scholarly journals The Surface Characteristics, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of PEEK Printed by Fused Deposition Modeling with Different Raster Angles

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Sasa Gao ◽  
Ruijuan Liu ◽  
Hua Xin ◽  
Haitao Liang ◽  
Yunfei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Failure Mechanism ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raster Angle ◽  
Deposition Modeling

Additive manufacturing provides a novel and robust way to prepare medical product with anatomic matched geometry and tailored mechanical performance. In this study, the surface characteristics, microstructure, and mechanical properties of fused deposition modeling (FDM) prepared polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) were systematically studied. During the FDM process, the crystal unit cell and thermal attribute of PEEK material remained unchanged, whereas the surface layer generally became more hydrophilic with an obvious reduction in surface hardness. Raster angle has a significant effect on the mechanical strength but not on the failure mechanism. In practice, FDM fabricated PEEK acted more like a laminate rather than a unified structure. Its main failure mechanism was correlated to the internal voids. The results show that horizontal infill orientation with 30° raster angle is promising for a better comprehensive mechanical performance, and the corresponding tensile, flexural, and shear strengths are (76.5 ± 1.4) MPa, (149.7 ± 3.0) MPa, and (55.5 ± 1.8) MPa, respectively. The findings of this study provide guidelines for FDM-PEEK to enable its realization in applications such as orthopedic implants.

An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Gamma Radiation on 3D Printed ABS for In-Space Manufacturing Purposes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Rankouhi ◽  
Fereidoon Delfanian ◽  
Robert McTaggart ◽  
Todd Letcher
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Radiation Environment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

The following work is presented as a preliminary study on the effects of gamma irradiation on mechanical properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) as an in-space 3D printing feedstock to investigate the forthcoming possibilities of this technology for future space exploration missions. 3D printed testing samples were irradiated at different dosages from 1 to 1400 kGy (1 Gray (Gy) = 1 J/kg = 100 rad) using a Cobalt-60 gamma irradiator to simulate space radiation environment. Testing samples were manufactured using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) with a Makerbot Replicator 2x 3D printer. The correlation between the mechanical properties of irradiated samples and accumulated radiation dosage were evaluated by a series of tensile and flexural tests. Furthermore, Shore hardness tests were conducted to evaluate changes in surface hardness of irradiated parts. Finally, results were compared with a control group of samples. Findings showed a significant decrease in mechanical performance and noticeable changes in appearance of the parts with accumulated dosage of 1000 kGy and higher. However, for dosages below 10 kGy, samples showed no significant decrease in mechanical performance or change in appearance. These results were used to predict the life of a 3D printed part on board the International Space Station (ISS), on Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, in deep space and long duration missions.

Mechanical properties analysis of polyetherimide parts fabricated by fused deposition modeling

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenglong Jiang ◽  
Guangxin Liao ◽  
Dingding Xu ◽  
Fenghua Liu ◽  
Wen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Storage Modulus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Engineering Plastics ◽  
Molded Parts ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Nozzle Temperature

Polyetherimide (PEI) is a kind of high-performance polymer, which possesses a high glass transition temperature ( Tg), excellent flame retardancy, low smoke generation, and good mechanical properties. In this article, PEI was applied in the fused deposition modeling (FDM)–based 3-D printing for the first time. The entire process from filament extrusion to printing was studied. It was observed that the filament orientation and nozzle temperature were closely related to the mechanical properties of printed samples. When the nozzle temperature is 370°C, the mean tensile strength of FDM printing parts can reach to 104 MPa, which is only 7% lower than that of injection molded parts. It can be seen that the 0° orientation set of samples show the highest storage modulus (2492 MPa) followed by the 45° samples, and the 90° orientation set of samples show the minimum storage modulus (1420 MPa) at room temperature. The above results indicated that this technique allows the production of parts with adequate mechanical performance, which does not need to be restricted to the production of mock-ups and prototypes. Our work broke the limitations of traditional FDM technology and expanded the types of material available for FDM to the high-temperature engineering plastics.

scholarly journals Prediction of tensile strength of fused deposition modeling (FDM) printed PLA using classic laminate theory

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpesh R. Rajpurohit ◽  
Harshit K. Dave ◽  
Kamlakar P. Rajurkar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Layer Height ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Raster Angle ◽  
Laminate Theory ◽  
Deposition Modeling

The application of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is restricted due to limited information about the mechanical properties of printed parts. Therefore, it is required to determine the mechanical properties of the FDM properties to avail the full benefit of the FDM process. In the present study, Classic Laminate Theory (CLT) has been employed at the different configurations of layer thickness and raster width. The required elastic constant of material for CLT has been experimentally obtained through FDM printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) unidirectional specimens at 0°, 45° and 90° for different combinations of layer height and raster width. For these different combinations of layer height and raster width, constitutive models were developed to predict the tensile properties of the PLA parts. Tensile strength of the FDM printed bi-directional specimens has been experimentally obtained to validate the proposed CLT model results. The experimental tensile strength data is in good agreement with the data predicted by the proposed CLT model. Higher tensile strength and modulus were achieved with 0° raster angle compared to 90° raster angle. In the case of a bi-directional printed specimen, higher tensile strength was obtained with 45°/-45° raster angle followed by 30°/-60° and 0°/90° raster angle.

Parametric analysis and optimization of fused deposition modeling technique for dynamic mechanical properties of acrylic butadiene styrene parts

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440622110478
Author(s):  
Saty Dev ◽  
Rajeev Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology is catching the fast global market in the real-time production of polymeric parts. Process variables highly influence the performance characteristics of FDM-generated parts, so mechanical performance is not perfect for all applications. In actual conditions, parts produced by FDM are constantly subjected to loading at different temperatures. The former studies mainly concentrated on the properties of FDM products to static loading environments. There is a scope of effective investigation on the influence of FDM processing conditions on dynamic mechanical properties using artificial intelligence (AI) based techniques. The present study focused on investigation and optimization the manufacturing process parameters to evaluate the dynamic mechanical performance of FDM-produced part. The experimental runs were obtained through central composite design in Minitab software. A DMA8000 instrument was used to test the specimens for dynamic mechanical performance. The mathematical models were developed and optimized through different approaches like response surface methodology-genetic algorithm (RSM-GA) and artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA). The techniques for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) is employed to obtain the best parameter settings from sets of optimized solutions. The sequential use of ANN-GA and TOPSIS methods predicted the highest values of storage modulus 1619.61 MPa and loss modulus 257.38 MPa corresponding to 68.94° raster angle, 81.48% infill density, 0.10 mm layer thickness, 237.73°C nozzle temperature and 38.97 mm/s print head speed. The confirmation tests were conducted to validate the predicted result that upscale the desired properties. The RSM-GA-TOPSIS occurred with a prediction error of 2.40% and −3.31%, corresponding to storage and loss modulus. Similarly, ANN-GA-TOPSIS shows 2.17% and 2.89% prediction error corresponding to storage and loss modulus. The experimental and analytical outcome of present study will be helpful for the designers of intricate functional parts which come under thermo-mechanical loading conditions.

Fused deposition modeling with polyamide 1012

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1145-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Gao ◽  
Daijun Zhang ◽  
Xiangning Wen ◽  
Shunxin Qi ◽  
Yunlan Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Good Ductility ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Nozzle Temperature ◽  
Printing Parameters

Purpose This work aims to develop a new kind of semicrystalline polymer filament and optimize its printing parameters in the fused deposition modeling process. The purpose of this work also includes producing FDM parts with good ductility. Design/methodology/approach A new kind of semicrystalline filaments composed of long-chain polyamide (PA)1012 was prepared by controlling screw speed and pulling speed carefully. The optimal printing parameters for PA1012 filaments were explored through investigating dimensional accuracy and bonding strength of FDM parts. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of PA1012 specimens were also evaluated by varying nozzle temperatures and raster angles. Findings It is found that PA1012 filaments can accommodate for FDM process under suitable printing parameters. The print quality and mechanical properties of FDM parts highly depend on nozzle temperature and bed temperature. Even though higher temperatures facilitate stronger interlayer bonding, FDM parts with excellent tensile strength were obtained at a moderate nozzle temperature. Moreover, a bed temperature well above the glass transition temperature of PA1012 can eliminate shrinkage and distortion of FDM parts. As expected, FDM parts prepared with PA1012 filaments exhibit good ductility. Originality/value Results in this work demonstrate that the PA1012 filament allows the production of FDM parts with desired mechanical performance. This indicates the potential for overcoming the dependence on amorphous thermoplastics as a feedstock in the FDM technique. This work also provides insight into the effect of materials properties on the mechanical performance of FDM-printed parts.

Analysis and Numerical Simulation of the Structural Performance of Fused Deposition Modeling Samples With Variable Infill Values

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffany N. Cerda-Avila ◽  
Hugo I. Medellín-Castillo ◽  
Dirk F. de Lange
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Structural Performance ◽  
Geometrical Shape ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling

The prediction of the structural performance of additive manufacturing (AM) parts has become one of the main challenges to boost the use of AM in industry. The structural properties of AM are very important in order to design and fabricate parts not only of any geometrical shape but also with variable or customized mechanical properties. While AM experimental studies are common in the literature, a limited number of investigations have focused on the analysis and prediction of the mechanical properties of AM parts using theoretical and numerical approaches, such as the finite element method (FEM); however, their results have been not accurate yet. Thus, more research work is needed in order to develop reliable prediction models able to estimate the mechanical performance of AM parts before fabrication. In this paper, the analysis and numerical simulation of the structural performance of fused deposition modeling (FDM) samples with variable infill values is presented. The aim is to predict the mechanical performance of FDM components using numerical models. Thus, several standard tensile test specimens were fabricated in an FDM system using different infill values, a constant layer thickness, one shell perimeter, and polylactic acid (PLA) material. These samples were measured and modeled in a computer-aided design (CAD) system before performing the experimental tensile tests. Numerical models and simulations based on the FEM method were then developed and carried out in order to predict the structural performance of the specimens. Finally, the experimental and numerical results were compared and conclusions drawn.

Effect of process parameters of fused deposition modeling on mechanical properties of poly-ether-ether-ketone and carbon fiber/poly-ether-ether-ketone

2022 ◽  
pp. 095400832110673
Author(s):  
Pei Wang ◽  
Aigang Pan ◽  
Liu Xia ◽  
Yitao Cao ◽  
Hongjie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Ether Ether Ketone ◽  
Poly Ether Ether Ketone ◽  
Raster Angle ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Ether Ketone ◽  
Nozzle Temperature

As a rapidly developing additive manufacturing technology, fused deposition modeling (FDM) has become widespread in many industry fields. It can fabricate complicated geometries using filament of thermoplastic materials such as PP, polylactic acid, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, etc. However, poor mechanical properties of raw materials limit their application. Poly-ether-ether-ketone is a type of special engineering plastic with high performance, which could be further reinforced by adding carbon fibers (CFs). During FDM process, the mechanical properties of printed parts are largely subject to careful selection of process parameters. To improve the mechanical properties of PEEK and CF/PEEK 3D-printed parts, the effects of various process parameters including building orientation, raster angle, nozzle temperature, platform temperature, ambient temperature, printing speed, layer thickness, infill density, and number of printed parts on mechanical properties were investigated. The tensile fracture interfaces of printed parts were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to explain the influence mechanism of process parameters. In the single factor experiments, flat and on-edge specimens show the best tensile and flexural strength, respectively; the specimens with raster angle ±45° and 0° show the best tensile and flexural strength, respectively. When the nozzle temperature at 500°C, platform temperature at 200°C, ambient temperature at 150°C, printing speed is 20 mm/s, layer thickness is 0.2 mm, and infill density is 100%, the printed parts exhibit the best mechanical properties.

Deposition direction-dependent failure criteria for fused deposition modeling polycarbonate

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nevin Hill ◽  
Mehrdad Haghi
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanism ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Failure Criteria ◽  
Orientation Dependence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Raster Angle ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Deposition Direction ◽  
Dependent Failure

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the dependence of material properties and failure criteria for fused deposition modeling (FDM) polycarbonate on raster orientation. Design/methodology/approach – Tension, hardness and density measurements were conducted on a range of specimens at raster angles between 0 and 90° at 15° intervals. Specimens were manufactured so the raster angle was constant throughout each specimen (no rotation between adjacent layers). The yield strength, tensile strength, per cent elongation, elastic modulus, hardness and density of the material were measured as a function of raster angle. The orientation dependence of the properties was then analyzed and used to motivate a failure mechanism map for the material. Findings – The properties of the material were found to be highly orientation-dependent. The variations in mechanical properties were explained to first order using a failure mechanism map similar to those generated for fiber-reinforced composites. Originality/value – In addition to providing valuable experimental data for FDM polycarbonate, the study proposes micro-mechanisms of failure that appear to explain and capture the angular variation of strength with raster orientation. The fact that analysis methods which have been used for composites appear to apply to FDM materials suggests rich areas for future exploration.

scholarly journals The Influence of Raster Angle and Moisture Content on the Mechanical Properties of PLA Parts Produced by Fused Deposition Modeling

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Mohammed Algarni
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Raster Angle ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Parameters

The additive manufacturing (AM) processes and technologies of 3D-printed materials and components using fused deposition modeling (FDM) are currently very popular and widely used for building parts and prototypes. Many manufacturing parameters can affect the strength and strain of the manufactured parts. The manufacturing parameters may be altered to reach an optimum setting for highly effective parts or components. This research studies the influence of the raster angle and the moisture content percentages on the mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) material. The three raster angles tested in this research were 0°, 45°, and 90°. The moisture content of the PLA material was altered to verify its effect on the mechanical properties. Twenty-seven specimens were subjected to tensile tests to examine the effect of different manufacturing parameters. The results show the specimens with a 90° raster angle and 10% moisture content have the optimum strength and strain mechanical properties.

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