and conduct the analyses. Fire-retardant tests and thermal and element characteristics analysis (TGA, XRD, DSC and CTE) were conducted. The microstructure of the geopolymer samples was investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the RHA/AA ratio had the strongest effect on the temperature at equilibrium (TAE) and time taken to reach 300 °C (TT300). For the optimization process using RSM, the optimum value for TAE and TT300 could be attained when the RHA/AA ratio and NaOH concentration were 0.30 and 6 M, respectively. SEM micrographs of good fire-resistance properties showed a glassy appearance, and the surface coating changed into a dense geopolymer gel covered with thin needles when fired. It showed high insulating capacity and low thermal expansion; it had minimal mismatch with the substrate, and the coating had no evidence of crack formation and had a low dehydration rate. Using RHA as an aluminosilicate source has proven to be a promising alternative. Using it as coating materials can potentially improve fire safety in the construction of residential and commercial buildings.

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Study and Use of Rice Husk Ash as a Source of Aluminosilicate in Refractory Coating

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14133440 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (13) ◽

pp. 3440

Author(s):

Mohd Na’im Abdullah ◽

Mazli Mustapha ◽

Nabihah Sallih ◽

Azlan Ahmad ◽

Faizal Mustapha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Refractory Coating ◽

Alkyd Paint ◽

Passive Fire Protection ◽

In Fire ◽

Geopolymer Binder

The utilisation of rice husk ash (RHA) as an aluminosilicate source in fire-resistant coating could reduce environmental pollution and can turn agricultural waste into industrial wealth. The overall objective of this research is to develop a rice-husk-ash-based geopolymer binder (GB) fire-retardant additive (FR) for alkyd paint. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiments work, on the ratio of RHA-based GB to alkyd paint. The microstructure behaviour and material characterisation of the coating samples were studied through SEM analysis. The optimal RHA-based GB FR additive was formulated at 50% wt. FR and 82.628% wt. paint. This formulation showed the result of 270 s to reach 200 °C and 276 °C temperature at equilibrium for thermal properties. Furthermore, it was observed that the increased contents of RHA showed an increment in terms of the total and open porosities and rough surfaces, in which the number of pores on the coating surface plays an important role in the formation of the intumescent char layer. By developing the optimum RHA-based GB to paint formulation, the coating may potentially improve building fire safety through passive fire protection.

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Correlation between Compressive Strength and Fire Resistant Performance of Rice Husk Ash-Based Geopolymer Binder for Panel Applications

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/20179701025 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 97 ◽

pp. 01025 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri ◽

Norkhairunnisa Mazlan ◽

Faizal Mustapha ◽

Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Geopolymer Binder

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PREDIKSI KUAT TEKAN PERVIOUS PAVING DENGAN CAMPURAN ABU SEKAM DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PEMODELAN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN)

Construction and Material Journal ◽

10.32722/cmj.v1i1.1329 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 46-52

Author(s):

Erna Suryani ◽

Wahyu Naris Wari

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Artificial Neural Network ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Empirical Equation ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Asphalt Pavement ◽

Construction Material ◽

Artificial Neural ◽

Artificial Neural Network Ann

Pervious Paving (Paving Berpori) adalah material konstruksi yang terbuat dari semen, air, agregat dan bahan campuran lainnya. Paving berpori dapat diapilkasikan pada trotoar, area bermain dan jalan perumahan. Dengan menggunakan paving berpori air akan langsung meresap, sehingga akan mencegah adanya genangan air pada lapis permukaan paving. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah menggunakan AAPA (Australian Asphalt Pavement Association) dimana dilakukan sistem Trial Eror. Campuran yang digunakan adalah 1:4, dengan menggunakan gradasi terbuka. Kuat tekan yang di rencanakan yaitu 18,00 MPa, masuk dalam kategori mutu B untuk tempat parkir mobil, pejalan kaki dan taman kota. Campuran paving menggunakan abu sekam padi sebagai reduksi semen dengan persentase 0%, 10%, 20% dan 30%. Pelaksanaan pekerjaan dimulai dari pengambilan bahan baku, pengujian material, perencanaan komposisi dan pembuatan benda uji dengan ukuran P = 21 cm, L = 11,5 cm dan T = 6 cm. Uji kuat tekan dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh abu sekam sebagai bahan reduksi semen pada Paving Berpori. Nilai kuat tekan yang didapatkan akan menjadi input pada program Matlab untuk mendapatkan pemodelan Persamaan Empiris dengan ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN) sehingga didapatkan nilai kuat tekan dari berbagai komposisi penambahan bahan abu sekam. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan persentase tertinggi dicapai pada tambahan abu sekam 30%.Kata kunci : Abu sekam, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Pervious Paving, Kuat tekan, Persamaan EmpirisPervious Paving is a construction material made from cement, water, aggregate and other materials. Pervious paving can be applied to right on sidewalks, play ground and residential roads. By using Pervious Paving, the water will absorb quickly, so it will prevent the puddles on the surface layer. AAPA (Australian Asphalt Pavement Association) is the reserach methode which we used with Trial and Eror. The mixture of ingredients is 1: 4 with the open gradation. The compressive strength designed is 18 MPa, which is in category B for parking car, pedestrian and city park. Paving mixture consisted of rice husk ash as cement reduction with a percentage of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The work starting from the taking of raw materials, material testing, composition planning and the making of specimens with sizes P = 21 cm, L = 11.5 cm and T = 6 cm. The compressive strength test was conducted to determine the effect of husk ash addition. The compressive strength will be input to the Matlab program to obtain the Empirical Equation modelling with ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN). Based on the results of the study, the highest percentage was achieved in the mixture with an addition of 30% rice husk ash.Keywords: Rice husk ash, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Pervious Paving, Compressive strength, Empirical Equation

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Rice Husk Ash/Silicone Rubber-Based Binary Blended Geopolymer Coating Composite: Fire Retardant, Moisture Absorption, Optimize Composition, and Microstructural Analysis

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13060985 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 985

Author(s):

Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri ◽

Tee Hui Yek ◽

Rosnita A. Talib ◽

Intan Syafinaz Mohamed Amin Tawakkal ◽

Siti Hasnah Kamarudin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Silicone Rubber ◽

Moisture Absorption ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Microstructural Analysis ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Shielding Effect ◽

Absorption Properties ◽

Coating Composite ◽

Fire Retardant Properties

Geopolymer coating using rice husk ash (RHA) as the aluminosilicate source has shown excellent fire retardant properties. However, incorporation of rice husk ash into the geopolymer matrix increased water absorption properties of the polymer composite. As such, silicone rubber (SiR) was introduced to improve the moisture absorption and fire retardant properties of the composite. Additionally, the less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach was conventionally used in past studies on the RHA-based geopolymer composite. In understanding the optimum value and significant effect of factors on the fire retardant and moisture absorption properties of the binary blended geopolymer coating composite, the use of statistical analysis and regression coefficient model (mathematical model) was considered essential. The objectives of this study are to identify the significant effect of factors on moisture absorption and fire retardant properties, to determine the optimum composition, and to study the microstructure of the rice husk ash/silicone rubber (RHA/SiR)-based binary blended geopolymer coating composite. The RHA/AA and SiR/Ge ratios were chosen as factors, and the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to design experiments and conduct analyses. Fire retardant and moisture absorption tests were conducted. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the microstructure of geopolymer samples. The RHA/alkaline activator (AA) and SiR/Ge ratios were shown to have a significant effect on the responses (temperature at equilibrium and moisture absorption). The high ratio of RHA/AA and SiR/Ge resulted in a lower temperature at equilibrium (TAE) below 200°C and at moisture absorption below 16%. The optimum formulation for the geopolymer coating composite can be achieved when the RHA/AA ratio, SiR/Ge ratio, and sodium hydroxide concentration are set at 0.85, 0.70, and 14 M, respectively. SEM micrographs of samples with good fire retardant properties showed that the char residue of the geopolymer composite coating, which is a layer of excess silicone rubber, is porous and continuous, thus providing a shielding effect for the layer of geopolymer underneath. The sample with good moisture absorption showed the formation of a thin outer layer of silicone rubber without any cracks. The unreacted SiR formed a thin layer beneath the geopolymer composite matrix providing a good moisture barrier.

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Preliminary Study on the Utilization of RHA as a Performance Enhancer for Rubber Mortar

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14123216 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 3216

Author(s):

Jin Li ◽

Peiyuan Chen ◽

Haibing Cai ◽

Ying Xu ◽

Chunchao Li

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Mechanical Strength ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Capillary Absorption ◽

Optimal Dosage ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Waste Rubber ◽

Chloride Resistance ◽

Preliminary Study

In this study, rice husk ash (RHA) was explored as a strength enhancer for mortars containing waste rubber. The effects of RHA on the flow, mechanical strength, chloride resistance, and capillary absorption of rubber mortar were investigated by substituting up to 20% cement with RHA. The experimental results showed that the incorporation of rubber into mortar could be safely achieved by adding RHA as a cement substitute by up to 20% without compromising the compressive strength of mortar. Moreover, the RHA also exerted positive effects on the enhancement of the chloride resistance as well as the capillary absorption of rubber mortars, for which 15% RHA was found to be the optimal dosage.

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Physical Properties of Cement Mortar Containing Waste Ash

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.804.129 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 804 ◽

pp. 129-132

Author(s):

Sumrerng Rukzon ◽

Prinya Chindaprasirt

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Cement Mortar ◽

Ash Content ◽

Water Requirement ◽

Test Results ◽

Pozzolanic Material ◽

Materials Used

This research studies the potential for using waste ash from industrial and agricultural by-products as a pozzolanic material. Classified fly ash (FA) and ground rice husk ash (RA) were the materials used. Water requirement, compressive strength and porosity of cement mortar were investigated. Test results indicated that FA and RA (waste ash) have a high potential to be used as a good pozzolanic material. The water requirement of mortar mix decreases with the increases in fly ash content. For ground rice husk ash (RA), the water requirement of mortar mix increases with the increases in rice husk ash content. In addition, the reduction in porosity was associated with the increase in compressive strength.

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Strength and Durability Performance of Alkali-Activated Rice Husk Ash Geopolymer Mortar

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/209584 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Yun Yong Kim ◽

Byung-Jae Lee ◽

Velu Saraswathy ◽

Seung-Jun Kwon

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Polymerization Reaction ◽

Strength Development ◽

Geopolymer Concrete ◽

Portland Cement Concrete ◽

Mix Proportion ◽

Strength And Durability ◽

Alkali Activated

This paper describes the experimental investigation carried out to develop the geopolymer concrete based on alkali-activated rice husk ash (RHA) by sodium hydroxide with sodium silicate. Effect on method of curing and concentration of NaOH on compressive strength as well as the optimum mix proportion of geopolymer mortar was investigated. It is possible to achieve compressive strengths of 31 N/mm2and 45 N/mm2, respectively for the 10 M alkali-activated geopolymer mortar after 7 and 28 days of casting when cured for 24 hours at 60°C. Results indicated that the increase in curing period and concentration of alkali activator increased the compressive strength. Durability studies were carried out in acid and sulfate media such as H2SO4, HCl, Na2SO4, and MgSO4environments and found that geopolymer concrete showed very less weight loss when compared to steam-cured mortar specimens. In addition, fluorescent optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies have shown the formation of new peaks and enhanced the polymerization reaction which is responsible for strength development and hence RHA has great potential as a substitute for ordinary Portland cement concrete.

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Mechanical Properties of High Strength Concrete Containing Nano SiO2 Made from Rice Husk Ash in Southern Vietnam

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11080932 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 932

Author(s):

Huu-Bang Tran ◽

Van-Bach Le ◽

Vu To-Anh Phan

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Rice Husk ◽

High Strength Concrete ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Chloride Ion ◽

High Strength ◽

Ion Permeability ◽

Strength Concrete ◽

Nano Sio2 ◽

Southern Vietnam

This paper presents the experimental results of the production of Nano-SiO2 (NS) from rice husk ash (RHA) and the engineering properties of High Strength Concrete (HSC) containing various NS contents. Firstly, the mesoporous silica nanoparticles were effectively modulated from RHA using NaOH solution, and subsequently precipitated with HCl solution until the pH value reached 3. The optimum synthesis for the manufacture of SiO2 nanoparticles in the weight ratio of RHA/NaOH was 1:2.4, and the product was calcined at 550 °C for 2 h. The EDX, XRD, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, and BET techniques were used to characterize the NS products. Results revealed that the characteristics of the obtained NS were satisfactory for civil engineering materials. Secondly, the HSC was manufactured with the aforementioned NS contents. NS particles were added to HSC at various replacements of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% by the mass of the binder. The water-to-binder ratio was remained at 0.3 for all mixes. The specimens were cured for 3, 7, 28, 25 days under 25 ± 2 °C and a relative humidity of 95% before testing compressive and flexural strengths. Chloride ion permeability was investigated at 28 and 56 days. Results indicated that the addition of NS dramatically enhanced compressive strength, flexural strength, chloride ion resistance, and reduced chloride ion permeability compared to control concrete. The optimal NS content was found at 1.5%, which yielded the highest strength and lowest chloride ion permeability. Next, the development of flexural and compressive strengths with an age curing of 3–28 days can be analytically described by a logarithmic equation with R2 ≥ 0.74. The ACI code was used, and the compressive strength at t-day was determined based on 28 days with R2 ≥ 0.95. The study is expected to solve the redundancy of waste RHA in southern Vietnam by making RHA a helpful additive when producing high-strength concrete and contributing meaningfully to a sustainable environment.

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Effects of metakaolin and treated rice husk ash on the compressive strength of concrete

Research on Engineering Structures and Materials ◽

10.17515/resm2020.223ma1014 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rasheed Abdulwahab ◽

◽

Samson Olalekan Odeyemi ◽

Habeeb Temitope Alao ◽

Toyyib Adeyinka Salaudeen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Compressive Strength Of Concrete

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