scholarly journals Environmental and Sustainability Analysis of a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-Assisted Process for Pharmaceutical Applications

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1788
Author(s):  
Paolo Trucillo ◽  
Roberta Campardelli ◽  
Iolanda De Marco
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Toxic Emissions ◽  
Antibiotic Drug ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Aqueous Core ◽  
Solid Liquid

Drug delivery systems (DDS) are artificial devices employed to enhance drug bioavailability during administration to a human body. Among DDS, liposomes are spherical vesicles made of an aqueous core surrounded by phospholipids. Conventional production methods are characterized by several drawbacks; therefore, Supercritical assisted Liposome formation (SuperLip) has been developed to overcome these problems. Considering that the use of high pressures involves high energy cost, in this paper, sustainability indicators were calculated to quantitatively evaluate the emissions related to the attainment of liposomes containing daunorubicin (a model antibiotic drug) using the SuperLip process. The indicators were depicted using a spider diagram to raise the actual weaknesses of this technique; some variations were proposed in the process layout to solve the critical issues. According to the literature, many studies related to the pharmaceutical industry are expressed in terms of solid, liquid waste, and toxic emissions; however, liposomes have never explicitly been considered for an analysis of environmental sustainability.

scholarly journals Mathematical modeling and experimental study on solid–liquid suspension separation in ultrasonic standing wave field

2021 ◽  
pp. 146134842110229
Author(s):  
Yajing Wang ◽  
Liqun Wu ◽  
Yaxing Wang ◽  
Yafei Fan
Keyword(s):  
Standing Wave ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Acoustic Radiation ◽  
Sound Field ◽  
Radiation Force ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Liquid Suspension ◽  
Ultrasonic Standing Wave ◽  
Solid Liquid

A new method of removing waste chips is proposed by focusing on the key factors affecting the processing quality and efficiency of high energy beams. Firstly, a mathematical model has been established to provide the theoretical basis for the separation of solid–liquid suspension under ultrasonic standing wave. Secondly, the distribution of sound field with and without droplet has been simulated. Thirdly, the deformation and movement of droplets are simulated and tested. It is found that the sound pressure around the droplet is greater than the sound pressure in the droplet, which can promote the separation of droplets and provide theoretical support for the ultrasonic suspension separation of droplet; under the interaction of acoustic radiation force, surface tension, adhesion, and static pressure, the droplet is deformed so that the gas fluid around the droplet is concentrated in the center to achieve droplet separation, and the droplet just as a flat ball with a central sag is stably suspended in the acoustic wave node.

scholarly journals In-Situ Diagnostics at High Pressures: Ellipsometric and Rheed Studies of the Growth of Yba2Cu3O7

1997 ◽  
Vol 502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dave H. A. Blank ◽  
Horst Rogalla
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Pulsed Laser ◽  
Complex Oxide ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Heteroepitaxial Growth ◽  
Deposition Parameters

ABSTRACTPulsed Laser and Sputter Deposition are used for the fabrication of complex oxide thin films at relatively high oxygen pressures (up to 0.5 mBar). This high pressure hampers the application of a number of in-situ diagnostic tools. One of the exceptions is ellipsometry. Using this technique we studied in-situ the growth of off-axis sputtered Yba2Cu3O6+x thin films on (001) SrTiO3 as a function of the deposition parameters. Furthermore, the oxidation process from O(6) to O(7) has been studied by performing spectroscopic ellipsometry during isobaric cooling procedures.Another suitable in-situ monitoring technique for the growth of thin films is Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED). In general this is a (high) vacuum technique. Here, we present an RHEED-system in which we can observe clear diffraction patterns up to a deposition pressure of 0.5 mBar. The system has been used for in-situ monitoring of the heteroepitaxial growth of YBa2Cu3 06+x on SrTiO3 by pulsed laser deposition.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Warm Mix Asphalt Incorporating Coarse Steel Slag Aggregates

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3708
Author(s):  
Adham Mohammed Alnadish ◽  
Mohamad Yusri Aman ◽  
Herda Yati Binti Katman ◽  
Mohd Rasdan Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Hot Mix Asphalt ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Warm Mix Asphalt ◽  
Asphalt Mixes ◽  
Toxic Emissions ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Production Temperature

The major goal of sustainable practices is to preserve raw resources through the utilization of waste materials as an alternative to natural resources. Decreasing the temperature required to produce asphalt mixes contributes to environmental sustainability by reducing energy consumption and toxic emissions. In this study, warm mix asphalt incorporating coarse steel slag aggregates was investigated. Warm mix asphalt was produced at different temperatures lower than the control asphalt mixes (hot mix asphalt) by 10, 20, and 30 °C. The performances of the control and warm mix asphalt were assessed through laboratory tests examining stiffness modulus, dynamic creep, and moisture sensitivity. Furthermore, a response surface methodology (RSM) was conducted by means of DESIGN EXPERT 11 to develop prediction models for the performance of warm mix asphalt. The findings of this study illustrate that producing warm mix asphalt at a temperature 10 °C lower than that of hot mix asphalt exhibited the best results, compared to the other mixes. Additionally, the warm mix asphalt produced at 30 °C lower than the hot mix asphalt exhibited comparable performance to the hot mix asphalt. However, as the production temperature increases, the performance of the warm mix asphalt improves.

scholarly journals Neopentyl Glycol as Active Supporting Media in Shape-Stabilized PCMs

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel Serrano ◽  
Jean-Luc Dauvergne ◽  
Stefania Doppiu ◽  
Elena Palomo Del Barrio
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Latent Heat Storage ◽  
Neopentyl Glycol ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Latent Heats

The present work explores the feasibility of using polyalcohols with solid-solid phase transition as active supporting matrix of n-alkanes in shape-stabilized phase change materials (SSPCMs). It is well-established that the use of SSPCM avoids leakage and increases stability and easy handling of solid-liquid PCMs. Nevertheless, the resulting composite exhibits a loss of heat storage capacity due to the volume occupied by the supporting material, which does not contribute to latent heat storage. Therefore, the objective of this work is to combine solid-liquid PCMs (alkanes) with solid-solid PCMs (polyalcohols), both exhibiting a phase transition in the same range of temperature, to obtain high energy density SSPCMs. Towards that goal, the performance of Neopentyl Glycol (NPG) and Docosane as a new energetic SSPCM has been proved. The NPG-Docosane chemical compatibility and its outstanding wettability facilitate the propitious association of both materials. The higher capillary forces obtained by decreasing the NPG crystal size together with the addition of expanded graphite (EG) allowed to obtain a maximum Docosane content of 60 wt%. The addition of EG improves the shape stability at the time that increases the heat transfer properties of the composites. The analysis showed that the components of the obtained SSPCMs are able to combine their latent heats, achieving a maximum value of 210.74 J/g for the highest Docosane content. This value is much higher than those latent heats exhibited by existing SSPCMs in the same working temperature range.

Collaboration in the Service of Knowledge Co-Creation for Environmental Outcomes, Science and Public Policy

2011 ◽  
pp. 599-614
Author(s):  
Lynn Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Policy Actors ◽  
Learning Challenges ◽  
Occupational Values ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Policy Analytics ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

Environmental sustainability and global climate change issues intensify the need for collaborations between scientists and policymakers. Working in virtual spaces exacerbates many of the challenges inherent in these collaborative efforts. Ideal collaborations promote social learning that delivers integrated knowledge through synergies that develop across institutional, occupational and other boundaries. However, impediments arise when individuals with different specializations and degrees of expertise inhabiting different physical and psychological spaces bring different problem-solving methods and presuppositions. Values affect the potential for synergy and the ultimate products of such collaborations. Addressing social learning challenges among different disciplinary traditions requires identifying and then addressing core differences. Through examining a study of occupational values and resulting behaviors of ocean environmental policy actors, this chapter considers collaborations through theories of discourse, actor involvement, social learning, and policy analytics and offers suggestions to improve knowledge co-creation as a potential aid to these critical issues and processes.

scholarly journals Numerical Predictions of a Swirl Combustor Using Complex Chemistry Fueled with Ammonia/Hydrogen Blends

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco-Osvaldo Vigueras-Zuniga ◽  
Maria-Elena Tejeda-del-Cueto ◽  
José-Alejandro Vasquez-Santacruz ◽  
Agustín-Leobardo Herrera-May ◽  
Agustin Valera-Medina
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Numerical Predictions ◽  
Combustion Systems ◽  
Complex Chemistry

Ammonia, a chemical that contains high hydrogen quantities, has been presented as a candidate for the production of clean power generation and aerospace propulsion. Although ammonia can deliver more hydrogen per unit volume than liquid hydrogen itself, the use of ammonia in combustion systems comes with the detrimental production of nitrogen oxides, which are emissions that have up to 300 times the greenhouse potential of carbon dioxide. This factor, combined with the lower energy density of ammonia, makes new studies crucial to enable the use of the molecule through methods that reduce emissions whilst ensuring that enough power is produced to support high-energy intensive applications. Thus, this paper presents a numerical study based on the use of novel reaction models employed to characterize ammonia combustion systems. The models are used to obtain Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations via Star-CCM+ with complex chemistry of a 70%–30% (mol) ammonia–hydrogen blend that is currently under investigations elsewhere. A fixed equivalence ratio (1.2), medium swirl (0.8), and confined conditions are employed to determine the flame and species propagation at various operating atmospheres and temperature inlet values. The study is then expanded to high inlet temperatures, high pressures, and high flowrates at different confinement boundary conditions. The results denote how the production of NOx emissions remains stable and under 400 ppm, whilst higher concentrations of both hydrogen and unreacted ammonia are found in the flue gases under high power conditions. The reduction of heat losses (thus higher temperature boundary conditions) has a crucial impact on further destruction of ammonia post-flame, with a raise in hydrogen, water, and nitrogen through the system, thus presenting an opportunity of combustion efficiency improvement of this blend by reducing heat losses. Final discussions are presented as a method to raise power whilst employing ammonia for gas turbine systems.

scholarly journals Partial deoxygenation of biomass derived pyrolysis liquids

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 00018
Author(s):  
Murlidhar Gupta ◽  
Jacques Monnier ◽  
Eric Turriff ◽  
Mark Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Biomass Pyrolysis ◽  
High Oxygen Content ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Lower Energy Density ◽  
Pyrolysis Liquids

Biomass pyrolysis liquids (also known as bio-oil), are derived from renewable lignocellulosic biomass residues by fast pyrolysis process. These second-generation oxygenated hydrocarbon resources have the potential to partially substitute for petroleum-derived feedstocks and thus enhance the economic and environmental sustainability of our natural resources. However, in contrast to petroleum fuels, biomass-derived pyrolysis liquids contain a large amount of oxygen, usually 40-50% wt% (wet basis). This undesirable high oxygen content in pyrolysis liquids is considered as the primary reason for its high polarity, high acidity, lower stability, lower energy density and very low miscibility with conventional crude refining feedstocks. There are two major pathways for upgrading the pyrolysis liquids. While hydrodeoxygenation route is one of the most explored options, it requires production and supply of large amounts of expensive hydrogen at high pressures, mandating large and centralized upgrading plants, and thus large capital investment. In this paper, we discuss an alternative method of pyrolysis liquid upgrading, using cheap and affordable hydrogen donor additives and catalysts to promote partial deoxygenation at near atmospheric pressure. This approach is preferably to be used as a pre-treatment and stabilizing method for pyrolysis liquids in the close vicinity of remote biomass pyrolysis plants. The pre-treated oil, then can be shipped for further hydrocracking process in a centralized co-processing facility. Preliminary results from the initial proof of concept experiments involving a 200 g/h gas-phase continuous fast catalytic cracking system with continuous coke removal to enhance deoxygenation performance are presented. These results indicate positive impact of catalyst bed on quality and yield of the upgraded bio-oil product in terms of pH, viscosity, degree of deoxygenation, oil yield and concentration of hydrogen in the off gases.

scholarly journals Scientific Literature Analysis on Sustainability with the Implication of Open Innovation

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Alejandro Cano ◽  
Abraham Londoño-Pineda
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Publication Rate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sustainability Research ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
General Statistical ◽  
Number Of Publications

Studies related to sustainability have been performed extensively around the world to evaluate the environmental, economic, and social impact of practices that meet the current and future needs of society. Based on the Scopus database, this study presents a bibliometric analysis for the long, medium, and short term to represent the characteristics of publications related to sustainability, identify research trends and thematic areas with a promising future in research. The analysis covers the following topics: general statistical description, most addressed thematic areas in sustainability, the geographical distribution of sustainability publications, and most influential and cited journals, authors, and articles. The results show sustainability prevails in areas like Engineering, Energy, Environmental Science, and Business, Management, and Accounting, and the publication rate in this field has increased exponentially in the last 10 years. This study also shows that the most productive journals in sustainability research are Sustainability Switzerland and Journal of Cleaner Production, focusing on interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary topics. Likewise, the critical issues of sustainability research are related to sustainable development, humans, environmental sustainability, climate change, decision-making, and environmental impact. As sustainability with open innovation represents a topic with an increasing number of publications, future research can be oriented toward this topic.

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